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Ch.24.1 Intro To Animals

All animals share characteristics of being multicellular, heterotrophic, eukaryotic cells without cell walls. Animals are either invertebrates lacking a backbone, or chordates exhibiting four traits - a dorsal nerve cord, notochord, tail extending past the anus, and pharyngeal pouches. The document outlines animal characteristics, body plans, development, and systems required for survival including homeostasis, information gathering, gas exchange, and waste removal.

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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
267 views20 pages

Ch.24.1 Intro To Animals

All animals share characteristics of being multicellular, heterotrophic, eukaryotic cells without cell walls. Animals are either invertebrates lacking a backbone, or chordates exhibiting four traits - a dorsal nerve cord, notochord, tail extending past the anus, and pharyngeal pouches. The document outlines animal characteristics, body plans, development, and systems required for survival including homeostasis, information gathering, gas exchange, and waste removal.

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weldeenyt
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Ch.24.

1 Introduction to Animals
Learning Objectives
▪ 24.1.1 Describe characteristics that all animals share.
▪ 24.1.2 Explain the essential functions that animals must
perform to survive.
▪ 24.1.3 Identify features of animal body plans.
Vocabulary
▪ Invertebrate – Animal that lacks a backbone, or vertebral
column
▪ Vertebrate – Animal that has a backbone
▪ Chordate – Animal that has for at least one stage of its
life; a dorsal, hollow nerve chord, a notochord, a tail that
extends beyond the anus, and pharyngeal pouches
▪ Feedback inhibition – Process in which a stimulus
produces a response that opposes the original stimulus;
also called negative feedback
▪ Heterotrophic- A heterotroph is an organism that cannot
produce its own food, instead taking nutrition from other
animals or plants. Plants are Autotrophs (which means
they produce their own food)
Vocabulary
▪ Radial symmetry – Body plan in which any number of
imaginary planes drawn through the center of the body
could divide it into equal halves
▪ Bilateral symmetry – body plan in which a single
imaginary line can divide the body into left and right sides
that are mirror images of each other
▪ Zygote – A fertilized egg
▪ Coelom – Body cavity lined with mesoderm
▪ Cephalization – Concentration of sense organs and
nerve cells at the anterior end of an animal
24.1.1: Describe characteristics that all animals share.

1) All animals share certain characteristics. They are


multicellular, heterotrophic, eukaryotic, and their cells do
not have cell walls.

2) There are also many differences that separate them into


classification groups, such as invertebrates and chordates.

3) Chordates are defined by what they have, while invertebrates


are defined by what they don't have.
What are Invertebrates?
Any animal that
lacks
• A backbone,

• Or vertebral
column.

• More than
90% of
animals are
invertebrates
What are Chordates?
All chordates exhibit four characteristics during at least one
stage of life:
• Dorsal, hollow, nerve cord
• Notochord
Nerve cord
• Tail that extends beyond anus
• Pharyngeal pouches

Tail

Notochord Pharyngeal pouches


24.1.2 What Animals Do to Survive:

• Maintain
homeostasis
• Gather and respond
to information
• Obtain and distribute
oxygen and nutrients
• Collect and eliminate
carbon dioxide and
other wastes
REVISION
Q) What four characteristics do all animals share?

1.Multicellular,
2.Heterotrophic,
3.Eukaryotic,
4.Cells do not have
cell walls.

Invertebrates Chordates

Animals that don’t 1. Dorsal, hollow, nerve cord


have a backbone, or 2.Notochord
a vertebral column 3.Tail that extends beyond
anus
4.Pharyngeal pouches
REVISION
Q) What maintains Homeostasis in animals?
A: Various systems work together to maintain certain limits
for the animal to survive
Q) What system is mainly responsible for gathering and
responding to information?
A: The Nervous system Gathers information using cells
called receptors that respond to stimuli (like light, sound,
chemicals etc)
Q) What system is responsible for gases exchange in bigger
animals?
A: Respiratory system
Q) Ask: Why isn’t “reproduce” on this list if it is so important?
A: An individual does not need to reproduce to survive.
24.1.3 An Animal Body Plan
• Levels of organization
• Body symmetry
• Patterns of embryological development
• Segmentation
• Cephalization
• Limb formation
Levels of organization

Cells – Tissue – Organ – Organ systems - Organism


Body Symmetry
Radial Symmetry: Any number of imaginary planes drawn through the center of the
body could divide it into equal halves
Planes of symmetry
Posterior end

Dorsal side

Ventral
side

Anterior end

Radial symmetry Bilateral symmetry


Bilateral Symmetry: A single imaginary plane divides the body into left and right sides
that are mirror images of each other.
Body Cavity Formation

During embryological development, the cells of most


animal embryos differentiate into three layers called germ
layers.

❑ Ectoderm- The ectoderm, or outermost layer, produces


sense organs, nerves, and the outer layer of the skin.
Body Cavity Formation
❑ Mesoderm - Cells of the mesoderm, or middle layer, give
rise to muscles and much of the circulatory, reproductive,
and excretory systems.

❑ Endoderm - Cells of the endoderm, or innermost germ


layer, develop into the linings of the digestive tract and
much of the respiratory system.
Embryonic Development in Animals
Segmentation
Division of the body into numerous repeated parts or
segments in bilaterally symmetrical animals

Segmentation Segmentation No segmentation


Cephalization
• The concentration of sense organs and nerve cells
at the anterior end
• Fusion of segments during embryo development
concentrates the sense organs.
Limb Formation
Revision
Q) Fill in the blanks in the levels of organization
Cells – Tissue – Organ – Organ systems – Organism
Q) In animal body symmetry, what is the term for any
imaginary line through the Centre that can divide it into equal
parts?
A: Radial symmetry
Q) If you are riding a horse where is the rider in relation to
the horse? And where is the tail?
A: Rider is dorsal, and the tail is posterior
Q) In body cavity, which cell layer develops into the lining of
the digestive tract?
A: endoderm
Q) Where are the sense organs other than skin found in
most animals?
A: in the anterior end or head

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