SCHOOL OF BUSINESS MBA DUAL, 2023-24(SEM-1)

EXCEL
PROJECT REPORT
SEC-10

SUBMITED BY:- SUBMITED TO:-

DIGVIJAY TOMER DR. VIRENDER DAHIYA SIR
ADMISSION NO – 23GSOB2011241

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 CONTENT

I. ABOUT SPREADSHEET
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II. INTRODUCTION MS EXCEL
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III. WHAT IS FUNCTIONS/FORMULA IN EXCEL
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IV. WHAT IS SORTING AND FILTERING IN EXCEL
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V. WHAT IS CONDITIONAL FORMATING
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VI. DATA PREPARATION
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VII. DATA ANALYSIS TOOLS
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VIII. SOLVERS IN EXCEL
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IX. CREATING TABELS
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X. CREATING CHARTS / GRAPHS IN EXCEL
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 SPREAD SHEET
ABOUT SPREAD SHEET-

For accounting purposes, an electronic spreadsheet is used for information analysis, sharing,
and management. It can also be used for budgeting, billing, and other mathematical
computations. A spreadsheet resembles an accounting ledger in that it is a matrix of rows and
columns. The spreadsheet program also provides tools for creating graphs and inserting
pictures, etc., for analysing the data. Some examples of spreadsheet software are Lotus 1-2-3,
Quattro-Pro, Multiplan, MS-Excel, VisiCalc, LibreOffice Calc etc., in which VisiCalc is the oldest
spreadsheet software. Here, we will discuss LibreOffice Calc in this chapter.

Objectives
We will discus about elements of electronic spread sheet:-

 Opening of spread sheet for addressing of cells, printing of spread sheet, saving
workbooks, manipulation of cells etc.
 Types of data entries-(text, numeric, date & time entry).
 This sheet uses for Editing spreadsheet data
 And inserting and deleting rows, column, changing cell height and width
 function and charts, using formats for finding data

Features of spread sheet

Typical spreadsheet features include the following:

 Formatting: You can alter the font, color, alignment, and number format of the data in
the cells, as well as how they appear. Conditional formatting is an additional option that
modifies the format according to the value of cell .

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  Formulae and functions: You may compute and manipulate data using formulae and
functions. Expressions that employ operators, cell references, and values are called
formulas. Functions are preset formulas that carry out typical operations, such count,
average, sum, etc.

 Data visualization and filtering: You can display only the data that satisfies specific
criteria by using filters and sorting tools. Additionally, you may visualize the data and
display trends, patterns, and comparisons using charts, graphs, and tables.

 Custom formatting: For dates, times, currencies, percentages, and other kinds of data,
you can make your own formats. Additionally, you may manipulate how formulae and
functions change when you copy or move them by using absolute and relative cell
references.

 Pivot tables: These effective tools let you to examine, evaluate, and summarize vast
amounts of data. Pivot tables can be used to reorganize, aggregate, count, average, and
sort data according to many columns and categories.

ROWS COLUMN CELL

SPREAD SHEET 1048576 16384 (A TO XFD ) 1717989184
ZOOM MINIMUM 20% MAXIMUM 400%

MS EXCEL
INTRODUCTION

With the spreadsheet application MS Excel, data may be entered as tables. Analyzing
data in an Excel spreadsheet is simple. An Excel spreadsheet can be seen in the
following image:

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HOW TO START MS EXCEL

 How can I open Microsoft Excel?

 The steps listed below can help you open Microsoft Excel on your computer:
 Select Start and then All Programs.
 Next, select Microsoft Office.
 Lastly, select the MS-Excel option.
As an alternative, you may also click the Start button and use the available search box
to type MS Excel.

DEFINE A CELL

A table with rows and columns is how a spreadsheet

looks. A cell is formed by the rectangular box where
the rows and columns converge. Below is a picture
of a cell:

FEATURES OF MS EXCEL

HOME

Includes formatting choices and styles, cell insertion and deletion, editing options, font size,
font styles, font color, background color, alignment, and more.

INSERT

Includes features such as table style and format, picture and figure insertion, graph, chart, and
sparkline addition, header and footer settings, equation, and symbol

PAGE LAYOUT

The page layout option includes options for themes, orientation, and page setup.

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FORMULAS

With MS Excel's ability to generate tables with a lot of data, you may use this function to add
formulas to your table and obtain answers more quickly.

DATA

This category includes adding external data (from the web), filtering choices, and data tools.

REVIEW

An excel sheet in the review category can be proofread using software such as spell check, and
readers can leave comments in this section.

VIEWS

This is where we change which perspectives we wish to see the spreadsheet in. This category
includes options for pane organization and zoom in and out.

BENEFITS OF USING MS EXCEL

Given below are a few important benefits of using MS Excel:

 Simple Data Storage: Microsoft Excel is frequently used to store and analyze data
because there is no upper limit to the quantity of information that can be kept in a
spreadsheet. Excel makes information filtering simple and convenient.

 Simple Data Recovery: Locating information on paper may take more time, but Excel
spreadsheets make it easier to locate information. It is simple to locate and retrieve data.

 Application of Mathematical formulas: With Microsoft Excel's formulae feature,

performing computations has become quicker and simpler.

 More Secure: Compared to data entered on paper or in registers, these spreadsheets are
far less likely to be lost. They can be password-protected on a laptop or desktop
computer.

 Data in One Location: Prior to now, after the paperwork was completed, data had to be
stored in many files and registers. With the ability to add many worksheets to a single
MS Excel file, this has become more convenient.

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  Neater and Clearer Visibility of Information: Analyzing data is made simpler when it is
stored as a table. Information is therefore a more readable and intelligible spreadsheet.

FUNTIONS/FORMULAS IN EXCEL
What is excel functions?
Excel is used to calculate and manipulate numbers and text. To do this, you
use Formulas
Formulas are expressions that tell Excel what you want to do with the data. They begin
with the equal symbol (=) followed by a combination of operators and functions.

What is excel formulas?

To perform mathematical computations, an Excel formula is utilized. The equal sign (=)
is always typed in the cell first in a formula, and your calculation comes next.
Calculations can be performed using formulas like these:

= 1+1
= 2*2
= 4/2 = 2

I. SUM
This is the first function in Excel that most new users need. As the name implies,
the SUM function adds up all the values in a specified group of cells or range.

Syntax: =SUM(number1, [number2], …)

II. COUNT
Next up is the COUNT function. It returns the number of cells containing numeric values
within the input range.

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 Syntax: =COUNT(value1, [value2], …)

III. AVERAGE
The average of a list of numbers is just the total divided by how many numbers there are
in that list.
This is easy enough to calculate the quiz scores. You already have the SUM and the
COUNT of quizzes for each student.
But, it gets even easier using the AVERAGE function in Excel.

Syntax: =AVERAGE (value1, [value2], …)

IV. MINUMUM AND MAXIMUM

 MIN: Finds the minimum (lowest) value in a range of cells.
Syntax: =MIN(array)

 MAX: Finds the maximum (highest) value in a range of cells.

Syntax: =MAX(array)

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 V. IF
The IF function is a very popular function in Excel and it is actually quite easy to learn.

Syntax: =IF(logical_test, value_if_true, [value_if_false])

VI. IFS
The IFS function was introduced in Excel 2016 to replace nested IF functions.
This function works by evaluating the first logical test or criteria. It returns the
corresponding value if it is TRUE. But if it is FALSE, the function proceeds to evaluate
the second criteria, and so on.
In other words, the IFS function outputs the value that corresponds to the first specified
criteria that is true.

Syntax: =IFS(logical_test1, value_if_true1, [logical_test2], [value_if_true2],..)

=IFS(B2>=90,”A”,B2>=80,”B”,B2>=70,”C”,B2>=60,”D”,TRUE,”F”)

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 VII. LOOKUP
The LOOKUP function in Excel is used to search for a value in a row or column and
return a corresponding value from another row or column. There are two ways to use
the LOOKUP function: vector form and array form1.
The vector form of LOOKUP is useful when you want to specify the range that contains
the values that you want to match. The syntax for the vector form is:

Syntax: =LOOKUP (lookup_value, lookup_vector, [result_vector])

VIII. VLOOKUP
The VLOOKUP function in Excel works similarly to the INDEX and MATCH combination.
It is faster to set up but it is less versatile. VLOOKUP also only works if your lookup
array is at the leftmost of the reference table.

Syntax: =VLOOKUP (lookup_value, table_array, col_index_num, [range_lookup])

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 IX. HLOOKUP
The HLOOKUP function in Excel is used to search for a value in the first row of a table or
an array of values, and then return a value in the same column from a row you specify in
the table or array 1. The syntax of the HLOOKUP function is as follows:

Syntax: =HLOOKUP(lookup_value, table_array, row_index_num, [range_lookup])

X. XLOOKUP
The XLOOKUP function searches a range or an array, and then returns the item
corresponding to the first match it finds. If no match exists, then XLOOKUP can return
the closest (approximate) match.
Syntax: =XLOOKUP (lookup_value, lookup_array, return_array, [if_not_found],
[match_mode], [search_mode])

SOME USEFUL FUNCTIONS

 SUM Returns the sum of a list of supplied numbers.
 AVERAGE Returns the average of a list of supplied
 numbers.
 MAX Returns the largest value from a list of
 supplied numbers.

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  MIN Returns the smallest value from a list of
 supplied numbers.
 FACT Returns the factorial of a given number.
 INT Rounds a number down to the next integer.
 ROUND Rounds a number up or down, to a given
 number of digits.
 TRIM Removes duplicate spaces and spaces at the
 start and end of a text string.
 FIXED Rounds a supplied number to a specified
 number of decimal places and then converts
 this into text.
 VALUE Converts a text string into a numeric value.
 MID Returns a specified number of characters
 from the middle of a supplied text string.
 AND Test a number of user-defined conditions and
 returns TRUE if all of the conditions evaluate
 to TRUE or FALSE otherwise.
 OR Test a number of user-defined conditions and
 returns TRUE if any of the conditions evaluate
 to TRUE or FALSE otherwise.
 IF Test a user-defined condition and returns one
 result if the condition is TRUE and another
 result if the condition is FALSE.
 DATE Returns a date from a user-supplied year,
 month and day.
 COUNT Counts the number of cells that contain
 numbers and numbers with the list of
 arguments.
 TIME Returns a time, from a user-supplied hour,
 minute and second.
 VLOOKUP Looks up a supplied value in the first column
 of a table and returns the corresponding
 value from another column.
 INDEX Returns a reference to a cell (or range of
 cells) for requested rows and columns within
 a supplied range.
 TRANSPOSE Performs a transpose transformation on a
 range of cells (i.e. transforms a horizontal
 range of cells into a vertical range and
 vice-versa).
 SUMIF Adds the cells in a supplied range, that satisfy
 a given criteria.
 SUBTOTAL Performs a specified calculation (e.g. the sum,
 product, average, etc.) for a supplied set.

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 CONDITIONAL FORMATING
Conditional formatting is a powerful feature in Excel that allows you to format
cells based on their values. It can be used to highlight cells that fit certain
requirements, including cells with a certain text or number or cells that fall
inside or outside of a range of values. Choose the cells you wish to format, then
click the "Conditional Formatting" button on the "Home" tab of the ribbon to
begin applying conditional formatting. From there, you may use formulas to
construct custom rules of your own or select from a range of pre-defined
formatting options.

I. Highlight Cells Rules

It seems like there might be a typo in your question. Did you mean "highlight cell rules"
in Excel? If so, Excel provides conditional formatting options, including "highlight cell
rules," which allow you to format cells based on their values. For example, you can
highlight cells greater than a certain number or between specific values.

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  Greater than cells: -
o Open conditional formatting option in home tab.
o And, click highlight cells rules, and open more option in rules
o Click 1st option greater than value, and after open small box and put a value and

find more greater numbers.

 This category ( same more step ) can also be used to highlight cells that include
specified text, dates (today, last week, next month, etc.), duplicates, or unique values, as
well as cells that are less than a value, between two values, equal to a value, or any
combination of these.

II. Top / Bottom Rules

In Excel, "Top/Bottom Rules" are a set of conditional formatting options that allow you
to format cells based on their numerical values in relation to the highest or lowest
values in a range. These rules are useful for emphasizing the top or bottom performers
in a dataset. Examples include formatting the top 10% of values with a specific color or
highlighting cells that contain the highest or lowest values in a range.

 Top 10 items: -
o Open conditional formatting option in home tab.
o And, click top/bottom rules, and open more option in rules
o Click 1st option is find top 10 items is , and open new box fill rink in the top no .

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  Additionally, you can use this category (see more option) to draw attention to the top n
things, top n percent, bottom n items, lowest n percent, or below average cells.

III. Data Bars

In Excel, "Data Bars" is a type of conditional formatting that visually represents the
values in a range using horizontal bars within the cells. The length of the data bar
corresponds to the value of each cell, allowing for a quick visual comparison of data
points. This feature is useful for highlighting the relative size or magnitude of values in a
range. To apply data bars, select the cells you want to format, go to the "Home" tab,
click on "Conditional Formatting," and choose "Data Bars" from the menu.

 Gradient fill: -
o Open conditional formatting option in home tab.
o And, data bars, and open more option in bars
o Click 1st option is highlight color related at numbers small and large in data table

like as.
 And same as solid fill second option in bars

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 IV. Color scales

In Excel, "Color Scales" is a type of conditional formatting that applies a color gradient
to cells based on their values. This formatting helps you visually analyze the relative
magnitude of data in a range. The color scale assigns colors to the lowest, midpoint,
and highest values in the selected range, creating a gradient that makes it easier to spot
trends and variations. To apply color scales, select the cells, go to the "Home" tab, click
on "Conditional Formatting," and choose "Color Scales" from the options.

 In Excel, conditional formatting can also be used to designate distinct colors for various
values. This enables you to locate your dataset's high and low points with ease.
 Advice: read up on color scales and find out how to make the heat map that's seen

above.

V. Icon Sets
In Excel, "Icon Sets" are a form of conditional formatting that involves using icons or
symbols to represent the relative values of cells in a range. Excel provides predefined
sets of icons, such as arrows, shapes, or flags, each with a specific meaning. These
icons are then applied to cells based on their values, helping you visually assess the
data. For example, you might use upward and downward arrows to indicate trends or
smiley faces and sad faces to represent positive or negative outcomes. To apply icon
sets, select the cells, go to the "Home" tab, click on "Conditional Formatting," and

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 choose "Icon Sets" from the options.

Steps are: -
 1. To begin, choose column C and then choose "Conditional Formatting."
 2. Select "Directional" under "Icon Sets" >> "Conditional Formatting."
 3. Selecting the first type is now necessary.
 4-It chooses the range of cells, inserts icons automatically, and then clicks "Manage
Rules" under "Conditional Formatting."
 5. Double click the "Edit Rule" in the popup below.
 6-The panel labelled "Edit the Rule Descriptions" is now visible.

DATA PREPARATION
Data preparation in Excel typically involves several steps to ensure that your data is
clean, organized, and ready for analysis. Here's a basic guide:

 Import Data: Import your raw data into Excel using the "Data" tab. Ensure the
data is in tabular form with rows and columns.

 Cleaning Data: Identify and handle missing values, either by filling them in or
removing rows with missing data. Remove duplicate rows using the "Remove
Duplicates" feature.

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  Structuring Data: Ensure each column has a clear and appropriate heading.
Format data consistently, e.g., date formats, number formats.

 Sorting and Filtering: Sort data based on relevant columns to make it easier to
analyze. Use filters to focus on specific subsets of data.

 Formulas and Functions: Utilize Excel functions to manipulate and transform

data. Create calculated columns or cells to derive new information.

 Data Validation: Set up data validation rules to control what data is entered in
specific cells or ranges.

 PivotTables and PivotCharts: Create PivotTables to summarize and analyze data

quickly. Generate PivotCharts for visual representation.

 Data Visualization: Create charts or graphs to better understand trends and

patterns in the data.

 Check for Errors: Review the data for any anomalies or errors. Use error-
checking features to identify potential issues.

 Documentation: Document any changes made to the data. Include notes or

comments in the spreadsheet for future reference.

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 DATA ANALYSIS TOOLS

Data analysis tools are software or applications designed to process, interpret, and
extract meaningful insights from raw data. These tools facilitate the exploration and
understanding of data, enabling users to make informed decisions and identify patterns
or trends. Data analysis tools can range from simple spreadsheet applications to
complex statistical software.
Excel provides various data analysis tools that can help you analyze and interpret data
more effectively. Here are some key tools:

 PivotTables: Enables you to summarize and analyze large sets of data by arranging it
into a pivot table. A pivot table is a statistics tool that reduces and rearranges particular
columns and rows of data in a spreadsheet or database table to produce the necessary
report. The tool does not change the spreadsheet or database; instead, it just "pivots,"
or rotates, the data to look at it from different perspectives.

 PivotCharts: Works in conjunction with

PivotTables to create dynamic charts based on
the summarized data.

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 Some following steps : -
 Step 1: Choose any cell, then pick Pivot table under the Home tab.
 Step 2: Select the new worksheet from the Create Pivot Table dialog box by clicking
OK.
 Step 3: A pivot table has now been created, as you can see.
 Step 4: Simply drag the Days field and the Country field to the value area and row

area, respectively.
 Step 5: The correct pivot table with the days and country fields is now visible.

 Data Tables: Allows you to explore different scenarios by changing input values and
seeing the impact on calculated results.
 Solver: Helps find the optimal solution to a problem by adjusting input values within
specified constraints.
 Goal Seek: Lets you set a specific goal for a formula and then determines the input
needed to achieve that goal.
 Scenario Manager: Allows you to create and compare different scenarios to understand
the potential outcomes.
 Data Analysis ToolPak: An Excel add-in that provides additional data analysis tools like
regression, Fourier analysis, and moving averages.
 What-If Analysis: Includes tools like Scenario Manager, Goal Seek, and Data Tables for
exploring different scenarios and outcomes.
 Conditional Formatting: Enhances data visualization by applying formatting rules based
on the data values.
 Charts and Graphs: Excel offers various chart types to visually represent data, making it
easier to identify trends and patterns.
 Formulas and Functions: Excel has a wide range of functions and formulas (e.g.,
SUMIFS, COUNTIFS, VLOOKUP) for data manipulation and analysis.

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 SOLVER
A solver is a mathematical tool present in MS-Excel that is used to perform
calculations by working under some constraints/conditions and then
calculates the solution for the problem. It works on the objective cell by
changing the variable cells any by using sum constraints.
Solver is present in MS- Excel but for using it we need to activate it. For
activating the solver tool we need to do the following steps:
Step 1: Go to File and select options. The following dialog box will appear.

Step 2: Now select the Add-ins option and click on Go and finally click
on OK.

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Step 3: After clicking OK, Select Solver Add-in and press OK. Now solver
will be activated in Excel.

Step 4: Now solver will appear in data section like this.

Now let’s understand how to use solver with the help of an example.
Example:
We went to a mall and we also have a gift voucher worth rs.10,000 and We
want to purchase items in such a manner that all the money of the gift
voucher gets utilized.
So, suppose we purchased the following items.

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Suppose we purchased the above items in only one quantity and the total
came out to be 9300 but the voucher was for rs.10,000. So now we want to
use Solver for this purpose. Now let’s see how it will be done.
Step 1: Firstly go on data and find solver there and click it. The following
dialog box will appear. Now in this, we have to select the objective in which
we want to change our value.

Step 2: In the set objective we have to select the total of the D column
because want the value to change from 9300 to 10,000. After clicking on D7
following thing will be displayed on the set objective block.

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Step 3: Now in the ‘By changing Variable cell’ we will select the Quantity cell
because we want to change the quantity in such a way so that the total
amount comes to 10,000.

Step 4: Now we have to set some conditions under which we want our work
to get done. So for setting some conditions /constraints, we will click on Add.

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Step 5– Now, a dialog box will appear and we will add 3 conditions. The first
condition is that the total amount should be equal to the voucher amount. So
we will select cell D7 in a cell reference and then = sign, and finally, we will
select cell C11. Now the first condition is added. To add the next condition
press Add.

Step 6: For the second condition we will select the Quantity cell because we
want the quantity to be an integer value, a whole value. So in cell reference,
we will select from B2 to B6 then int, and then again will press Add.

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Step 7- Now for the third condition, we want that our item quantity should
never be un negative which is not possible in real life. So we will select cells
from B2 to B6 and should be >= to zero. Then click Add and cancel.

Step 8: Now the following dialog box will show all the 3 conditions that we
used and now click on Solve.

Step 9: By clicking Solve the solver will provide the desired output and to
keep the answer we will click on keep solver solution.

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 CHART & GRAPH

1. Select the data you want to include in your chart.

Make sure to include your column names if you want them to be in the
chart.

2. Click the Insert tab.

3. Select a chart type in the Charts group.

To see all available chart types click the Charts dialog box launcher. The
Insert Chart dialog box appears, displaying every chart type that is
available.

4. Click a chart subtype.

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The chart appears in the worksheet and the Chart Tools appear on the
Ribbon. The Chart Tools include three new tabs—Design, Layout and
Format—that help you modify and format the chart.

Create a Recommended Chart

Many times, it’s hard to tell what type of chart will best illustrate your data. To
help make your decision easier, Excel offers Recommended Charts. This tool
looks at the data you have selected and suggests a few charts that will
represent it well.

1. Select the data you want to include in your chart.

2. Click the Insert tab.

3. Click Recommended Charts.

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 Excel recommends charts based on the data you selected.

4. Select the type of chart you want to use.

Once you select a chart, a preview and description appear at the right.

5. Click OK.

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