Overview

--
DTU

• Appetizer: Introduction to non-Newtonian fluids INNFM

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v = gNOu3r9Z8QE&list =WL&index = 1&t= 206s
• Introduction to vectors and tensors
• Conservations equations
• Rheology and Rheometry
• Viscosity in shear deformation
• Linear Viscoelasticity
• Non-linear viscoelastic models - differential/integral
• Stretch and elongation
• Large Amplitude Oscillatory Shear (LAOS)

2 DTU Chemical Engineering Course 23522, January 2024

Viscosity in shear deformation (I)
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DTU

Moving plate

Fixed plate

10 DTU Chemical Engineering Course 23522, January 2024

Viscosity in shear deformation (II)
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DTU

Geometrical quantities Definition of shear viscosity

A Area m2
F Force N = kg m/s2 Stress ex: Shear rate
H Plate separation m F
- V
ex:
V Velocity m/s A H
T (Pa) ex: 'r (1/s)

The proportionality factor is called the viscosity rJ (Pa s). If the viscosity is
constant at fixed temperature and pressure it is said to be Newtonian.
In general, the viscosity rJb) may depend on the shear rate and become
non-Newtonian.

11 DTU Chemical Engineering Course 23522, January 2024

Viscosity in shear deformation (Ill)
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DTU

Formal definitions of the flow field

v(1)
Vy 0
Vz 0
and the viscosity

. OVx
Tyx = -rJ(,)­
oy
In simple shear we have
-1 -
I
--y OVx V
- {)y - H
so that --y is constant throughout the measurement geometry.

12 DTU Chemical Engineering Course 23522, January 2024

Viscosity in shear deformation (IV)
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DTU

Newtonian and non-Newtonian viscosity behaviour

Stress -Tyx
Bingham

Shear-thinning

Shear rate �

13 DTU Chemical Engineering Course 23522, January 2024

Viscosity in shear deformation (V)
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DTU

Examples of viscosity functions

Viscosity log TJ

''Power-law
', Newtonian
T/O i---=-'-�--------

Carreau
T/oo "-:',
Shear rate log,y

14 DTU Chemical Engineering Course 23522, January 2024

Viscosity in shear deformation (VI)
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DTU

Models for generalised Newtonian fluids

r;o Newtonian
K--yn-l Power-law
[ ] (n-1)/2
2
T/oo + (r;o - TJoo) 1 + (>.--y) Carreau

15 DTU Chemical Engineering Course 23522, January 2024

Viscosity in shear deformation (VI I)
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DTU

Realisation of shear flows having constant 'Y

Couette geometry (cylinder/cup)
w

Cone/plate geometry

16 DTU Chemical Engineering Course 23522, January 2024

 DTU
••
Viscosity in shear deformation {VI 11) ••
••
Realisation of shear flows having non-constant ly
Capillary geometry

0
z
Po

Plate/plate geometry

17 DTU Chemical Engineering Course 23522, January 2024

Normal stress effects (I)
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DTU

In a simple shear flow of a viscous fluid there will be no other stresses than
those related to friction corresponding to the shear stress Tyx·

This is not typical for non-Newtonian fluids. Due to the internal

micro-structure the resistance towards deformation depends on the
direction; the stress becomes anisotropic. In steady shear flow we need two
further material functions to fully describe the behaviour.

Txx - Tyy = N1 = -'l W1b)

Tyy - Tzz = N2 = _;.y W2('-y)
2

w w
The additional material functions are 1 and 2 . These describe together
with the viscosity function 77 the behaviour of the fluid.

18 DTU Chemical Engineering Course 23522, January 2024

Normal stress effects (11)
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DTU

Significance of N1 <0
This corresponds to a tension along streamlines as if a "rubber elastic" was
embedded in the fluid. (A measure of fluid elasticity).
N1 is related to the force measured perpendicular to the plate in a
cone/plate rheometer.

Significance of N2 >0
The magnitude is for polymers typically much less than N1. Therefore
accurate values for N2 are often difficult to obtain.
Hinch, The much-neglected 2nd normal stress difference
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v =VkVJOOQZhM8

Classical effects
"Rod climbing" and "die swell".

19 DTU Chemical Engineering Course 23522, January 2024

Normal stress effects (111)
-
DTU

Rod climbing Die swell

FLOW PHENOMENA L:,,Z POLYMERIC LIQUIDS 6J

®
flGURl! LJ-1. f-i icd cy linder wilh «)tali"¥ rud. ® The Newtonian tiquid. t1l )urill. 1hows •
••.1nu;®1hcpolym, rsnluuon.p:,lyacrylamidcin s]r-,:rin.dimhltbcrod.Therodi,rou,1edmuch
faster in the aJycmn lhan 1n 1he rolJ acr )'lamlde solution_ At wmp.arabk low n,u:11 ofrom,..., ot1hc
lhlll\ the pOlymcr ..,11 dimh ..,1,c"""' 1lic free 1u r fac,: of the N,:,,-100,an liquid ,.;n remain ti�!.
[Pho\Ollfllphl councsy of Or F. N,>em, Rhcoloay Resiearch Center. Umvcnit)' ol Wi scon�n­
Mad,..,.,.]

20 DTU Chemical Engineering Co urse 23522, January 2024

The stress tensor (I)
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DTU

Definition of the total stress

7r =pl+ r

(
Symmetry reduction in shear flow and extensional flow

Txx Tyx
'T = Tyx Tyy and
0 0

Alternative definition and notation:

'T = -(T

21 DTU Chemical Engineering Course 23522, January 2024

The stress tensor (11)
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DTU

The Criminale-Ericksen-Filbey (CEF) equation can be derived from general

continuum mechanics in steady shear flow

T/'Y
,T,
'l'2,'• 2 (simple shear)
0

So that

The second order fluid replaces rJb), '111('Y) and '112('Y) with constants.

22 DTU Chemical Engineering Course 23522, January 2024

Memory effects
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DTU

The simple model fluids based on a 1 dependency cannot describe the

so-called memory effects that occur in viscoelastic materials.

Viscoelasticity is due to internal material structures that are able to absorb

and release mechanical energy (an elastic effect). This is typical for high
MW polymeric systems where it takes time for the micro structure to react
to external actions. The characteristic time for the material is called the
relaxation time.

The Deborah number is a measure of the importance of time dependent

effects:

Characteristic time for the fluid

De= Characteristic time for the process

33 DTU Chemical Engineering Course 23522, January 2024

Deborah and Weissenberg numbers
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DTU

In the literature Deborah and Weissenberg numbers are often used

inconsistently. John Dealy has written an article which explains the
differences:

Deborah number (De): A non-dimensional measure of time effects or

elasticity. The ratio >./t flow is a typical example.

Weissenberg number (Wi): A non-dimensional measure of non-linearity.

The product Vy is an example.

It is clear that in a steady state flow process the Deborah number could be
zero while the Weissenberg number is non-zero . Pipe flow is a simple
example .

Dealy, Rheology Bulletin, 79:(2) 14-18 (2010).

34 DTU Chemical Engineering Course 23522, January 2024

Linear viscoelasticity (I)
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DTU

• The Newtonian fluid shows for all strains(,) a proportional relationship

between shear rate and shear stress.
• The ideally elastic material(Hooke's law) shows for all strains a
proportional relationship between shear strain and shear stress.
• The linear viscoelastic material combines the two principles above.
Validity is restricted to small strains.

Definition of the strain

t
,= { '"Y(t')dt'
lta

In simple shear we have the following

,= (t - to) VI H = (t - to h

35 DTU Chemical Engineering Course 23522, January 2024

Linear viscoelasticity ( 11)
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DTU

Small Amplitude Oscillating Shear

A very useful technique for investigating viscoelastic material properties is
oscillating shear. In this technique the material is subjected to a strain with
oscillating amplitude; typically in a rotational rheometer. The experiment
can also be performed using a controlled stress oscillation.

"/yx = "fo sin(wt)

An ideally elastic material: Tyx = -G"(o sin(wt)
---
/ '\
/
/
"/yx
\
I \
I \
I

,,, Tyx

36 DTU Chemical Engineering Course 23522, January 2024

Linear viscoelasticity ( 111)
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DTU

A Newtonian fluid: '°Yyx =,ow cos(wt) and Tyx = -µ,Yyx

I
/
-,
' \ ryx
\
\ Tyx
\

I I
I I
I I
I I
I I
/ /

In a Newtonian fluid the stress is in phase with the strain rate.

In a Hookean material the stress is in phase with the strain.

37 DTU Chemical Engineering Course 23522, January 2024

Linear viscoelasticity (IV)
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DTU

A viscoelastic liquid: Tyx = To sin(wt+8) = To [sin(wt) cos(8)+cos(wt) sin(8)]

/
,,. .... '
I \ /yx
\ I
\
I \
\ I

\
\
\
\
Tyx
We may express the shear stress, Tyx , as a sum of two contributions; one is
in phase with the strain, the other is in phase with the strain rate:
Tyx = -G',o sin wt - G",o cos wt
The linear viscoelastic moduli are defined by
-To COS 6 -To sin 8
G'=---­ G" =----
,o ,o

38 DTU Chemical Engineering Course 23522, January 2024

Linear viscoelasticity (V)
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DTU

Simple models for linear viscoelasticity : Mechanical equivalents

Linear viscous: Dashpot, friction, damping.

Tyx -µ av
av
,, / / / / / /

-µ''( x
y
T
Linear elastic:

Tyx
Spring, elasticity, memory.

and

39 DTU Chemical Engineering Course 23522, January 2024

Linear viscoelasticity (VI)
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DTU

Simple models for linear viscoelasticity:

The Maxwell model / / / / /

The idea behind the Maxwell viscoelastic :/

model is to combine a Newtonian element "t
with a Hookean element in a series connec­
tion. The choice is arbitrary; it is an empir­
ical model.
( µ) 8t +OTyx
=
T

..__,,
Tyx -WYyx
G

The Maxwell model is the simplest viscoelastic model for liquid like
materials.

40 DTU Chemical Engineering Course 23522, January 2024

Linear viscoelasticity (VI I)
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DTU

Simple models for linear viscoelasticity:

The Voigt-Kelvin model
Corresponding to the Maxwell model we use
a mechanical analogy. In the Voigt-Kelvin
model we replace the series connection by a
T
parallel coupling.

The Voigt-Kelvin model is the simplest viscoelastic model for solid like
materials.

41 DTU Chemical Engineering Course 23522, January 2024

Linear viscoelasticity (VIII)
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DTU

The linear Maxwell model in differential form

OT
,\- + T
at
= -rto""'f
Equivalent integral form

r(t) = -
j ·t
(�e-(t-t')/,\) --y(t') dt' = + j
t
(�e-(t-t')/,\ ) --y (t') dt'
-oo -oo
G(t-t') M(t-t')

General models for linear viscoelasticity

42 DTU Chemical Engineering Course 23522, January 2024

Viscosity in extension (I)
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DTU

V, F

---{'-'----) --��

L 0 L

Geometrical quantities Definition of the extensional viscosity

A Area m2 Stress ex Extension rate

F Force N = kg m/s 2 F V
ex
L Length m A L
V Velocity m/s T (Pa) ex E (1/s)

The proportionality factor is denoted the extensional viscosity fj (Pa s). For
a Newtonian fluid this equals 3rJ.

55 DTU Chemical Engineering Course 23522, January 2024

Viscosity in extension (II)
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DTU

Formal definitions of the flow field in uni-axial extension

and the viscosity

Tzz - Trr = -fjE

In ideal uni-axial extension we have

so that E is constant throughout the measurement geometry.

56 DTU Chemical Engineering Course 23522, January 2024

Extensional effects (I) -DTU

Spill effect Open syphon

T Fi g. Z.17. The 01,1ten-Syphon Effect l. A 0. 7.�'%. 11qul!llll$ llOlution of P<>i)OJ< WSR 301 fills fl
t..-nkcr. Only t.hft �hgbt.esl 1pilhng will l)itrt empty the he11ker. The IY!qllenoe tho"-. the
developme111 from lh,:, lime MX>n an.er 11 �mall initial thread bp �n drawn m·...- the �ide<'IL
r
the beaker to lhe 11.&ge whl,� the pnrt-<>mptying o \.he benlter is nearly complete. A high
ratiu of e.<«.-111ionnl vi!lalllity lo shear ,·iscoll.ity l>'" lou,,k rcquin.'ment in this experiment.
(Ph<Jt�mpb oour�y uf Mr. R.E Evans, Univ,.r,;ity ofWa�. Abery,t,.·ythJ

The open-syphon e ffect for a poly isobu ty lene sol u­

(cl tion in oil. (Unpublis h ed p h otog rap h by F. D. Mar­
(,) (b)
t isch ius. Method descr i bed in Rheolog i ca Acta,
21: 288 (1982)).

57 DTU Chemical Engineering Course 23522, J anuary 2024

Extensional effects (11)
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DTU

Drop behaviour in extensional flow

. .,,.,' �--••'·•·�
.0.4
.,
I
• ...,
UIT
•
�1
• 1, T •t.

...,
1·
• 1
��
,_ �:

.
-0.,

. . . . •• •
I I
-3 -2
111f

,.�:;
-o.,
�••o.·'. T •:Z0.116871

I
•l
I
-2
• ..., !Hf

Planar extension -'continuous Planar extension - stopped at T=9

Simulations by R.D. Egholm, PhD thesis (2008)

58 DTU Chemical Engineering Course 23522, January 2024

Extensional Rheometry (I)
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DTU

Measurement of extensional properties is from an experimental point of

view more complicated than determining properties in shear. In shear a
steady state can be attained in a closed or self-contained geometry like the
rotating cylinder in a cup. The extensional flow, examplified by the
extending cylinder, requires space to fully develop.

Meissner rheometer (RME), J. Meissner, Rhea/. Acta, 8: 78-88 (1969).

Opposed jet rheometer (RFX), G.G. Fuller et al., J. Rhea/., 31: 235-249 (1987).
Capillary breakup extensional rheometer (CaBER), A.V. Bazilevsky, V.M. Entov & A.N. Rozhkov
in Proceedings of the Third European Rheology Conference, pp. 41-43, Elsevier (1990).
Filament stretching rheometer (FSR, see later).
Sentmanat rheometer (SER), M.L. Sentmanat, Rhea/. Acta, 43: 657-669 (2004).

59 DTU Chemical Engineering Course 23522, January 2024

 Extensional Rheometry ( 11)
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DTU

Instrument examples

z,

t:■i0 1 ■/n� e/lJ ■ F(tllqffJ

q(IJ■q.t""t■ t .q0p•C f.R ■ /11(lA /lR )

Abb. I. Prinzip des Dehnungs-Rheumeters fur Kunst•

gj_off-Schmelzen. Erl3uterungcn s. Text
(MeiBner, 1969) Fi i,:. I Sehem«lit.: 1icw nf 1hc Scnlrnanat nlcn,innal rhcomc1cr
(Sl..:R)during opcrn1ion. J11sidc sq11art'.t' A Mastcrdrum. /lsla\'c
drum. C bo:::.rings. D imcrmeshing gears. t: ch�ssis. F driw shaf1.
G torque shati. H s.unplc. f securing d,imps. 01l1er symbols:
Lo 1111supl)<Jrt<xl knglh. n dri"t sh..ih rotation rate. T turquc.
Ftangential force
(Sentmanat, 2004)

Fig. I. Th" >1pparatW1: N--oppos1ne noul�,, S--tixture detinml!' nozzle aepa­

rntio11; K k·oifo ,�li;:o, fol�Tum; T-fl.,xil>le tubing; Q-tubing exiting to pump;
'l'S--tl'"an.slll1ion sta11e; F-fun:u lrun�duet,,; L,.1 ..-luv,,o· orm�

(Fuller et al., 1987)

60 DTU Chemical Engineering Course 23522, January 2024

Extensional Rheometry ( 111)
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DTU

Capillary breakup extensional rheometer (CaBER)

l
,-�
r=O f;2.19 1 =440 T=7.34 T= IO.I

-�
lnitlalsbape t<O 1=0 t>O Break-up
1� 1-�

�
..
il 6 1l LJ
Gravity

1\
I�

• Surface tension driven

..
T - ....£.1-
- RorJo
• Constant strain rate
• PIB solution ···-·. ·.

Kolte & Szabo, J. Rheol., 43: 609-625 (1999).

61 DTU Chemical Engineering Course 23522, January 2024

Filament stretching rheometer (I)
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DTU

Over the past two decades, filament stretching rheometers have been used
increasingly as a means for measuring accurately the transient uniaxial
extensional viscosity of viscoelastic fluids. A fluid filament is formed
between two rigid endplates and elongated by a rapid separation of the
plates. A force transducer attached to one of the end plates measures the
tensile force generated by the elongation and a laser micrometer measures
the evolution in the diameter of the fluid column at the axial midplane.

Sridhar et al., J. Non-Newtonian Fluid Mech., 40: 271-280 (1991).

Tirtaatmadja & Sridhar, J. Rheol., 37: 1081-1102 (1993).
Spiegelberg & McKinley, J. Non-Newtonian Fluid Mech., 67: 49-76 (1996).
Bach et al., J. Rheol., 47: 429-441 (2003).
Alvarez et al., Phys. Rev. Lett., 110: 168301 (2013).

62 DTU Chemical Engineering Course 23522, January 2024

Filament stretching rheometer (11)
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DTU

Instrument design
A. Bach �I d/J_ N,,,,..N�wlvnr�n Fluid M�ch. /OS (2()()2) .'6J 186

FIG. z. Crus. ><'cliun of ,he "'"''· (al loner liJ (b) 0.11..-r liJ. \c) Hcnl d,;n.,,,l. \J) GI�» ,•v,er (el Ann
com..,ctmguppereudpWteaodoutersJed.,f)Rubbo,rhps

VADER 1000

Fig. I. Schem:uic drowing of the tilarncr.l screeching rhrometer: (a) filamem; (bl lup dis.;: (c) bottom disc: (d) mo•abk sled; (c)
wcigln e<ll: (1) mo:or; (g) timing l>clts; (h) 1outhed whed:;; (i) IIIS<'.r.

Developments in Ole Hassagers group at DTU:

Bach et al., J. Non-Newtonian Fluid Mech, 108: 163-186 (2002) - ambient temperature
Bach et al., J. Rheol., 47: 429-441 {2003) - elevated temperatures
Vader 1000, Rheofilament company {2016) - table top model.

63 DTU Chemical Engineering Cour se 23522, Januar y 2024

Filament stretching rheometer (111)
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DTU

Definition of the basic variables in the filament geometry.

zo+L/2

zo(t)

zo-L/2

64 DTU Chemical Engineering Course 23522, January 2024

Filament stretching rheometer (IV)
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DTU

A number of different experimental configurations have been introduced

and it is helpful to derive a general force balance which can be adapted to
each different configuration. Three cases are encountered commonly in
filament stretching experiments:

• Both plates accelerate symmetrically in opposite directions with user-imposed

profiles ±L(t)/2 such that the axial midplane remains stationary at z=O and the
radius decreases exponentially in time.
• The bottom plate remains stationary and the top plate accelerates upwards at
+L(t). The midplane thus also accelerates upwards at i0 = +L(t)/2.
• The top plate remains stationary and the lower plate accelerates downwards at
-L(t).

McKinley & Sridhar, Ann. Rev. Fluid Mech., 34: 375-415 (2002).

65 DTU Chemical Engineering Course 23522, January 2024

Filament stretching rheometer (V)
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DTU

Force balance analysis.

The general force balance in a frame of reference moving with the center
plane becomes for the top half of the fluid column:

\Tzz - T1-r)s + 1\Trr - T00)s + 1\TTzr)�

p(g+zojVo + Fp,ti + �(l + RsR

�)
2KR 8 KR 8 Rs

+p
( 1 d2 { L/2 xR2 dx - 1 RsR. s)
R; dt2} 0 4

where Fp ,top is the force measured on the top plate and x=z-zo(t).
Szabo, Rhea/. Acta, 36: 277-284 (1997).
Szabo & McKinley, Rhea/. Acta, 42: 269-272 (2003).

66 DTU Chemical Engineering Course 23522, January 2024

Filament stretching rheometer (Vb)
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DTU

Ideal cylindrical filament - Importance of various forces

The length increases as L(t) = Lo exp(i:'0 t) and the radius decreases as
R(t) = Ro exp(-0.5i:'0t) such that the volume of the fluid column is a constant
Vo =
1rR5Lo.
If the filament is initially under quiescent conditions so that all stresses are
identically zero, then we find for the transient extensional viscosity:

-Fp,top i: o t
e
( 6
- p g+io )Vo ei: o t - -a-.-eo .5i o t _ PE 0 L e2t 0 t + PE o R6e-i: 0 t
2 .
1rR0 c o 2 .
21rR0 c o Rac o 8 16

• Fluid stresses
• Gravity
• Surface tension
• Inertia from motion of z 0
• Inertia from fluid motion

67 DTU Chemical Engineering Course 23522, January 2024

Filament stretching rheometer (VI)
--
DTU

Different stretching procedures:

Type 1: Simple to perform.
• L(t) = Loeet
• Assume ideal cylinder, Rcyt (t) = Ro e-,t /2
• Calculate Tr(i., t) = �i,
top
.
7r cyt T/OE
Type 2: Requires measurement of mid-filament diameter.
• L(t) = Loeet
2 dRs
• Measure Rs (t), calculate Es = - dt
Rs
, top
• Calculate Tr(i.s ,t) = � _
7r 8 T/OE s
Type 3: Requires advanced control strategy or iteration.
• Control L(t) such that Rs (t) = R0c <stl2
top
• Calculate Tr(Es ,t) = �'L?j _
1r 8 T/OE s
Kolte et al., Rhea/. Acta, 36: 285-302 (1997).

68 DTU Chemical Engineering Course 23522, January 2024

Filament stretching rheometer (VII)
--
DTU

Filament surface in foot region near plate surface

Finite element simulations with an initially cylindrical sample

e:8.0
I

'
1.0
\�,
\

0.2 0.4 Of ;"2fmml I 1.:! U 1.6

><1

�·111,16 Proliks<>flbc,corfacenea,cheplater;,ltheN.....iOflifillfluid
,ue1d,ed al t,=2.0.-1. H<,id,� st,.,in, fr1' each profile-.-., ir>:licat,.-t
\llihefigure
:;!.!'d ���;-�-,��H!�� ,:u�, �,: t;� p�/t a!°t:';�;��
intbefigur,,
"'
��ti�� t.�
eotedrnthelig11re
:-��;oc�s�n��:, �!'"��:r�!t��

There are obvious differences between Newtonian fluids and highly or moderately
elastic polymeric liquids. The uniformity of the diameter depends on the fluid
characteristics. Also, a fluid reservoir may be formed at the end plates.
Kolte et al., Rheol. Acta, 36: 285-302 (1997).

69 DTU Chemical Engineering Course 23522, January 2024

 Filament stretching rheometer (VIII)
--
DTU

Filament diameter and force behaviour in the FSR

ni,8 MCd-lil>n>,ntrodil&sR, �--------� �-U Thefo�excnodby
., r�•ctiori afllcncl<;, ,:raio for lhcfhridonlt.opl01<from>i:m,­
i<;l-.alck,'1£otcon:io,;llh<typc,l llilim;i (n"' �)wit�• Ne,,,tr>-
n
�;:;;::;:,':., i'°i1 :·, n
� ��t:1:i.�!:�. �
ro.111e.Doettfhlidaod3.o,·
for lbe>h=-lhinni.�;i Jlui,J. Tho ;,;"�'.::;";; 1�•1: ;; :;_; �
:� �;!�at;�":!•
'ql><>'.irllincoom:,p"nd,10
h;,cr
Ol<lroyd-B4-mode ,/

I ,,_=, I
- -·D<y,trrol
Sb-"-"\1'!'1"'1

Hmcty,u-ain

The mid-filament radius may deviate significantly from the ideal uniform cylinder
behaviour.
In strongly strain hardening fluids the force will increase even as the filament thins.
This encourages a uniformly cylindrical shape and simplifies analysis of
experimental data.

Kolte et al., Rhea/. Acta, 36: 285-302 (1997).

70 DTU Chemical Engineering Course 23522, January 2024

Filament stretching rheometer (IX)
--
DTU

Polymer stretch visualisation throughout the filament

The simulations show that the trace of the stress tensor (or polymer stretch) in the
mid-filament plane is very similar to ideal uni-axial extension. This is important
since the mid-filament diameter is measured and used to calculate the true strain
rate or for control purposes.

Kolte et al., Rheol. Acta, 36: 285-302 (1997).

71 DTU Chemical Engineering Course 23522, January 2024

Rheology books
--
DTU

H.A. Barnes, "A Handbook of Elementary Rheology", Institute of Non-Newtonian Fluid

Mechanics, University of Wales (2000).
H.A. Barnes, J. F. Hutton & K. Walters, "An Introduction to Rheology", Elsevier (1989).
R.B. Bird, R.C. Armstrong & 0. Hassager, "Dynamics of Polymeric Liquids. Vol. 1. Fluid
Mechanics", 2nd Ed., John Wiley & Sons (1987).
R.B. Bird, C.F. Curtiss, R.C. Armstrong & 0. Hassager, "Dynamics of Polymeric Liquids. Vol. 2.
Kinetic Theory", 2nd Ed., John Wiley & Sons (1987).
D.V. Boger & K. Walters, "Rheological Phenomena in Focus", Elsevier (1993).
J. Ferguson & Z. Kemblowski, "Applied Fluid Rheology", Elsevier (1991).
H. Giesekus, "Phanomenologische Rheologie", Springer-Verlag (1994).
J.W. Goodwin & R.W. Hughes, "Rheology for Chemists. An Introduction", RSC Publishing
(2008).
R.G. Larson, "The Structure and Rheology of Complex Fluids", Oxford Univ. Press (1999).
C.W. Macosko, "Rheology. Principles, Measurements and Applications", VCH (1994).
A.Ya. Malkin, "Rheology Fundamentals", ChemTech Publishing, (1994).
F.A. Morrison, "Understanding Rheology", Oxford Univ. Press (2001).
R.G. Owen & T.N. Phillips, "Computational Rheology", Imperial College Press (2002).
N. Phan-Thien, "Understanding Viscoelasticity. Basics of Rheology", Springer-Verlag (2002).
J.F. Steffe, Rheological Methods in Food Process Engineering, 2nd Ed., Freeman Press (1996).
R.I. Tanner, "Engineering Rheology", 2nd Ed., Oxford Univ. Press (2000).
R.I. Tanner & K. Walters, "Rheology: An Historical Perspective", Elsevier (1998).
J.L. White, "Principles of Polymer Engineering Rheology", Wiley (1990).

72 DTU Chemical Engineering Course 23522, January 2024