pplication on mobile devices can be improved

Traditional health centres have

Mobile healthcare: In medical field, mobile devices are used.
Mobile healthcare is
many limitations such as small storage, data security and privacy, etc.
using mobile
used to minimize these limitations. Users can access the resources comfortably
healthcare. Number of on-demand services from cloud are available for the hospitals and other
Organizations using mobile healthcare. It provides different services related to hospital sector.
Other applications: Mobile cloud computing is used for blind and visually impaired as
pedestrian crossing guide, as mobile currency reader and lecture transcription for hearing
impaired students. It is also used for sharing videos and photos, etc. Mobile cloud computing
can be used for monitoring a house.

13.6 ISSUES IN MCC

Use of mobile devices for cloud is the need of today. It is beneficial to use cloud with these
devices. But at the same time, mobile cloud computing has to face some issues. Figure 13.3
illustrates the issues in MCC. Some of these are discussed in the following sections.
 260> Cloud Computing
" Constraints of Wireless Network
Low Bandwidth "Multiple Network Access
"Resource Poverty of Mobile Technologies
Devices Lack of Quick Internet Access
Connection Portability
Mobile
Communication Network

" Information Security Security 2Mobile

Applications
" Confidentiality and Privacy Interoperability among the
"Malicious Attacks Devices
" Network Monitoring " Flexibility
Compliance and Enforcement o Mobile Cloud Convergence
Incident Response

Figure 13.3 Issues in MCC.

Mobile Communication
The major components of MCC are mobile devices, bandwidth, other
wireless connection. The constraints of mobile devices and resources and Internet
wireless connection are the main
issues for the adoption of MCC. Due to these issues, it is more
simple cloud. difficult to design MCC than
Low bandwidth: The bandwidth for wireless
wired Internet. Therefore, bandwidth is the majorInternet is much limited as compared to the
challenge in MCC.
Poor resources: The cost of
mobile
the resources with mobile devices are devices is less as compared to computers. Therefore.
poor or
cloud computing is very useful. Mobile cloud less than that of computers. Therefore, mobile
computing allows the mobile devices to use the
resources from cloud for better performance. Till
of mobile devices and there is a gap between the
computers. resource limitations
Network
Constraints of wireless network: For the use of
When we use regular computers and cloud, Internet access is very
connectivity with consistent bandwidth.infrastructure, broadband is used to provide the important.
provided using wireless network. WirelessBut in case of mobile devices, Internet connectivity Internet
IS
data rates, longer latency, less connectivity has its own constraints like
also has the effect of weather, throughput and irregular connectivity. The inconsistent
which results in wireless connectivity
cloud computing,unstable
better performance of mobile bandwidth capacity. Therefore,
wireless for ne
Multiple network access technologies: For network is a big challenge.
is very much
essential. Various access mobile cloud computing, an access to the
the mobile devices. These include, WLAN, GPRS, 3G, available in the market which netWOIk
technologies are
WiMAX, etc. Each of these support
technologies
 Mobile Cloud Computing 261
has its own policies,schemes and restrictions. When the user with mobile devices moves from
one network to another network, he may face connectivity problems.
Lack of quick internet access: The basic requirement of mobile cloud computing is speedy
Intermet access. For speedy access, HTMLS is most useful. HTML5 offers caching at local
level which improves the speed of processing in mobile devices. For speedy access, most of
the network service providers provide 4G/long-term evolution services. It provides benefits in
terms of latency, storage, plug and play features.
Connection portability: Use of Wi-Fi connectivity on the street helps for reducing the
network traffic congestion. But portability among the access points is the basic requirement
for this connectivity. When the users access the network across the access points or Wi-Fi
to 3G, the connectivity gets disconnected. This stops the execution of an application on the
mobile devices.

Mobile applications
Inter-operability among the devices: There are varieties of mobile devices available like
BlackBerry, Android phones, iPhone, etc. In this case, inter-operability among the mobile
devices having different operating system and sharing the data within all these devices, is a
big challenge in mobile cloud computing.
Flexibility: The requirements of each application are different. It is essential to know whether
the mobile cloud infrastructure is supported to the said application or not. These requirements
include bandwidth, computational capability and latency.
Mobile cloud convergence: In mobile cloud computing, distribution of data is the major
challenge. Mobile cloud convergence is used to improve the battery life, improve performance
and computational capability of the mobile device. Mobile cloud convergence divides the
application into different parts as per requirements. For example, the part of application which
requires more computation can move to cloud. The rest of the application related with the user
can execute on the mobile device.

Security
For the widespread of any business, security of applications and data is most important. User
always concerns about the security of his/her application as well as data. Security is a broad
term which includes information security, privacy and trust.
Information security: In loud computing, the security of data is very important. There are
various techniques available to provide the confidentiality, authentication, integrity and access
control to the user's data. To provide security, digital signature and secure socket layer can
be used. It can provide external security. The main component of MCC is mobile devices.
These devices are more vulnerable to attacks. Also, it is possible to get lost or misplaced or
stolen the mobile devices. In such cases, the loss of sensitive information may happen. One
can protect mobile devices from threats by installing anti-virus software. This threat detection
capability can be moved to the cloud.
 262+ loud Computing
Confidentiality and privacy: Confidentiality and privacy of data and user are most important.
Different schemes and policies have been proposed to provide confidentiality and privacy in
the cloud environment. Confidentiality can be provided using encryption techniques.
Malicious attacks: Use of Internet allows the attacks on the mobile devices. For this, it is
CSsential to implement security controls across all servers, and also it is required to verify
these networks and data.
Network monitoring: For better performance of mobile cloud computing. it is necessary to
monitor the network performance. Dynamic cloud allows access swapping. traffic rerouting
and handover.

Compliance and enforcement: For implementation of policies and events of cloud computing.
there is no fix standard available. Therefore., when the users use the public cloud, they may
face the problems of legal restrictions and regulatory compliance.
Incident response: Only applying the proper mechanisms for the security of information
and data is not sufficient. Therefore, cloud service provider should apply some mechanisms to
provide quick response and data recovery in case of data loss due to attack.
There is a significant development in mobile cloud computing technology. Still, there are
some issues with this new technology. Some of these are discussed as follows:
Efficient emergency transmission: The transmission of data between the mobile devices and
the cloud should be a frequent.
Architectural issues: Due to heterogeneous nature of environment, the neutral
for mobile cloud computing is required. architecture
Live virtual machine migration: In mobile
an application. This is a cloud computing, it is a challenging task to move
resource-intensive task to cloud.
Mobile communication congestion: The demand for
increases the load between the mobile devices and mobile cloud services increases. This
this workload for smooth cloud. It is a challenging task to handle
communication.
Security and privacy: User always has a concern
information. Due to lack of sufficient resources, mobileabout the security and privacy of
attacker. So, it is a challenge to use mobile devices may be the targetsensitive
for the
devices for cloud computing.
13.7 CHALLENGES IN
In this section, we discuss the
BUILDING APPLICATIONS
challenges for building the mobile cloud
13.7.1 Code/Computation Offloading computing
applications.
The building of mobile cloud
is
codelcomputation offoading.computing applications
It is related faces some design issues. One of
computing application and to reduce the energy improve the performance of mobile them
to
cloud
consumption. Application partitioning part of