Information Technology Institute

Operating System Fundamentals

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Chapter Five
CPU SCHEDULING

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 Table of Content

• Basic Concepts

• Scheduling Criteria

• Scheduling Algorithms

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BASIC CONCEPTS

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 Basic Concepts

• Maximum CPU utilization obtained with

multitasking
• CPU–I/O Burst Cycle
• Process execution consists of a cycle of CPU
execution and I/O wait.

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Alternating Sequence of CPU And
I/O Bursts

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 CPU Scheduler

• Selects from among the processes in memory

that are ready to run, and allocates the CPU to
one of them.
• CPU scheduling decisions may take place when a
process:
1. Switches from running to waiting state.
2. Switches from running to ready state.
3. Switches from waiting to ready.
4. Terminates.
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 CPU Scheduler Cont’d

• Preemptive
• Process release the CPU before it finish execution
• Example: Modern OS: Unix, Linux, Windows7

• Non-preemptive
• Process release CPU when:
• Running  Waiting
• Running  Terminated
• Example: MS Windows 3.1
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 Dispatcher

• Gives control of the CPU to the process

selected by the short-term scheduler:
• switching context
• switching to suitable mode (User or Monitor)
• jumping to the proper location in the user
program to restart that program
• Dispatch latency
• time taken by dispatcher to stop one process and
start another running.

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SCHEDULING CRITERIA

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 Scheduling Criteria
• CPU utilization
• Keep the CPU as busy as possible
• Throughput
• Number of processes that complete their execution per time unit
• Turnaround time
• Amount of time to execute a particular process
• Waiting time
• Amount of time a process has been waiting in the ready queue
• Response time
• Amount of time it takes from when a request was submitted until
the first response is produced, not output (for time-sharing
environment)
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 Optimization Criteria
• Maximize
• CPU Utilization
• Throughput
• Minimize
• Turnaround time
• Waiting time
• Response time

• Considerations
• Minimize maximum response time
• Minimize the variance of response times
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SCHEDULING ALGORITHMS

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 Scheduling Algorithms

• First-Come First Served

• Shortest-Job First

• Priority

• Round-Robin
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 First-Come, First-Served (FCFS)
Scheduling
• Easily implemented
• Ready queue is FIFO
• Pn ready  Pn PCB is linked to tail of queue
• Process at head of ready queue  CPU
• Average waiting time is long!
PCB5 PCB2 PCB8 PCB4
head Next PCB Next PCB Next PCB NULL
tail . . . .
. . . .
. . . .
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 Example 1
Process Burst Time
P1 24
P2 3
P3 3
• Suppose that the processes arrive in the order:
P1 , P2 , P3 The Gantt Chart for the schedule is:

P1 P2 P3

0 24 27 30
• Waiting time for P1 = 0; P2 = 24; P3 = 27
• Average waiting time: (0 + 24 + 27)/3 = 17
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 Example 2
Process Burst Time
P1 3
P2 3
P3 24
• Suppose that the processes arrive in the order:
P1 , P2 , P3 The Gantt Chart for the schedule is:

P1 P2 P3

0 3 6 30
• Waiting time for P1 = 0; P2 =3; P3 = 6
• Average waiting time: (0 + 3 + 6)/3 = 3
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 Shortest-Job-First (SJF)
Scheduling
• Associate with each process the length of its next CPU
burst. Use these lengths to schedule the process with
the shortest time.
• Two schemes:
• Non-preemptive – once CPU given to the process it
cannot be preempted until completes its CPU burst.
• Preemptive – if a new process arrives with CPU burst
length less than remaining time of current executing
process, preempt. This scheme is know as the Shortest-
Remaining-Time-First (SRTF).
• SJF is optimal
• Gives minimum average waiting time for a given set of
processes.

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 Example 1
Process Burst Time
P1 6
P2 8
P3 7
P4 3
• Suppose that all processes arrive at the same time: The
Gantt Chart for the schedule is:

P4 P1 P3 P2

0 3 9 16 24
• Waiting time for P1 = 3; P2 =16; P3 =9; P4=0
• Average waiting time: (3 + 16 + 9 + 0)/4 = 7
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 Example of Non-Preemptive
SJF
Process Arrival Time Burst Time
P1 0.0 7
P2 2.0 4
P3 4.0 1
P4 5.0 4
• SJF (non-preemptive)
P1 P3 P2 P4

0 7 8 12 16

• Average waiting time = (0 + 6 + 3 + 7)/4 = 4

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 Example of Preemptive SJF

Process Arrival Time Burst Time

P1 0.0 7
P2 2.0 4
P3 4.0 1
P4 5.0 4
• SJF (preemptive)
P1 P2 P3 P2 P4 P1

0 2 4 5 7 11 16

• Average waiting time = (9 + 1 + 0 +2)/4 = 3

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 Priority Scheduling

• Priority number (integer) is associated with each

process
• The CPU is allocated to the process with the highest
priority (smallest integer ≡ highest priority).
• Preemptive
• Non-preemptive
• SJF is a priority scheduling where priority is the
predicted next CPU burst time.
• Problem ≡ Starvation – low priority processes may never
execute.
• Solution ≡ Aging – as time progresses increase the
priority of the process.
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 Example of Non-Preemptive
Priority
Process Arrival Time Burst Time Priority
P1 0.0 7 3
P2 2.0 4 2
P3 4.0 1 4
P4 5.0 4 1
• Priority (Non-Preemptive)
P1 P4 P2 P3

0 7 11 15 16

• Average waiting time = (0 + 9 + 11 +5)/4 = 25/4

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 Example of Preemptive Priority

Process Arrival Time Burst Time Priority

P1 0.0 7 3
P2 2.0 4 2
P3 4.0 1 4
P4 5.0 4 1
• Priority (Preemptive)

P1 P2 P4 P2 P1 P3

0 2 5 9 10 15 16
• Average waiting time = (8 + 4 + 11 +0)/4 = 23/4

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 Round Robin (RR)

• Each process gets a small unit of CPU time (time

quantum), usually 10-100 milliseconds. After this time
has elapsed, the process is preempted and added to the
end of the ready queue.
• If there are n processes in the ready queue and the time
quantum is q, then each process gets 1/n of the CPU
time in chunks of at most q time units at once. No
process waits more than (n-1)q time units.
• Performance
• q large FIFO
• q small q must be large with respect to context switch,
otherwise overhead is too high.
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 Example of RR, Time Quantum
= 20
Process Burst Time
P1 53
P2 17
P3 68
P4 24
• The Gantt chart is:
P1 P2 P3 P4 P1 P3 P4 P1 P3 P3

0 20 37 57 77 97 117 121 134 154 162

*Note: higher average turnaround than SJF, but better response.

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