20 Philippine

Literatures
 ____The Execution____

Author: Charles Ong

Reference: The execution. (2022, March 21). [Slide show]. PPT. https://www.slideshare.net/PrincessCatao/the-
execution-251386480

Characteristics:
 Cultural Context: The story is set in the Philippines, reflecting the societal and cultural nuances prevalent in the
country.
 Moral Ambiguity: It explores the complex nature of justice, questioning the righteousness of actions and
decisions made by those in power.
 Conflict: The narrative likely contains various conflicts, such as societal versus individual morality or the struggle
between power and justice.

Motif:
 Death Penalty: The motif of the execution itself serves as a central motif, symbolizing the ultimate exercise of
power by the state and the moral dilemmas associated with it.
 Corruption and Abuse of Power: This motif may be intertwined with the narrative, highlighting societal issues
and the abuse of authority.

Archetypes:
 The Just Judge: An archetype representing the ideal of fairness and righteousness in the face of moral dilemmas
and societal pressure.
 The Oppressed: Characters who might symbolize the oppressed masses, highlighting the power dynamics
prevalent in society.

Symbols:
 Rope or Noose: Represents the looming threat of death and the power of the state to control the lives of its
citizens.
 Executioner's Mask: Symbolizes anonymity and the detachment of the executioner from the consequences of
their actions.
 Clock or Time: Symbolizes the ticking inevitability of fate or judgment, emphasizing the urgency and finality of
the impending execution.
 ____Geyluv____

Author: Honorio De Dios

Reference: Geyluv by Honorio Bartolome de Dios. (2013, August 12). Bihirang Panitikang Pilipino.
https://bihirangpanitikangpilipino.blogspot.com/2013/08/geyluv-by-honorio-bartolome-de-dios.html

Characteristics:
 LGBTQ+ Themes: The story revolves around the relationship between two male friends, delving into themes of
homosexuality and societal perceptions.
 Social Expectations vs. Personal Desires: It examines the conflict between societal norms and individual desires,
particularly in the context of Filipino culture.
 Emotional Complexity: The characters' emotions and the intricacies of their relationship are central to the
narrative, showcasing the complexity of human emotions and connections.

Motif:
 Forbidden Love: The motif of forbidden or unconventional love is prominent, highlighting the challenges faced
by individuals whose feelings contradict societal expectations.
 Secrecy and Concealment: The motif of secrecy underscores the need for concealment and the fear of societal
judgment, especially in the context of LGBTQ+ relationships in conservative societies.

Archetypes:
 The Conflicted Protagonist: Representing internal conflict and the struggle to reconcile personal desires with
societal norms.
 The Supportive Friend: An archetype portraying the supportive and understanding friend who provides
emotional support and understanding to the protagonist.

Symbols:
 Butterfly: Symbolizes transformation, freedom, and the fleeting nature of happiness, possibly reflecting the
characters' desires for freedom and acceptance.
 Closed Spaces: Represents confinement and the feeling of being trapped or constrained by societal
expectations, showcasing the characters' struggle to express their true selves openly.
 ____Gabi ng Isang Piyon____

Author: Lamebrto Antonio

Reference: TagalogLang. (2023, September 26). Sa Gabi ng Isang Piyon. TAGALOG LANG.
https://www.tagaloglang.com/tula-sa-gabi-ng-isang-piyon/

Characteristics:
 Psychological Depth: The story explores the inner workings of the protagonist's mind, delving into their
emotional state and psychological struggles.
 Solitude and Isolation: Central to the narrative is the theme of loneliness, depicting the protagonist's sense of
isolation from society and their internal world.
 Symbolism and Imagery: The story might utilize vivid imagery and symbolism to convey deeper emotional and
thematic layers.

Motif:
 Night time and Darkness: The motif of nighttime signifies the darkness within the protagonist's mind, reflecting
their emotional turmoil and isolation.
 Pigeon: The motif of the pigeon might represent the protagonist's longing for connection or freedom,
symbolizing hope or a desire for companionship.

Archetypes:
 The Tormented Soul: Representing a character dealing with internal struggles, emotional pain, or existential
questions.
 The Seeker: This embodies the search for meaning or connection, often represented by a character on a
personal journey.

Symbols:
 Moon: Symbolizes change, cycles, and the passage of time, possibly reflecting the protagonist's internal
transformation or the fleeting nature of life.
 Cage or Enclosed Space: Represents confinement, emotional barriers, or the feeling of being trapped, reflecting
the protagonist's emotional state and isolation from the world.
 ____Youth____

Author: Maximo Ramos

Reference: Magicalworksblog. (2017, March 5). “Youth.” Magical Works .
https://magicalworksblog.wordpress.com/2017/03/05/youth/

Characteristics:
 Coming-of-Age: The story likely portrays the journey of young individuals navigating the complexities of growing
up, making choices, and discovering themselves.
 Idealism and Passion: It may emphasize the idealistic views and passionate pursuits of the youth, highlighting
their enthusiasm and aspirations.
 Reflection on Time: The narrative might contain reflections on the passing of time and the inevitable transition
from youth to adulthood.

Motif:
 Dreams and Aspirations: The motif of dreams and aspirations symbolizes the hopes and ambitions of the youth,
portraying their desire for a better future.
 Passage of Time: The motif of time passing represents the fleeting nature of youth, emphasizing the transience
of this stage in life.

Archetypes:
 The Dreamer: An archetype representing individuals driven by aspirations and ideals, often eager to create
change or pursue their dreams.
 The Rebel: An archetype embodying the youth's inclination to challenge norms and question established beliefs
or systems.

Symbols:
 Sun or Sunrise: Symbolizes new beginnings, hope, and the dawn of opportunities, reflecting the youth's
optimism and the potential for a bright future.
 Mirror: Represents self-reflection, introspection, and the contemplation of one's identity or place in the world,
suggesting the characters' quest for self-discovery.
 ____I Am a Filipino____

Author: Carlos P. Romulo

Reference: UP Media and Public Relations Office. (2023, December 7). I am a Filipino. University of the Philippines.
https://up.edu.ph/i-am-a-filipino/

Characteristics:
 National Identity: The essay explores the multifaceted nature of being Filipino, encompassing cultural heritage,
traditions, and historical roots.
 Patriotism and Love for Country: It reflects a deep sense of pride and attachment to the Philippines, celebrating
its beauty, richness, and resilience.
 Cultural Diversity: Romulo might discuss the diverse aspects of Filipino culture, embracing the country's varied
traditions, languages, and customs.

Motif:
 National Symbols: The motif of national symbols like the Philippine flag, national anthem, or other cultural
emblems might be used to evoke a sense of national pride and identity.
 Unity in Diversity: The motif of unity amid diversity symbolizes the harmonious coexistence of various cultural
influences within the Filipino identity.

Archetypes:
 The Patriot: An archetype representing love and devotion to one's country, often advocating for its welfare and
progress.
 The Cultural Guardian: An archetype embodying the responsibility of preserving and cherishing cultural heritage
and traditions.

Symbols:
 Barong Tagalog: Symbolizes Filipino tradition and formal attire, representing cultural pride and heritage.
 Pearl of the Orient: Symbolizes the Philippines' beauty and uniqueness, often used as a poetic reference to the
country's allure and richness.
 Bayanihan Spirit: Represents the Filipino value of community cooperation and support, emphasizing unity and
mutual assistance.
 ____Dekada ‘70____

Author: Lualhati Bautista

Reference: Dekada '70 (Lualhati Bautista). (2012, September 15). Booktrek.
https://booktrek.blogspot.com/2012/09/dekada-70-lualhati-bautista.html

Characteristics:
 Political Turmoil: The novel vividly portrays the political unrest and turmoil during the Marcos dictatorship,
illustrating the impact of martial law on Filipino society.
 Women's Empowerment: It highlights the journey of Amanda Bartolome, the female protagonist, as she
undergoes personal growth, finding her voice and agency amidst a patriarchal society.
 Family Dynamics: The Bartolome family serves as a microcosm of Filipino society, reflecting the struggles,
conflicts, and transformations experienced by each member during this period.

Motif:
 Oppression and Suppression: The motif of oppression symbolizes the government's control and suppression of
civil liberties, showcasing the fear and restrictions imposed on citizens.
 Resistance and Activism: The motif of activism symbolizes the characters' awakening to social injustices, their
involvement in protests, and their fight against authoritarian rule.
 Generational Shift: A recurring motif involves the evolving mindset of different generations within the
Bartolome family, reflecting changing perspectives towards societal issues and activism.

Archetypes:
 The Rebel Activist: Amanda Bartolome embodies the archetype of the rebel activist, challenging societal norms,
and participating in movements for social change.
 The Silent Dissenter: Julian Bartolome, the father, represents the archetype of the silent dissenter, initially
hesitant to voice his opposition but eventually expressing resistance in his own way.
 The Young Idealist: Jules Bartolome, one of the sons, embodies the archetype of the young idealist, driven by
passion and fervor for change, symbolizing the youth's involvement in activism.

Symbols:
 Red Flag: Symbolizes revolution, protest, and the call for change, often seen in rallies and demonstrations
throughout the novel.
 Radio Broadcasts: Symbolize the dissemination of information, censorship, and the government's control over
media during the martial law era.
 Protest Signs and Slogans: Symbolize resistance and unity, reflecting the characters' collective efforts in
advocating for freedom and democracy.
 ____The Island____

Author: Jose Dalisay Jr.

Reference: The Island. (1996). Jaime Zobel Publications. https://www.jaimezobel.com/books/the-island

Characteristics:
 Setting as a Character: The island itself serves as a prominent character in the story, carrying its own history,
memories, and significance to the protagonist.
 Nostalgia and Memory: The narrative is characterized by a strong sense of nostalgia, as the protagonist
reminisces about his past experiences on the island and reflects on the passage of time.
 Identity Exploration: The story delves into the protagonist's journey of self-discovery and reflection, exploring
themes of belonging and personal identity.

Motif:
 Isolation and Solitude: The motif of isolation symbolizes the protagonist's sense of solitude on the island,
highlighting feelings of loneliness and introspection.
 Nature and Landscape: The motif of the island's natural elements symbolizes the passage of time and the
changes in the environment, serving as a backdrop for the protagonist's contemplations.
 Memory Triggers: Throughout the story, certain objects or sensory experiences act as motifs, triggering
memories and emotions linked to the protagonist's past on the island.

Archetypes:
 The Wanderer: The protagonist embodies the archetype of the wanderer, seeking meaning and understanding
through introspection and exploration.
 The Reluctant Nostalgic: An archetype representing someone grappling with revisiting their past, torn between
the comfort of nostalgia and the reality of change.
 The Island as a Threshold: The island can be viewed as an archetype representing a threshold or liminal space,
where the protagonist undergoes personal transformation and self-reflection.

Symbols:
 The Wanderer: The protagonist embodies the archetype of the wanderer, seeking meaning and understanding
through introspection and exploration.
 The Reluctant Nostalgic: An archetype representing someone grappling with revisiting their past, torn between
the comfort of nostalgia and the reality of change.
 The Island as a Threshold: The island can be viewed as an archetype representing a threshold or liminal space,
where the protagonist undergoes personal transformation and self-reflection.
 ____Ladlad____

Author: Danton Remoto

Reference: Pink Revolution: Ang Ladlad’s Danton Remoto. (2009, July 6). The Opposite of Apathy.
https://oppositeofapathy.wordpress.com/2009/07/06/pink-revolution-ang-ladlads-danton-remoto/

Characteristics:
 Diversity of Voices: The anthology showcases a wide spectrum of LGBTQ+ experiences, featuring stories and
poems from various authors, reflecting the diverse identities within the community.
 Exploration of Identity: The works within "Ladlad" often explore themes of self-discovery, acceptance, and the
complexities of LGBTQ+ identities in the Filipino context.
 Social and Political Commentary: Many pieces within the anthology delve into societal issues, offering
commentary on discrimination, LGBTQ+ rights, and the struggle for acceptance in Filipino society.

Motif:
 Coming Out Narratives: A recurring motif involves narratives about coming out, representing a pivotal moment
in many LGBTQ+ individuals' lives and their journey towards self-acceptance and authenticity.
 Love and Relationships: The motif of love and relationships, both romantic and platonic, explores the nuances
and challenges faced by LGBTQ+ individuals in forming connections and finding acceptance.
 Resilience and Empowerment: The anthology often carries a motif of resilience and empowerment, showcasing
stories of overcoming adversity and embracing one's identity with pride and strength.

Archetypes:
 The Closeted Individual: An archetype representing individuals struggling with concealing their sexual
orientation or gender identity due to societal pressures or fear of rejection.
 The Advocate: An archetype embodying activists or individuals fighting for LGBTQ+ rights and representation,
advocating for equality and social change.
 The Trailblazer: An archetype representing those who pave the way for greater acceptance and visibility of
LGBTQ+ individuals, breaking societal norms and stereotypes.

Symbols:
 Rainbow Flag: Symbolizes LGBTQ+ pride, unity, and diversity, often used as a symbolic representation of the
community's fight for equality.
 Safe Spaces: Symbolizes environments where LGBTQ+ individuals feel accepted and supported, fostering a sense
of belonging and freedom to express one's true self.
 Metaphorical Journeys: Symbols related to journeys or transitions, such as roads, paths, or transformations,
represent the personal and emotional journeys of LGBTQ+ individuals towards self-discovery and acceptance.
 ____The God Stealer____

Author: F. Sionial Jose

Reference: The God Stealer (Fransico Sionil Jose). (2010, April). http://gabrielslibrary.blogspot.com/2010/04/god-stealer-
fransico-sionil-jose.html

Characteristics:
 Cultural Conflict: The story portrays the clash between traditional Filipino beliefs and Western influences,
examining the tensions that arise when these two cultures intersect.
 Colonial Mentality: It explores the concept of colonial mentality, where characters idolize Western culture and
values while disregarding or devaluing their own Filipino heritage.
 Character Development: The narrative focuses on the evolving perspectives and realizations of the main
characters, showcasing their growth and internal conflicts.

Motif:
 Religious Artifacts: A recurring motif involves the stealing of religious artifacts, symbolizing the appropriation
and disrespect of indigenous Filipino culture by foreigners.
 Identity Crisis: The motif of identity crisis represents the characters' struggle to reconcile their Filipino roots with
the allure and perceived superiority of Western culture.
 Cultural Imperialism: The motif of cultural imperialism highlights the imposition of Western values on Filipino
society, leading to the erosion of traditional beliefs and practices.

Archetypes:
 The Outsider: Victor, the Filipino protagonist who has lived in the United States, embodies the archetype of the
outsider torn between two cultures, unable to fully belong to either.
 The Native Guide: Philip, a native guide, represents an archetype often seen in literature, guiding characters
through cultural landscapes and serving as a bridge between cultures, navigating the complexities of tradition
and modernity.
 The Western Colonizer: The character of Sam, an American archaeologist, embodies the archetype of the
Western colonizer who views indigenous cultures through a lens of superiority and entitlement.

Symbols:
 Bontoc Igorot Statue: Symbolizes the cultural heritage and religious significance of the Igorot people,
representing the theft and disrespect of indigenous culture.
 American Dream: Symbolizes the aspiration for success and a better life associated with Western ideals,
influencing the characters' perceptions and actions.
 Language: Symbolizes cultural barriers and communication gaps, reflecting the difficulties in understanding and
bridging the divide between different cultures and worldviews.
 ____The World is an Apple____

Author: Alberto Florentino

Reference: Ischoolsericsonalieto. (2012, March 22). The World is an Apple by Alberto S. Florentino. CYBERTURE.
https://ischoolsericsonalieto.wordpress.com/2012/03/23/the-world-is-an-apple-by-alberto-s-florentino/

Characteristics:
 Social Realism: The play presents a realistic portrayal of the struggles of a poor family, reflecting the harsh
realities of poverty and the challenges faced by marginalized individuals in society.
 Moral Dilemma: It centers around a moral dilemma faced by the protagonist, presenting the internal conflict
between making ethical choices and succumbing to temptation for personal gain.
 Irony and Tragedy: The narrative is characterized by tragic irony, where the pursuit of a better life leads to
unforeseen consequences and tragedy for the characters.

Motif:
 Apple: The motif of the apple symbolizes the temptation and desire for a better life, drawing a parallel to the
biblical story of Adam and Eve, where an apple signifies forbidden fruit and the consequences of succumbing to
temptation.
 Poverty and Struggle: A recurring motif involves the portrayal of poverty and struggle, reflecting the pervasive
challenges faced by individuals striving to overcome their circumstances.
 The World as an Apple: The motif of the world being compared to an apple highlights the characters' desires and
aspirations for a better life, suggesting that achieving such aspirations often comes with unforeseen
consequences.

Archetypes:
 The Tempted Protagonist: The character of Mario embodies the archetype of the tempted protagonist, torn
between doing what is morally right and succumbing to the allure of a better life.
 The Loving Wife: Characterized as the supportive and caring wife, Emma embodies the archetype of a devoted
spouse, trying to maintain the family's integrity despite their hardships.
 The Deceiver or Tempter: Tony embodies the archetype of the deceiver or tempter, enticing Mario with
promises of wealth, presenting the allure of an easier life despite its moral implications.

Symbols:
 The Apartment: Symbolizes the promise of a better life and material comfort, serving as a representation of the
characters' aspirations and the temptation that leads to their downfall.
 Money: Symbolizes the pursuit of wealth and the means to escape poverty, highlighting its power to influence
decisions and tempt individuals to compromise their values.
 The Fallen Apple: Symbolizes the consequences of succumbing to temptation, leading to the characters'
downfall and the tragic ending of the play.
 ____The Very Last Story of Huli____

Author: Lilia Q. Santiago

Reference: Aparicio, J. C. (2023, January 4). Pinakahuling Kuwento Ni Huli. Scribd.
https://www.scribd.com/presentation/617870110/Pinakahuling-Kuwento-Ni-Huli

Characteristics:
 Cultural Tradition vs. Modernity: The story portrays the clash between traditional indigenous beliefs and modern
influences, reflecting the tension between preserving heritage and embracing change.
 Generational Shift: It highlights the evolving perspectives and conflicts between different generations,
showcasing the struggles of the younger generation to balance tradition with contemporary values.
 Loss and Nostalgia: The narrative evokes a sense of loss and nostalgia for fading traditions, depicting the
emotions associated with the vanishing heritage of a community.

Motif:
 Nature and Environment: A recurring motif involves nature, such as the river and the forest, symbolizing the
connection between the characters and their environment, as well as the passage of time and change.
 Oral Tradition and Storytelling: The motif of storytelling represents the preservation of cultural heritage through
oral tradition, emphasizing the importance of passing down stories and knowledge to future generations.
 The Boat: The motif of the boat symbolizes a connection to tradition and the journey of life, representing
movement, transition, and the passage of time.

Archetypes:
 The Elderly Storyteller: An archetype representing wisdom and cultural preservation, embodying the role of
passing down stories and traditions to younger generations.
 The Rebellious Youth: An archetype portraying the younger generation challenging established norms and
traditions, seeking to forge their own path amidst societal expectations.
 The Inevitable Change: The archetype of change personified in the story, highlighting the unstoppable force that
alters traditions and cultural practices over time.

Symbols:
 The River: Symbolizes the flow of life, time, and change, reflecting the interconnectedness of people and nature,
and the passage of traditions from one generation to another.
 The Forest: Symbolizes a sacred space, representing the ancestral heritage and traditions of the community,
while also reflecting the encroachment of modernity.
 The Last Boat Ride: Symbolizes the final journey or passage, marking the end of an era and the culmination of
the story's themes of transition and change.
 ____Another Invitation to the Pope to Visit Tondo____

Author: Emmanuel Torres

Reference: fliphtml5.com. (2023, January 29). Another invitation to the Pope to visit Tondo Pages 1-12 - Flip PDF
download | FlipHTML5. https://fliphtml5.com/vregg/fecp/basic

Characteristics:
 Social Critique: The poem serves as a critique of social and economic disparities, highlighting the poverty and
struggles faced by the people living in Tondo, Manila.
 Socio-Political Commentary: It reflects the poet's commentary on societal issues, such as corruption, inequality,
and the failure of governance, within the context of Tondo.
 Desire for Change: The poem exhibits a desire for transformation and improvement in the community, urging
attention to the plight of the marginalized and the need for societal reform.

Motif:
 Religious Imagery: A recurring motif involves religious imagery and references to the Pope, symbolizing hope
and the call for divine intervention or attention to the suffering and struggles of the marginalized.
 Poverty and Struggle: The motif of poverty and struggle symbolizes the harsh living conditions and challenges
faced by the residents of Tondo, emphasizing their resilience amid adversity.
 The Cityscape: The motif of the urban landscape represents the stark contrast between opulence and
destitution, showcasing the disparity between the affluent and the marginalized within the city.

Archetypes:
 The Prophet or Messenger: The poet assumes the archetype of a prophet or messenger, advocating for change
and highlighting societal issues, similar to a voice seeking attention for the downtrodden.
 The Voice of the Marginalized: The marginalized residents of Tondo represent the archetype of oppressed
individuals seeking recognition and justice, echoing their struggles and hopes.
 The Ruler or Authority Figure: An archetype representing those in power or authority, implicitly criticized for
their indifference or failure to address the plight of the marginalized community.

Symbols:
 The Pope's Visit: Symbolizes a beacon of hope and a plea for attention to the marginalized, as the visit is seen as
an opportunity to shed light on the struggles of the people in Tondo.
 Chalice and Paten: Religious symbols referencing the Pope's ecclesiastical objects, used metaphorically to
represent a call for spiritual nourishment or aid for the suffering.
 The Urban Landscape: Symbolizes the disparity between wealth and poverty, the neglect of the marginalized,
and the need for social justice and equality within the cityscape.
 ____Balada ni Lola Amonita____

Author: Ruth Eleyna Mabonglo

Reference: Tula pagsusuri sa balada ni Lola Amonita. (2019, March 20). Scribd.
https://www.scribd.com/presentation/402521400/Tula-Pagsusuri-Sa-Balada-Ni-Lola-Amonita

Characteristics:
 Nostalgia and Reminiscence: The poem is characterized by a sense of nostalgia, exploring memories and
experiences of Lola Amonita, reflecting on the past and the changes in her life.
 Emotional Resonance: It evokes emotional depth, portraying the emotional journey of Lola Amonita as she
reminisces about significant moments in her life, expressing both joy and sorrow.
 Reflection on Aging: The narrative reflects on the effects of aging and the passing of time, capturing the
complexities and challenges of growing old while reminiscing about youth.

Motif:
 The Ballad: The poem's structure as a ballad serves as a recurring motif, emphasizing the rhythmic storytelling
style and the lyrical expression of Lola Amonita's life and experiences.
 The Garden: A recurring motif in the poem symbolizes life's journey, growth, and change, paralleling Lola
Amonita's life stages with the cycles and growth within a garden.
 Fading Memories: The motif of fading memories symbolizes the passage of time and the inevitable decline of
memory in Lola Amonita's life, highlighting the fragility of human recollection.

Archetypes:
 The Wise Elder: Lola Amonita embodies the archetype of the wise elder, representing wisdom, experience, and
reflection gained from a lifetime of memories and experiences.
 The Storyteller: Lola Amonita also embodies the archetype of the storyteller, using narratives and memories to
convey lessons, values, and emotions to the reader.
 The Garden Keeper: The garden keeper archetype symbolizes caretaking, growth, and nurturing, paralleling Lola
Amonita's nurturing of memories and experiences throughout her life.

Symbols:
 The Clock or Hourglass: Symbolizes the passage of time and the limited nature of life, emphasizing the
transience and inevitability of aging and memories fading away.
 Flowers or Blossoms: Symbolize life, beauty, and growth within the context of the garden, reflecting Lola
Amonita's journey through different stages of life and experiences.
 Music or Melody: Symbolizes the rhythm of life and memories, portraying the poetic nature of Lola Amonita's
storytelling and the flow of her recollections.
 ____Sagada Still in Floating World____

Author: Marjorie Evasco

Reference: Sagada Stills in a Floating World by Marjorie Evasco - Sagada Stills in a Floating World by Marjorie Evasco
Poem by RIC BASTASA. (2008, June 3). Poem Hunter. https://www.poemhunter.com/poem/sagada-stills-in-a-floating-
world-by-marjorie-evasco/

Characteristics:
 Nature's Magnificence: The poem vividly describes the natural beauty of Sagada, portraying its majestic
landscapes, serene environment, and the mystical allure of the mountains.
 Spiritual Reverence: It exhibits a sense of reverence and spiritual connection with nature, depicting the spiritual
significance of Sagada and its sacredness to the speaker.
 Sense of Transcendence: The poem conveys a sense of transcendence and otherworldliness, exploring the
ethereal and dreamlike qualities of Sagada, transporting the reader to a realm beyond the physical world.

Motif:
 Mountainous Terrain: A recurring motif in the poem is the mountainous landscape of Sagada, symbolizing
strength, stability, and spiritual elevation, while also serving as a metaphor for life's challenges and aspirations.
 Ritual and Tradition: The motif of rituals and traditions symbolizes the cultural heritage and spiritual practices of
Sagada, emphasizing the connection between the people and their ancestral customs.
 Juxtaposition of Realms: The motif of the floating world juxtaposed with the earthly realm symbolizes the
intersection between the material and spiritual worlds, portraying Sagada as a place where these realms
converge.

Archetypes:
 The Wanderer or Seeker: The speaker embodies the archetype of the wanderer or seeker, journeying to Sagada
in search of spiritual enlightenment and connection with nature.
 The Sage or Shaman: The elders or local spiritual figures in Sagada represent the archetype of the sage or
shaman, guiding and imparting wisdom to those seeking spiritual enlightenment.
 The Sacred Landscape: Sagada itself serves as an archetype of the sacred landscape, representing a place of
spiritual significance, transcendence, and connection with the divine.

Symbols:
 Mists and Fog: Symbolize mystery, spirituality, and the ethereal nature of Sagada, representing a veil between
the physical and spiritual realms.
 Ritual Objects: Symbolize ancestral practices, cultural heritage, and the connection between the past and
present in Sagada's spiritual rituals and traditions.
 Echoes and Whispers: Symbolize the spiritual resonance and interconnectedness between the people and the
land, conveying the whispers of ancestral voices and the echoes of spiritual wisdom in Sagada.
 ____Isang Dipang Langit____

Author: Amado V. Hernandez

Reference: TagalogLang. (2023b, November 20). Isang dipang langit. TAGALOG LANG.
https://www.tagaloglang.com/tula-isang-dipang-langit/

Characteristics:
 Social Realistic Detail: The story is characterized by its portrayal of the harsh realities of poverty and social
inequality, depicting the struggles and hardships faced by the marginalized in society.
 Human Dignity and Resilience: It emphasizes the characters' resilience in the face of adversity, highlighting their
efforts to preserve their dignity despite the oppressive conditions they endure.
 Critique of Exploitation: The narrative serves as a critique of societal exploitation and oppression, shedding light
on the exploitation of labor and the dehumanizing effects of poverty.

Motif:
 Cycle of Poverty: A recurring motif involves the cycle of poverty, symbolizing the vicious cycle that entraps the
poor and prevents their upward mobility, reflecting the intergenerational nature of poverty.
 Struggle for Education: The motif of education symbolizes hope and a way out of poverty for the characters,
highlighting the importance of education as a means of empowerment.
 Nature's Symbolism: The motif of nature, such as the sky, symbolizes freedom, aspirations, and the characters'
desire for a better life beyond their oppressive circumstances.

Archetypes:
 The Oppressed Laborer: The protagonist embodies the archetype of the oppressed laborer, representing the
struggles of the working class against exploitation and marginalization.
 The Mother Figure: The mother in the story represents the archetype of maternal strength and sacrifice,
portraying the resilience and nurturing nature of women in the face of adversity.
 The Hopeful Child: The child character symbolizes hope, innocence, and the aspirations for a better future,
representing the possibility of change and progress despite the oppressive environment.

Symbols:
 Sky and Horizon: Symbolize freedom and aspiration, reflecting the characters' yearning for a better life beyond
the confines of poverty and societal oppression.
 Books and Education: Symbolize knowledge, empowerment, and the pursuit of a better life through education,
highlighting its transformative potential for the characters.
 The Landlord's Mansion: Symbolizes the stark contrast between the wealthy elite and the impoverished,
showcasing the disparity and exploitation prevalent in society.
 ____Among the Disappeared____

Author: Ricardo Lee

Reference: Kabilang sa mga nawawala. (2015, December 6). [Slide show]. PPT.
https://www.slideshare.net/cherrylexdayacos/kabilang-sa-mga-nawawala

Characteristics:
 Social and Political Commentary: The story is characterized by its exploration of socio-political issues, shedding
light on the disappearances of individuals during a period of political unrest, reflecting the dark side of Philippine
history.
 Emotional Impact: It evokes strong emotional responses, portraying the anguish, uncertainty, and pain
experienced by the families and loved ones of the disappeared, capturing the emotional toll of their absence.
 Investigation and Search for Truth: The narrative involves elements of investigation and the quest for truth, as
characters strive to uncover the fates of the disappeared, revealing the challenges faced in seeking justice and
closure.

Motif:
 Disappearances: A recurring motif involves the disappearances of individuals, symbolizing the silencing and
erasure of dissenting voices during times of political turmoil, and the haunting effect on the families left behind.
 Memories and Remembrance: The motif of memories and remembrance symbolizes the significance of
preserving the memories of the disappeared, representing the struggle to keep their identities alive despite their
absence.
 The Search for Justice: The motif of seeking justice symbolizes the relentless pursuit of truth and accountability,
showcasing the determination to uncover the fate of the disappeared and hold responsible parties accountable.

Archetypes:
 The Disappeared: The disappeared individuals represent the archetype of the silenced or oppressed, embodying
the victims of political repression and human rights violations, whose stories are often erased or forgotten.
 The Grieving Families: Characters representing the families of the disappeared embody the archetype of grief
and resilience, showcasing their enduring pain, hope, and determination in seeking closure and justice.
 The Activist or Advocate: Characters advocating for the disappeared embody the archetype of the advocate,
symbolizing their commitment to truth-seeking, human rights, and social justice amidst societal challenges.

Symbols:
 Empty Chairs or Spaces: Symbolize the absence and void left by the disappeared, representing the haunting
reminders of their absence in the lives of their families and communities.
 Photos and Personal Items: Symbolize the connection to the disappeared, serving as tangible remnants of their
existence and reminding loved ones of their identities.
 Candles or Light: Symbolize hope, remembrance, and the quest for truth, representing the collective desire to
shed light on the disappearances and seek justice for the victims.
 ____How My Brother Leon Brought Home a Wife____

Author: Manuel E. Arguilla

Reference: Arguilla, M. E. (n.d.). How My Brother Leon Brought Home A Wife. Teacherkarizza Wordpress.
https://teacherkarizza.files.wordpress.com/2015/10/how-my-brother-leon-brought-home-a-wife.pdf

Characteristics:
 Rural Setting and Atmosphere: The story is characterized by its vivid depiction of the rural landscape,
showcasing the simplicity and beauty of the countryside, particularly in Nagrebcan, where the setting is situated.
 Cultural Clashes and Adaptation: It explores the cultural differences between the rural and urban settings,
reflecting the challenges faced by Maria in adapting to her new environment and Leon's family adjusting to her
presence.
 Family Dynamics and Acceptance: The narrative emphasizes the importance of familial relationships, portraying
the warmth and acceptance of Leon's family towards Maria while highlighting the dynamics within the family.

Motif:
 The Calesa: A recurring motif involves the calesa (horse-drawn carriage), symbolizing tradition, rural life, and the
cultural identity of Nagrebcan, serving as a mode of transportation that connects Maria to her new home.
 Nature and Scenery: The motif of nature, including the moonlit landscape and the river, symbolizes the beauty,
tranquility, and familiarity of the rural setting, serving as a backdrop for Maria's first experience in Nagrebcan.
 Light and Darkness: The motif of light and darkness symbolizes contrasts and revelations, highlighting Maria's
adaptation to the rural environment and her initial impressions of the place under different lighting conditions.

Archetypes:
 The New Bride: Maria embodies the archetype of the new bride, representing innocence, adaptability, and the
challenges of integrating into a new family and environment.
 The Protective Brother: Leon portrays the archetype of the protective brother, showing care and concern for
Maria while ensuring her smooth transition into their family and village life.
 The Wise Father Figure: Baldo and Leon's father embodies the archetype of the wise elder, providing guidance
and support, and facilitating Maria's acceptance into their family.

Symbols:
 The City and the Countryside: Symbolize the clash between urban and rural life, representing the differences in
culture, lifestyle, and Maria's journey of adaptation.
 The Star Apple Tree: Symbolizes the connection between Maria and the rural setting, serving as a symbol of her
acceptance and integration into the family despite initial differences.
 The Water and the Moonlight: Symbolize the peaceful and calming elements of nature, reflecting Maria's initial
impressions and adaptation to the serene rural environment.
 ____The Day the Dancers Came____

Author: Bienvenido Nuqui Santos

Reference: Gissellevpaulo. (2013, April 29). The day the Dancers came by Bienvenido Santos. WordPress.com.
https://gissellemildredpaulo.wordpress.com/2013/04/29/the-day-the-dancers-came-by-bienvenido-santos/

Characteristics:
 Cultural Clash: The story is characterized by the clash between traditional Filipino culture and modern American
influences, reflecting the tension and conflict experienced by the characters due to their exposure to different
cultures.
 Nostalgia and Reminiscence: It evokes a strong sense of nostalgia, portraying the protagonist's longing for his
homeland, reminiscing about Filipino traditions, and reflecting on the changes brought about by modernization.
 Identity Crisis: The narrative explores the characters' struggle with their cultural identities, showcasing their
confusion and internal conflict as they navigate between their Filipino heritage and their exposure to American
culture.

Motif:
 Filipino Traditions and Festivities: A recurring motif involves Filipino traditions, such as the Santacruzan and the
barrio fiesta, symbolizing the essence of Filipino culture and highlighting the protagonist's longing for these
cultural celebrations.
 The American Dream: The motif of the American Dream symbolizes aspirations for modernity, progress, and a
better life in the United States, contrasting with the nostalgia for Filipino traditions.
 Memory and Remembrance: The motif of memory and remembrance symbolizes the protagonist's yearning for
his homeland, emphasizing the emotional connection to his roots and the memories of cultural festivities.

Archetypes:
 The Immigrant or Overseas Filipino: The protagonist embodies the archetype of the immigrant or overseas
Filipino, torn between the familiarity of Filipino traditions and the allure of the American lifestyle.
 The Cultural Ambassadors: The Americanized cousins represent the archetype of cultural ambassadors,
introducing modern American influences to the protagonist and highlighting the clash between traditional and
modern values.
 The Longing Wanderer: The protagonist symbolizes the archetype of the wandering soul longing for his roots,
seeking solace and connection amidst cultural displacement and nostalgia.

Symbols:
 The Santacruzan: Symbolizes Filipino traditions, religious roots, and cultural festivities, serving as a poignant
symbol of the protagonist's nostalgia and longing for his homeland.
 The Americanized Cousins: Symbolize the influence of modern American culture and its impact on the
protagonist, representing the clash between traditional Filipino values and Westernization.
 The Mango Tree: Symbolizes rootedness and connection to one's homeland, embodying the protagonist's
nostalgic attachment to Filipino culture and traditions.
 ____Hinilawod____

Author: F. Landa Jocano

Reference: Discovery of the Epic. (2010, May 5). HINILAWOD. https://hinilawod.wordpress.com/hinilawod-the-
play/discovery-of-the-epic/

Characteristics:
 Epic Form: The narrative embodies the characteristics of an epic, featuring a grand scale of storytelling, heroic
characters, mythical elements, and themes that transcend time.
 Oral Tradition: It reflects the tradition of oral storytelling prevalent in many Philippine indigenous cultures,
passing down myths, legends, and histories through generations.
 Cultural Richness: The narrative is characterized by its rich portrayal of Panay Bukidnon culture, featuring their
beliefs, customs, rituals, and the moral lessons embedded within the epic.

Motif:
 Heroic Quest: A recurring motif involves the heroic quest of the characters, symbolizing the journey, trials, and
triumphs of the epic's heroes as they embark on adventures and face challenges.
 Mythical Creatures and Deities: The motif of mythical creatures, gods, and goddesses symbolizes the spiritual
beliefs and folklore of the Panay Bukidnon people, adding depth and mystique to the narrative.
 Love and Sacrifice: The motif of love and sacrifice portrays the complexities of relationships and selflessness
among the characters, showcasing themes of loyalty, devotion, and honor.

Archetypes:
 The Heroic Warrior: Characters like Labaw Donggon and Humadapnon embody the archetype of the heroic
warrior, displaying valor, strength, and courage in their quests and battles.
 The Trickster or Shapeshifter: Characters such as Saragnayan or Buyong Matanayon represent the archetype of
the trickster or shapeshifter, displaying cunning and shape-shifting abilities, often acting as antagonists or
instigators of conflict.
 The Wise Guide or Mentor: Characters like Abyang Durunuun serve as archetypal wise guides or mentors,
offering advice, wisdom, and guidance to the heroes on their journeys.

Symbols:
 The Golden Harp and Sword: Symbolize the heroes' divine gifts and supernatural attributes, representing their
destiny, prowess, and significance in fulfilling their quests.
 The Underworld or Hinilawod: Symbolizes the spiritual realm and the mythical landscape, serving as the
backdrop for the heroes' adventures and encounters with deities and spirits.
 The Mountain and Forests: Symbolize the vastness of the Panay Bukidnon ancestral domain, representing the
heroes' exploration, challenges, and connection to their homeland.
 ____Biag ni Lam-Ang____

Author: Perdo Bucaneg

Reference: Mallapre, M. (2018). BIAG NI LAM-ANG Pedro Bucaneg. In Scribd.
https://www.scribd.com/document/386813794/Pedro-Bucaneg

Characteristics:
 Epic Narrative: The story embodies the characteristics of an epic, featuring a grand scale of storytelling, larger-
than-life heroic deeds, and supernatural elements.
 Hero's Journey: It follows the journey of Lam-ang, the protagonist, from his miraculous birth to his heroic
adventures and ultimate victory over adversaries.
 Cultural Significance: The narrative reflects the cultural heritage of the Ilocano people, preserving their folklore,
values, and traditions through oral storytelling.

Motif:
 Supernatural Abilities: A recurring motif involves Lam-ang's extraordinary abilities and supernatural feats,
symbolizing his divine heritage and heroic destiny.
 Revenge and Justice: The motif of revenge symbolizes Lam-ang's quest for justice after his father's death,
highlighting the theme of retribution and vindication.
 Trials and Challenges: The motif of trials and challenges symbolizes the hero's journey, depicting Lam-ang's
encounters with mythical creatures and adversaries, testing his courage and strength.

Archetypes:
 The Heroic Fighter: Lam-ang embodies the archetype of the heroic warrior, displaying exceptional strength,
bravery, and intelligence in his adventures and battles.
 The Wise Mentor: Namongan, Lam-ang's mother, represents the archetype of the wise mentor, guiding and
advising Lam-ang throughout his journey.
 The Divine Maiden: Ines Kannoyan embodies the archetype of the divine maiden, symbolizing beauty, purity,
and love, serving as Lam-ang's motivation and source of strength.

Symbols:
 The Golden Belt and Rooster: Symbolize Lam-ang's divine heritage and supernatural prowess, representing his
exceptional qualities and connection to the divine realm.
 The River and Fish: Symbolize the setting for significant events in the epic, including Lam-ang's supposed death,
his revival, and restoration to life, showcasing the cyclical nature of existence.
 The Quest for Justice and Vengeance: Symbolizes Lam-ang's quest for justice and vengeance for his father's
death, highlighting themes of honor, revenge, and the fulfillment of destiny.