11/02/2022

ENGINEERING MECHANICS

STATICS

PREPARED BY: ENGR. JOSEPH KIMUEL D. CAGUETE, ME

INTRODUCTION TO STATICS
HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT:
 The subject of statics developed very early in
history because the principles involved could be
formulated simply from measurements of
geometry and force.
 ARCHIMEDES (287-212 B.C.) – his writings deals
with the principle of lever; studies of the pulley,
inclined plane, and wrench are also recorded in
ancient writings – at times when the requirements
of engineering were limited primarily to building
construction.

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MECHANICS

Defined as the branch of the

physical sciences concerned
with the state of rest or motion
of bodies that are subjected to
the action of forces.

Rigid body Mechanics is subdivided into two

areas:
 Statics – deals with the equilibrium of bodies,
that is, those that either at rest or move with
constant velocity.
 Dynamics – is concerned with the accelerated
motion of bodies.

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FUNDAMENTAL CONCEPTS:
 Basic Quantities: The following four quantities are
used throughout mechanics.
 LENGTH – is needed to locate the position of a
point in space and thereby describe the size of the
physical system.
 TIME – is conceived as a succession of events.
 MASS – is a property of matter by which we can
compare the action of one body with that of
another.
 FORCE – in general, it is considered as a “push” or
“pull” exerted by one body on another.

PROBLEM FORMULATION AND ACCURACY OF

SOLUTIONS
To help you develop an “engineering approach” to problem
analysis, you will find it instructive to divide your solution into
the following parts:

1. GIVEN: After carefully reading the problem statement, list all

the data provided. If a figure is required, sketch it neatly and
approximately scale.
2. FIND: State precisely the information that is to be
determined.
3. SOLUTION: Solve the problem, showing all the steps that you
used in the analysis. Work neatly.
4. VALIDATE: Many times, an invalid solutions can be uncovered
by simply asking yourself, “Does the answer make sense?”

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UNITS AND DIMENSIONS

The standard measurements are called units.

The term dimension refers to the type of

measurement, regardless of the units used.

In SI (System International) units

MASS LENGTH TIME

In English units
MASS LENGTH TIME

EXAMPLE

Convert 2 x 105 N/mm2 to GPa. (1 Pa = 1 N/m2)

Ans: 200 GPa

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EXAMPLE
Find the gravitational force exerted by the earth
on a 70-kg man whose elevation above the
surface of the earth equals the radius of the
earth. The mass and radius of the earth are
Me=5.9742 x 1024 kg and Re=6378 km,
respectively.
Ans: 171.4 N

EXAMPLE

Convert 6 mile to km.

Ans: 9.66 km

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IDEALIZATION – is used in mechanics in order to

simplify application of the theory.
 PARTICLE – has a mass, but a size that can be
neglected.
 RIGID BODY – can be considered as a combination
of a large number of particles in which all the
particles remain at a fixed distance from one
another both before and after applying a load.
 CONCENTRATED FORCE – represents the effect of
a loading which is assumed at a point on a body

QUANTITIES USED IN MECHANICS

 SCALAR – quantity that has magnitude only

 VECTOR – quantity that possesses magnitude

and direction and obeys the parallelogram law
for addition

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RESULTANT OF TWO DIMENSIONAL

CONCURRENT FORCE SYSTEM

𝑅= 𝐹𝑋 2 + 𝐹𝑌 2

𝐹𝑋 = 𝐹1𝑋 + 𝐹2𝑋 + 𝐹3𝑋

+⋯
𝐹𝑌 = 𝐹1𝑌 + 𝐹2𝑌 + 𝐹3𝑌

+⋯
𝐹𝑌
tan ɵ =
𝐹𝑋

RESULTANT OF TWO DIMENSIONAL CONCURRENT

FORCE SYSTEM

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DEFINITION OF A VECTOR

A vector is a quantity that remains invariant

under rotation or translation of the
coordinate system. In other words, the
components of the vector transform in the
same way as the variables of the coordinate
system.

VECTOR IN SPACE

a. RECTANGULAR COMPONENTS AND DIRECTION

COSINES

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VECTOR FORMS

• Rectangular form
A = Ax i + Ay j A = Ax i + Ay j + Az k
• Polar form
A = |A|∠ θ

Additional notes:
 Directional Angle of Vector (θ)
 Equilibrant – it balances the resultant
force

HOW TO WRITE A VECTOR IN RECTANGULAR FORM

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EXAMPLE

EXAMPLE

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VECTOR OPERATIONS
1.ADDITION (RESULTANT)

VECTOR OPERATIONS
2. SUBTRACTION (RESULTANT)

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VECTOR OPERATIONS
3. DOT PRODUCT (WORK) – SCALAR

VECTOR OPERATIONS
4. CROSS PRODUCT (TORQUE) - VECTOR

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IMPORTANT!

 The SUM and DIFFERENCE of vectors are used to find

the Resultant of forces.
 The DOT PRODUCT of two vectors is scalar
 The CROSS PRODUCT of two vectors is another vector
 If the DOT PRODUCT of two vectors are ZERO, then
the vectors are perpendicular
 If the CROSS PRODUCT of two vectors are ZERO, then
the vectors are parallel.

EXAMPLE
Find the angle between 3x – y + z = 0 and x + 2y + 2z = 0.
Ans: 72.45 deg.

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EXAMPLE
Assume the forces vectors intersect at a single point.
F1= i + 3j +4k
F2= 2i + 7j - k
F3= -i + 4j + 2k
What is the magnitude of the resultant vector R?
Ans: 15

EXAMPLE
Given the three dimensional vectors:
A = i (xy) + j (2yz) + k (3zx)
B = i (yz) + j (2zx) – k (3xy)
Determine the magnitude of the vector sum |A+B| at coordinates (3, 2, 1).
Ans: 29.88

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EXAMPLE
1. A force of 100 kg acting horizontally to the right is to be combined with
one of 50 kg acting upward and to the right at an angle of 15o with the
vertical. Solve for the resultant force R and the angle between R and the
100 kg force.

FORCES AND FORCE SYSTEMS

Force – simply defined as push or pull of a body.

1. Coplanar forces

2. Collinear forces

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FORCES AND FORCE SYSTEMS

Force – simply defined as push or pull of a body.

3. Parallel forces

4. Frictional force

FORCES AND FORCE SYSTEMS

Force – simply defined as push or pull of a body.

5. Concurrent forces

6. Non-concurrent forces

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Friction – force that arises to oppose

the motion or impending motion of two
bodies in contact.
Static friction – force between two
stationary forces in contact that
prevents motion between them.

Kinetic or Dynamic friction – occurs when

there is relative (sliding) motion at the
interface of the surfaces in contact.
Rolling friction – occurs when one surface
rotates as it move over the other surface but
does not slip at the point of contact.

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PRINCIPLES OF TRANSMISSIBILITY:

“ A force may be moved anywhere along its line

of action without changing its external effects
on a rigid body. ”

BELT FRICTION

The transmission of power by belt drives and

braking effect depend upon the frictional
resistance developed between a flexible belt and
cylindrical surface.
The tension in the belt will vary throughout its
length of contact with the pulley.

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BELT FRICTION

𝑻𝟏
= 𝒆𝝁𝜽
𝑻𝟐
Where;
T1 = tight side tension
T2= slack side tension
𝜇 = coefficient of friction
𝜃 = angle of contact (radians)
R = radius of sheave

EXAMPLE
The coordinates of two points in a space are A (1, 2, 3) and B (4, -1, 2).
Determine the angle between radius vector A and B.

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EXAMPLE
Given the following vectors: A = 3i + 2j, B = 2i + 3j + k, C = 5i +2k. Simplify the
expression. (A x B) ● C

EXAMPLE
A block weighing 500 kN rest on a ramp onclined at 25o with the horizontal.
Determine the force tending to move the block down the ramp.

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EXAMPLE
A force of 200 lb acts on a block at an angle of 28o with respect to horizontal. The
block is pushed 2 ft horizontally. Find the work done by this force.

EXAMPLE
The five forces shown act at point A. What is the magnitude of the resultant force?

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EXAMPLE
Four turns of rope around a horizontal post will hold a 1000 lb weight with a pull of 10
lbs. Find the coefficient of friction between the rope and the post.

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Sunday, February 20, 2022 09:52 AM

The boom shown has negligible weight, but has sufficient strength to support the 1000 kN load. Find the tension in the supporting cable between point A
and B.

A bracket is subjected to the forces and couple shown. Determine an equivalent force-couple system to be
applied at point A. (Angles are measured clockwise from the horizontal. Clockwise moment are positive.
Forces upward and to the right are also positive.)

A simply supported beam is five meters in length. It carries a uniformly distributed

load including its own weight of 300 N/m and concentrated load of 100 N, 2 meters
from the left end. Find the reaction A at the left end.

What is the reaction at point A for the simply supported beam shown?

A 500-kg block is resting on a 30o inclined plane with μ = 0.3. Find the required
force P acting horizontally that will start the block up the plane.

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 A horizontal force P acts on the top of the 30 kg block having a width of 25 cm and a height of
50 cm. If the coefficient of friction between the block and the plane is 0.33. What is the value of
P for motion to impend?

A 250 lb block is initially at rest on a flat surface that inclined at 30o. If the coefficient of static
friction is 0.40, find the force required to start the block moving up the plane.
FINAL ANSWER: 211.6 lb

A 4 m ladder weighing 200 N is placed as shown. When an 800 N person climbs 3 m above
the lower end, the ladder is just about to slip. Determine the friction coefficient between the
ladder and the floor. The coefficient of friction between the ladder and the wall is 0.20.

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CABLES
Sunday, February 20, 2022 01:13 PM

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 EXAMPLE:
A pipeline crossing a river is suspended from a steel cable stretched between
the posts 100 m apart. The weight of the pipe and the cable is 15 kg/m assumed
to be uniformly distributed horizontally. The allowed sag is 2 m. Find the tension
at posts and the length of the steel cable required between posts.

17. Determine the allowable spacing of poles designed to carry an

aluminium cable weighing 0.03 kg/m distributed horizontally if the
maximum tension at the lowest point is 1250 kg and the allowable sag is
0.5 m. Assume a factor of safety of 2.

18. A cable weighing 150 N/m has a span of 180 m and a sag
of 45 m. Find the maximum tension and the length of the
cable.

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