MAKILALA INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

COLLEGE OF CRIMINAL JUSTICE EDUCATION

BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN CRIMINOLOGY

CRIMINOLOGY DEPARTMENT
_________________________________________________________________________________________________
INTRODUCTION TO CYBERCRIME AND ENVIRONMENTAL LAWS AND PROTECTION
Course Number : CDI 9 Instructor: JEANIEL JOY H. BABOL, RCRIM
Course Title : Introduction to Cybercrime and Environmental Laws and Protection
Credits Units : 3 Units Email Address: [email protected]
Module No :8 Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/jaji924
Duration : 1 hr. & 30 mins. Mobile No.: 09916140840

I. LEARNING OUTCOME
At the end of this lesson, the students should be able to:
1. Discuss and classify acts punishable under various environmental laws, including:
- Solid Waste Management Law
- Toxic Substance Law
- Clean Air Act
- Clean Water Act
- Punishable acts related to logging and timber cutting
- Prohibited acts concerning wildlife resources conservation
- Punishable acts related to fishing and aquatic resources
- Other relevant environmental laws

II. TOPICS/SUBJECT MATTER

CHAPTER VI – PHILIPPINE ENVIRONMENTAL LAWS
1. Republic Act No. 9003 - Ecological Solid Waste Management Act Of 2000
2. Republic Act No. 6969 - Toxic Substances Hazardous and Nuclear Waste Control Act of 1990
3. Republic Act No. 8749 - Philippine Clean Air Act Of 1999
4. Republic Act No. 9275 - Philippine Clean Water Act Of 2004
5. Republic Act No. 7586 - National Integrated Protected Areas System (NIPAS) Act of 1992
6. Republic Act No. 9147 - Wildlife Resources Conservation and Protection Act
7. Republic Act No. 8550 - Philippine Fisheries Code of 1998
8. Republic Act No. 9512 – National Environmental Awareness and Education Act of 2008
9. Republic Act No. 8485 – Animal Welfare Act of 1998

III. REFERENCES
Adelene Maghinay Florendo & Rizza Ruth Maghinay Florendo. (2020). Introduction to Cybercrime and Environmental Laws and Protection.
Wiseman's Books Trading, Inc
Republic Act No. 9003. (2000). Ecological Solid Waste Management Act Of 2000.
Republic Act No. 6969. (1990). Toxic Substances Hazardous and Nuclear Waste Control Act of 1990.
Republic Act No. 8749. (1999). Philippine Clean Air Act Of 1999.
Republic Act No. 9275. (2004). Philippine Clean Water Act Of 2004.
Republic Act No. 9175. (1992). National Integrated Protected Areas System (NIPAS) Act of 1992.
Republic Act No. 9147. (2001). Wildlife Resources Conservation and Protection Act.
Republic Act No. 8550. (1998). Philippine Fisheries Code of 1998.
Republic Act No. 9512. (2008). National Environmental Awareness and Education Act of 2008.
Republic Act No. 8485. (1998). Animal Welfare Act of 1998.

IV. COURSE CONTENT

REPUBLIC ACT NO. 9003 - ECOLOGICAL SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT ACT OF 2000
- Waste Segregation at Source: The law mandates the segregation of solid waste at its source of generation into categories such as
biodegradable, recyclable, and residual waste. This promotes responsible waste sorting.
- Establishment of Solid Waste Management Board: The law requires the creation of a Solid Waste Management Board in every city
and municipality. This board is responsible for planning and implementing solid waste management programs in their respective areas.
- Waste Reduction Strategies: The law promotes waste reduction strategies, including waste minimization, recycling, and composting,
to reduce the volume of waste sent to disposal sites.
- Waste Collection and Transportation: It outlines guidelines for the collection and transportation of solid waste, ensuring that these
activities are carried out in an environmentally sound and efficient manner.
- Sanitary Landfills and Resource Recovery Facilities: The law encourages the establishment of sanitary landfills and resource
recovery facilities to manage solid waste in an environmentally friendly way.
- Prohibition of Open Dumping: The law strictly prohibits open dumping of solid waste, promoting environmentally sound methods of
disposal instead.
- Promotion of Recycling Programs: Republic Act No. 9003 encourages the development and implementation of recycling programs to
reduce waste and promote the use of recycled materials.
- Pollution Control Measures: The act includes provisions to control pollution resulting from the improper disposal of solid waste,
emphasizing the need to protect the environment.
- Environmental Education and Public Participation: The law highlights the importance of environmental education and public
participation in solid waste management initiatives.
- Monitoring and Reporting: It requires regular monitoring and reporting of solid waste management activities to assess compliance
with the law.

1. Enforcement and Compliance:

- Question: How effective is the enforcement of Republic Act No. 9003 in terms of reducing illegal dumping and open burning of solid
waste?
- Answer: The effectiveness of enforcement varies, but there have been improvements over the years. Challenges include limited
resources and awareness, and greater efforts are needed for full compliance.
- Question: What are the challenges faced by law enforcement agencies in ensuring compliance with the law, and how can these
challenges be addressed?
- Answer: Challenges include resource constraints, lack of public awareness, and the need for improved coordination. Addressing these
issues may require increased funding, public education, and interagency collaboration.
2. Criminal Activities:
- Question: What are the most common criminal activities related to improper solid waste disposal, such as illegal dumping or open
burning, and how do they impact the environment and public health?
- Answer: Common criminal activities include illegal dumping, open burning, and improper waste disposal. These activities lead to
environmental pollution, degradation, and adverse health effects.

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 MAKILALA INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
COLLEGE OF CRIMINAL JUSTICE EDUCATION
BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN CRIMINOLOGY

CRIMINOLOGY DEPARTMENT
_________________________________________________________________________________________________

3. Waste Management Practices:

- Question: What criminological factors contribute to poor waste management practices, and how do these factors vary across different
regions or communities in the Philippines?
- Answer: Factors contributing to poor waste management practices include lack of awareness, limited access to waste collection
services, and economic incentives for illegal dumping. Variations exist due to socio-economic and infrastructural differences.
- Question: Are there patterns of organized crime or illegal enterprises involved in the improper disposal of solid waste?
- Answer: In some cases, organized crime groups may engage in illegal waste disposal for financial gain, but this can vary by region.
4. Environmental Crimes:
- Question: How can environmental crimes under this law be effectively investigated and prosecuted, and what are the challenges
associated with doing so?
- Answer: Effective investigation and prosecution require adequate training for law enforcement, evidence collection, and cooperation
among agencies. Challenges include limited resources, complex evidence gathering, and legal proceedings.
5. Waste Pickers and Informal Recycling:
- Question: To what extent do waste pickers and informal recyclers contribute to or mitigate environmental crimes related to waste
management?
- Answer: Waste pickers and informal recyclers can play a positive role in diverting recyclables from disposal sites. However, they may
also engage in unregulated waste collection and disposal, contributing to environmental problems.
6. Public Awareness and Education:
- Question: How does public awareness and education regarding proper waste management impact the prevention of environmental
crimes under the law?
- Answer: Public awareness and education are essential for promoting responsible waste management. They empower individuals to
make informed choices and report environmental crimes.
7. Sanctions and Penalties:
- Question: Are the sanctions and penalties outlined in the law sufficient to deter environmental crimes, or do they require adjustment to be
more effective?
- Answer: The effectiveness of sanctions and penalties may vary. Continuous assessment of their deterrent effect and legal reforms may
be necessary to ensure their effectiveness.
8. Alternative Approaches:
- Question: What alternative or restorative justice approaches can be implemented to address violations of Republic Act No. 9003,
especially for first-time offenders or minor infractions?
- Answer: Restorative justice practices, such as community service or education programs, can be considered for minor violations to
address root causes and promote behavioral change.
9. Data and Reporting:
- Question: How can data and reporting mechanisms be improved to better track and address environmental crimes and compliance with
the law?
- Answer: Enhanced data collection, reporting, and information-sharing systems can improve monitoring and enforcement efforts,
leading to more effective responses to environmental crimes.
10. Community and Stakeholder Engagement:
- Question: How can community involvement and stakeholder engagement be leveraged to prevent environmental crimes and promote
responsible waste management practices?
- Answer: Engaging communities and stakeholders through education, awareness campaigns, and participatory waste management
programs can help prevent environmental crimes and foster responsible waste management practices.

In Republic Act No. 9003, also known as the "Ecological Solid Waste Management Act of 2000," some important terms and
concepts include:

1. Ecological Solid Waste Management: The central theme of the act, emphasizing the proper and sustainable management of solid waste
to protect public health and the environment.

2. Solid Waste: Any waste generated from residential, commercial, industrial, and institutional sources in a solid or semi-solid form.

3. Source Reduction: The reduction of solid waste at its source through practices such as waste minimization, recycling, and reusing.

4. Recycling: The process of collecting, reprocessing, and converting solid waste materials into new products or materials to prevent waste
accumulation.

5. Composting: The biological decomposition of organic solid waste materials to produce compost, a beneficial soil conditioner.

6. Materials Recovery Facility (MRF): A facility designed for receiving, sorting, and processing solid waste materials to recover valuable
resources.

7. Special Waste: Solid waste that may require special handling and disposal methods due to its hazardous or toxic nature.

8. Hazardous Waste: Waste that poses a significant threat to public health or the environment due to its chemical, physical, or biological
characteristics.

9. Biodegradable: Solid waste materials that can naturally decompose or be broken down by microorganisms.

10. Segregation at Source: The practice of sorting and separating solid waste materials into categories at the point of origin to facilitate
proper disposal and recycling.

11. Open Dumping: The unauthorized disposal of solid waste in areas not designated for waste disposal, often leading to environmental
pollution.

12. Sanitary Landfill: A controlled disposal site where solid waste is managed to minimize environmental impact and health hazards.

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 MAKILALA INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
COLLEGE OF CRIMINAL JUSTICE EDUCATION
BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN CRIMINOLOGY

CRIMINOLOGY DEPARTMENT
_________________________________________________________________________________________________

REPUBLIC ACT NO. 6969 - TOXIC SUBSTANCES HAZARDOUS AND NUCLEAR WASTE
CONTROL ACT OF 1990
- Regulation of Hazardous and Toxic Substances: The act provides for the regulation of hazardous and toxic substances, including
chemicals and materials that pose risks to human health and the environment.
- Establishment of the Environmental Management Bureau (EMB): The EMB, under the Department of Environment and Natural
Resources (DENR), is designated as the primary agency responsible for implementing and enforcing the provisions of the act.
- Prior Informed Consent (PIC): The act introduces the PIC procedure, which requires informed consent from affected communities for
the introduction of hazardous and nuclear waste within their areas.
- Liability and Compensation: It establishes the principle of strict liability for damage caused by the handling, transportation, storage,
and disposal of hazardous substances. Provisions for compensation and liability are outlined.
- Bans and Phases Out of Hazardous Substances: The act provides for the banning or phasing out of certain hazardous substances,
including pesticides and other toxic chemicals.
- Creation of the Hazardous Waste Management Fund: A fund is established to finance the management, handling, and disposal of
hazardous waste.
- Regulation of the Import and Export of Hazardous Wastes: The act regulates the import and export of hazardous wastes and toxic
substances, in line with international agreements.
- Inventory of Hazardous Wastes: Provisions for the creation of a national inventory of hazardous wastes and toxic substances are
outlined.
- Role of Local Government Units (LGUs): LGUs are empowered to participate in the regulation and control of toxic substances and
hazardous waste within their jurisdictions.
- Criminal and Civil Penalties: The act imposes penalties, including fines and imprisonment, for violations of its provisions.
- Safe Storage and Disposal of Hazardous Waste: Provisions for the proper storage and disposal of hazardous waste are detailed,
emphasizing environmental safety.
- Importation and Exportation of Toxic Substances: Regulation and control of the importation and exportation of toxic substances are
covered.
- Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA): Provisions for the inclusion of toxic substances and hazardous waste in the EIA process for
development projects are outlined.
- Community Right to Information: The act emphasizes the public's right to information and participation in decisions related to toxic
substances and hazardous waste.
- Precautionary Approach: It incorporates the precautionary principle in dealing with toxic substances and hazardous waste,
emphasizing prevention and precaution.

In Republic Act No. 6969, also known as the "Toxic Substances and Hazardous and Nuclear Waste Control Act of 1990," some
important terms include:

1. Hazardous Wastes: These are substances that are harmful to human health or the environment and are subject to regulation and
proper management under the law.

2. Toxic Substances: These refer to substances or mixtures that may pose unreasonable risks to human health or the environment.

3. Nuclear Wastes: Refers to any radioactive waste material resulting from the operation of a nuclear facility.

4. Toxic Chemical Substances: Substances that are identified and listed as hazardous to human health or the environment based on
certain criteria.

5. Department: Refers to the Department of Environment and Natural Resources (DENR), which is responsible for implementing the
provisions of the Act.

6. Pollution Control Officer (PCO): An individual designated by facilities handling hazardous and toxic wastes to ensure compliance
with environmental laws.

7. Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA): A process for evaluating the environmental effects or consequences of a proposed project,
activity, or program.

Hazardous and toxic substances as waste can encompass a wide range of materials. Here are some examples of hazardous and
toxic waste substances:

1. Chemical Waste: This category includes various chemicals, such as solvents, acids, and bases, that are no longer needed and can
pose risks if improperly disposed of. For instance, unused or expired laboratory chemicals can become hazardous waste.

2. Heavy Metals: Substances like lead, mercury, cadmium, and chromium can be found in various industrial processes and products.
When these materials are discarded, they become hazardous waste due to their toxicity.

3. Electronic Waste (E-Waste): Discarded electronic devices and components, including computers, cell phones, and batteries, contain
toxic substances like lead, mercury, and cadmium, which can leach into the environment if not properly managed.

4. Asbestos: Asbestos-containing materials, commonly used in construction in the past, pose a severe health risk if disturbed.
Demolition or renovation activities can release asbestos fibers into the air, making it a hazardous waste.

5. Pesticides: Unused or expired pesticides, herbicides, and insecticides contain toxic chemicals designed to control pests. When these
products are no longer needed, they become hazardous waste and must be disposed of properly.

6. Medical Waste: Medical facilities generate various types of hazardous waste, including infectious materials, sharps (needles and
syringes), and pharmaceutical waste. Improper disposal can lead to health risks.

7. Radioactive Waste: Materials contaminated with radioactive substances, such as nuclear power plant waste or radioactive medical
materials, are highly hazardous due to their ionizing radiation.

8. Oil and Petroleum-Based Waste: Spent oil, lubricants, and other petroleum-based products can contain hazardous substances and
pose environmental risks if not managed correctly.

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 MAKILALA INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
COLLEGE OF CRIMINAL JUSTICE EDUCATION
BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN CRIMINOLOGY

CRIMINOLOGY DEPARTMENT
_________________________________________________________________________________________________
9. Paint Waste: Paints and coatings can contain toxic solvents, heavy metals, and volatile organic compounds (VOCs). Leftover or unused
paints can be hazardous waste.

10. Hazardous Industrial Byproducts: Certain industries produce waste byproducts that are hazardous, such as slag from metal
smelting, fly ash from coal combustion, or chemical residues from manufacturing processes.

11. Agricultural Chemical Waste: Pesticides, herbicides, and fertilizers used in agriculture can become hazardous waste if not used
according to instructions or if they become expired or contaminated.

12. Household Hazardous Waste: Items found in households like cleaning agents, automotive fluids, and old batteries can contain
hazardous substances. When disposed of improperly, they become household hazardous waste.

It's essential to handle, transport, store, and dispose of hazardous and toxic waste materials safely to protect human health and the
environment. Regulations and guidelines, often established by government agencies, are in place to ensure the proper management of
such waste.

REPUBLIC ACT NO. 8749 - PHILIPPINE CLEAN AIR ACT OF 1999

- Air Quality Standards: The law establishes air quality standards to protect public health and the environment, including permissible
levels of air pollutants such as sulfur dioxide, nitrogen dioxide, carbon monoxide, ozone, particulate matter, and lead.
- Emission Standards: Republic Act No. 8749 sets emission standards for various sources, including motor vehicles, industrial facilities,
and stationary sources, to limit the release of air pollutants.
- Anti-Smoke Belching Program: It authorizes the implementation of an anti-smoke belching program to control emissions from motor
vehicles, requiring regular inspections and maintenance.
- Vehicle Inspection and Maintenance Program: The law mandates a vehicle inspection and maintenance program to ensure that
vehicles on the road meet emission standards.
- Ozone-Depleting Substances: It regulates the use and importation of ozone-depleting substances to fulfill the country's international
commitments under the Montreal Protocol.
- Environmental Impact Assessment: The law requires an environmental impact assessment (EIA) for projects with potential significant
air quality impacts.
- Clean Air Management Fund: It establishes a Clean Air Management Fund to support air quality management and enforcement
activities.
- Air Quality Monitoring: The law calls for a comprehensive air quality monitoring system to assess and report air quality conditions.
- Public Awareness and Education: Republic Act No. 8749 promotes public awareness and education on air quality issues, including the
risks of air pollution.
- Prohibited Acts: It lists prohibited acts, such as open burning, incineration of hazardous waste, and the tampering with emission
control systems of vehicles.
- Penalties and Sanctions: The law specifies penalties and sanctions for violations, including fines and imprisonment for individuals or
entities found in violation of the provisions.
- Environmental Compliance Certificate: An Environmental Compliance Certificate (ECC) is required for projects that may significantly
impact air quality.
- Interagency Council: An interagency council, the Pollution Adjudication Board (PAB), is established to adjudicate pollution cases and
impose penalties for violations.
- Coordination with Local Government Units: Republic Act No. 8749 encourages coordination with local government units to ensure
the effective implementation of air quality management programs.

Republic Act No. 8749, also known as the "Philippine Clean Air Act of 1999," contains various important terms and provisions
related to air quality and pollution control. Some of the key terms in the Act include:

1. Air Pollution: The presence of contaminants or pollutants in the atmosphere that may be harmful to human health or the environment.

2. Ambient Air Quality Standards: The allowable levels of air pollutants in the atmosphere, as established by the Department of
Environment and Natural Resources (DENR), to protect public health and the environment.

3. National Air Quality Control Program: A program designed to achieve and maintain air quality standards and ensure the protection of
public health and the environment.

4. Emission Standards: The permissible limits on the quantity or concentration of air pollutants released into the atmosphere by various
sources, such as vehicles and industrial facilities.

5. Clean Air Fund: A fund established to support air quality management and pollution control programs, projects, and activities.

6. Mobile Sources: Vehicles powered by internal combustion engines, including cars, trucks, motorcycles, and other on-road and off-road
vehicles.

7. Stationary Sources: Facilities, structures, or installations that emit air pollutants and are not classified as mobile sources. This
includes industrial plants, factories, and power plants.

8. Airshed: A geographic area designated for air quality management and pollution control purposes, typically based on meteorological
and topographical conditions.

9. Air Quality Management Sector: The government agency responsible for implementing the Act and ensuring compliance with its
provisions, which is usually the DENR.

10. Fuel Quality Standards: The specifications and requirements for fuels, such as gasoline and diesel, to reduce air pollutant emissions
from vehicles.

REPUBLIC ACT NO. 9275 - PHILIPPINE CLEAN WATER ACT OF 2004

1. Water Quality Standards: Understand the establishment of water quality standards for different water bodies, which set the
permissible levels of water pollutants.

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 MAKILALA INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
COLLEGE OF CRIMINAL JUSTICE EDUCATION
BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN CRIMINOLOGY

CRIMINOLOGY DEPARTMENT
_________________________________________________________________________________________________
2. Prohibited Acts: Be aware of the prohibited acts, such as the discharge of pollutants without the necessary permits, violations of
water quality standards, and illegal construction or operation of pollution sources.
3. Pollution Control Officers (PCOs): Know the requirement for designated PCOs in establishments and industries to oversee pollution
control measures and ensure compliance with the law.
4. Wastewater Permits: Understand the process for securing permits for the discharge of wastewater, including requirements for
application and compliance.
5. Pollution Charges and Fees: Be aware of the imposition of pollution charges and fees for the use of water resources and discharges of
pollutants.
6. Environmental Compliance Certificate (ECC): Recognize the requirement for an ECC when undertaking projects that may impact
water quality.
7. Water Quality Management Areas (WQMAs): Learn about the establishment of WQMAs to address water pollution issues and
promote collaborative efforts for water resource protection.
8. Preservation of Water Quality: Understand the responsibilities of local government units (LGUs) and stakeholders in preserving and
improving water quality.
9. Penalties and Sanctions: Be familiar with the penalties and sanctions for violations of the Clean Water Act, including fines,
imprisonment, and other legal consequences.
10. Regulatory Agencies: Know the roles and responsibilities of the Department of Environment and Natural Resources (DENR) and
other agencies in enforcing and implementing the law.
11. Public Participation: Recognize the importance of public participation and involvement in water quality management, including the
conduct of public hearings and consultations.
12. Reporting and Monitoring: Understand the requirements for regular reporting, monitoring, and submission of data related to water
quality and pollution control.
13. Water Pollution Adjudication Board: Be aware of the creation of the Water Pollution Adjudication Board to address disputes and
appeals related to water pollution cases.
14. Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA): Know the role of the ECC system and EIAs in evaluating and mitigating the
environmental impact of projects.
15. Environmental Education: Recognize the importance of environmental education and awareness programs in promoting responsible
water resource management.
16. Cooperative Actions: Understand the need for cooperative actions between government agencies, industries, communities, and
other stakeholders to achieve the goals of the Clean Water Act.

The important terms in Republic Act No. 9275, also known as the "Philippine Clean Water Act of 2004," include:

1. Clean Water Act: The title of the legislation, referring to its purpose of regulating and protecting the quality of water resources in the
Philippines.

2. DENR: The Department of Environment and Natural Resources, the government agency responsible for enforcing the provisions of the
Clean Water Act.

3. Water Quality Management Area (WQMA): Designated geographical areas that require special protection, management, and
conservation efforts to maintain or improve water quality.

4. Water Quality Management Framework: A comprehensive approach to achieving and maintaining water quality objectives, including
the establishment of WQMA and pollution control programs.

5. Pollution Control Officer (PCO): An individual designated by the responsible party to ensure compliance with pollution control
measures.

6. Environmental Compliance Certificate (ECC): A document issued by the DENR indicating that a project or undertaking has complied
with environmental laws and regulations.

7. Effluent Standards: The maximum allowable limits of pollutants discharged into receiving waters from point sources such as
industries and facilities.

8. Ambient Water Quality Guidelines and Standards: Prescribed criteria for the quality of surface waters to protect their designated best
use.

9. Sewerage System: A system that collects, conveys, treats, and disposes of sewage to prevent pollution of water bodies.

10. Septage Management: The collection, treatment, and disposal of septage in a sanitary and environmentally sound manner.

11. Pollution Adjudication Board (PAB): A quasi-judicial body established to hear and decide pollution cases.

12. Pollution Charge: Fees or charges imposed on the volume of pollutants discharged into water bodies by industries, local government
units, or individuals.

13. Water Quality Monitoring: Regular assessment and analysis of water samples to determine compliance with effluent standards and
ambient water quality guidelines.

REPUBLIC ACT NO. 7586 - NATIONAL INTEGRATED PROTECTED AREAS SYSTEM (NIPAS)
ACT OF 1992

1. Definition of Protected Areas:

- Republic Act No. 7586 defines protected areas as regions designated and managed to conserve and protect biological diversity, as well
as to promote the sustainable use of natural resources.
2. Designation and Classification:
- The act outlines the process for the designation and classification of protected areas, including the establishment of categories like
national parks, wildlife sanctuaries, and natural monuments.
3. Protected Area Management Board (PAMB):
- The formation and role of the Protected Area Management Board (PAMB) are central to the act. PAMBs are responsible for the
management of protected areas, ensuring the conservation of biodiversity, and implementing land use plans.
4. Conservation Principles:

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 MAKILALA INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
COLLEGE OF CRIMINAL JUSTICE EDUCATION
BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN CRIMINOLOGY

CRIMINOLOGY DEPARTMENT
_________________________________________________________________________________________________
- Republic Act No. 7586 underscores the importance of ecological and biological processes in protected areas, highlighting the need to
maintain the natural and cultural heritage found within these regions.
5. Stakeholder Participation:
- The act promotes the active involvement of local communities, indigenous peoples, and other stakeholders in the management and
conservation of protected areas.
6. Conservation Fund:
- The creation of a Conservation Fund is a crucial aspect of the act. This fund supports the activities and projects related to the
conservation and management of protected areas.
7. Biodiversity Conservation:
- Republic Act No. 9175 emphasizes the need to protect and conserve the country's biological diversity, including the preservation of
endangered species and habitats.
8. Resource Use and Tourism:
- The act recognizes that the sustainable use of natural resources and eco-tourism activities can be permitted within protected areas,
provided these activities are consistent with conservation objectives.
9. Penalties and Enforcement:
- The act outlines penalties for violations, including unauthorized use, destruction, or degradation of protected areas. Enforcement is
crucial to ensure compliance with the law.
10. Scientific Research and Education:
- The act acknowledges the importance of scientific research and educational activities in protected areas, enabling the understanding
and appreciation of biodiversity.
11. Integrated Conservation Approach:
- Republic Act No. 9175 encourages an integrated and holistic approach to protected area management, combining the efforts of
various government agencies and stakeholders.
12. Amendment and Expansion:
- The act allows for the amendment of boundaries and the expansion or reduction of protected areas as needed, based on scientific
evaluation and public consultation.

IMPORTANT TERMS:

1. National Integrated Protected Areas System (NIPAS): This is the comprehensive system of managing and governing protected areas in
the Philippines, as established by the law.

2. Protected Area: A specific portion of land and/or water set aside primarily for the conservation and maintenance of biological diversity,
ecological balance, and cultural diversity.

3. Buffer Zone: An area adjacent to or near a protected area where certain activities are regulated to minimize impacts on the protected
area.

4. Biodiversity: The variety of life forms at all levels of biological organization, including species, genes, and ecosystems.

5. Endangered Species: Species that are at risk of becoming extinct if their populations continue to decline.

6. Indigenous Cultural Communities (ICCs): Communities or groups of people who have continuously lived as an organized community in
accordance with their customs and traditions on lands, territories, and resources, and have, through resistance to political, social, and
cultural inroads of colonization, preserved and maintained their customs, traditions, and institutions.

7. Critical Habitat: Specific areas within the protected areas that are designated as essential for the survival of threatened and endemic
species of plants and animals.

8. Ecotourism: Responsible travel to natural areas that conserves the environment, sustains the well-being of local people, and involves
interpretation and education.

9. National Committee on Protected Areas (NCPA): A committee responsible for recommending policies, plans, and programs for the
management of the NIPAS, among other functions.

10. Protected Area Management Board (PAMB): A body established to oversee and manage each protected area, ensuring the protection
and conservation of its resources.

11. Zoning System: A system that categorizes different zones within protected areas for various uses and activities, each subject to
specific regulations.

12. Conservation Priority Sites: Areas that are identified and designated for protection and conservation due to their significance for
biodiversity conservation.

REPUBLIC ACT NO. 9147 - WILDLIFE RESOURCES CONSERVATION AND PROTECTION ACT
Republic Act No. 9147, also known as the Wildlife Resources Conservation and Protection Act, is crucial for criminology students to
remember because it governs the conservation and protection of wildlife in the Philippines. Key points to remember include:

1. Purpose: The Act aims to conserve and protect the country's wildlife resources and their habitats, promoting sustainable use and
preventing illegal activities.

2. Prohibitions: It prohibits the hunting, killing, capturing, trading, and possession of threatened and endangered species without
proper permits.

3. Penalties: Violations of the Act can lead to severe penalties, including imprisonment and fines, depending on the offense.

4. Protected Areas: It designates protected areas and establishes regulations for their management and conservation.

5. Wildlife Enforcement Officers: The Act authorizes Wildlife Enforcement Officers to enforce its provisions, enhancing the government's
capacity to combat wildlife crimes.

6. International Agreements: It aligns with international agreements and conventions for the protection of biodiversity and wildlife.
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COLLEGE OF CRIMINAL JUSTICE EDUCATION
BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN CRIMINOLOGY

CRIMINOLOGY DEPARTMENT
_________________________________________________________________________________________________

7. Reporting: Individuals are encouraged to report wildlife-related crimes to help in the enforcement of the Act.

In Republic Act No. 9147, also known as the "Wildlife Resources Conservation and Protection Act," some of the important terms
and concepts include:

1. Wildlife Resources: Refers to all living organisms in the wild, including their parts and derivatives, both flora and fauna, terrestrial and
aquatic, in all developmental stages, which form part of the country's natural heritage.

2. Endangered Species: Species that are facing a very high risk of extinction in the wild.

3. Threatened Species: Species that are likely to become endangered if current trends continue.

4. Critical Habitats: Areas that contain threatened or endangered species, unique ecosystems, or significant biological diversity.

5. Exotic Species: Non-native species introduced into a new environment.

6. Protected Areas: Designated areas intended to conserve and protect natural ecosystems and wildlife.

7. Biodiversity: The variety and variability of life on Earth, including species diversity, genetic diversity, and ecosystem diversity.

8. Wildlife Sanctuary: A protected area established to conserve and protect wildlife species and their habitats.

9. Wildlife Enforcement Officer: Individuals authorized to enforce the provisions of the Act, including apprehending violators and
confiscating illegal wildlife and their products.

10. CITES (Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora): An international treaty aimed at ensuring
that international trade in wild animals and plants does not threaten their survival.

REPUBLIC ACT NO. 8550 - PHILIPPINE FISHERIES CODE OF 1998

Republic Act No. 8550, the Philippine Fisheries Code of 1998, is crucial for criminology students to remember because it governs fisheries
management and regulation in the Philippines. Key points to remember include:

1. Overview: RA 8550 regulates and promotes sustainable fishing practices to ensure the conservation and utilization of fishery
resources in the Philippines.

2. Licensing and Registration: Fishermen and fishing vessels must be registered and licensed to engage in fishing activities.
Unauthorized fishing is prohibited.

3. Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ): The law defines the Philippines' EEZ and establishes its jurisdiction over fisheries within this zone.

4. Fisheries Management: RA 8550 sets guidelines for the conservation, protection, and sustainable management of fishery resources.

5. Prohibited Acts: The act outlines various illegal fishing activities and penalties for violators, including poaching, dynamite fishing,
and use of prohibited fishing gear.

6. Protected Areas: Certain areas are designated as marine reserves and sanctuaries, where fishing may be restricted or prohibited.

7. Environmental Conservation: The law emphasizes the importance of protecting the marine environment and prohibits activities that
harm coral reefs and other marine ecosystems.

8. Research and Development: RA 8550 encourages research and development efforts to enhance fisheries productivity and
sustainability.

9. Local Government Involvement: It involves local government units in managing their fisheries resources, promoting community-
based resource management.

10. International Agreements: The Philippines commits to comply with international agreements related to fisheries conservation.

Important terms and concepts from REPUBLIC ACT NO. 8550, also known as the "Philippine Fisheries Code of 1998":

1. Fisheries Management Areas: Specific areas designated for the sustainable management and conservation of fisheries resources.

2. Fisheries Management Plans: Comprehensive plans developed for each Fisheries Management Area to ensure the sustainability of
fisheries resources.

3. Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ): The maritime zone in which the Philippines has sovereign rights and jurisdiction for the exploration
and use of marine resources.

4. Municipal Waters: Waters within 15 kilometers from the coastline and under the jurisdiction of local government units for municipal
fishing.

5. Commercial Fishing: Fishing activities conducted for profit, trade, or sale, typically involving larger vessels and equipment.

6. Municipal Fishing: Fishing activities carried out by small-scale fishermen using traditional and artisanal methods for subsistence or
local trade.

7. Fisheries Management Council: Local councils established to coordinate and implement fisheries management plans within a Fisheries
Management Area.

8. Fisheries and Aquatic Resources Management Council (FARMC): Local councils formed to assist in the implementation of fisheries
management plans and other activities at the municipal level.

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 MAKILALA INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
COLLEGE OF CRIMINAL JUSTICE EDUCATION
BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN CRIMINOLOGY

CRIMINOLOGY DEPARTMENT
_________________________________________________________________________________________________
9. Fisheries Management Regulations: Rules and regulations established to ensure the sustainable use of fisheries resources.

10. Fisheries Administrative Region (FAR): Geographic divisions established for the management of fisheries resources and the
implementation of fisheries management plans.

11. Fishery Resource Enhancement Program: Efforts to restore, enhance, or rehabilitate fishery resources through restocking, protection,
and other measures.

12. Conservation and Management Measures: Regulations and actions aimed at preventing overfishing and protecting vulnerable marine
ecosystems.

13. Aquaculture: The farming or cultivation of aquatic organisms, such as fish, mollusks, and crustaceans, in controlled environments.

14. Fishery Reserves: Designated areas where fishing is restricted or prohibited to protect spawning grounds and juvenile fish.

15. Penalty Provisions: The legal consequences and fines for violations of the provisions of the Philippine Fisheries Code.

REPUBLIC ACT NO. 9512 – NATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL AWARENESS AND EDUCATION ACT
OF 2008
Republic Act No. 9512, also known as the National Environmental Awareness and Education Act of 2008, is crucial for criminology
students to understand because it emphasizes the following key points:

1. Environmental Awareness: The act promotes awareness about environmental issues among the public, highlighting the importance
of preserving and protecting the environment.

2. Education and Training: It encourages educational institutions to include environmental education in their curriculum and provides
for training programs to develop environmental expertise.

3. Sustainable Practices: RA 9512 stresses the importance of sustainable practices, emphasizing the need to conserve natural resources
and reduce environmental harm.

4. Environmental Responsibility: The act underscores the responsibility of individuals and organizations to minimize their
environmental impact and participate in environmental initiatives.

5. Enforcement and Compliance: Criminology students should be aware that violations of environmental laws can result in legal
consequences, including penalties and sanctions.

In Republic Act No. 9512, which is the National Environmental Awareness and Education Act of 2008, some important terms
and concepts include:

1. Environmental Education: This term refers to the process of recognizing values and clarifying concepts to develop skills and attitudes
necessary to understand and appreciate the interrelatedness among people, their culture, and the biophysical world.

2. Environmental Awareness: It involves an individual's recognition and understanding of the environment, including the problems
associated with it and the responsible management of resources to achieve a balance between socio-economic development and
environmental protection.

3. Environmental Management Bureau (EMB): EMB is an agency under the Department of Environment and Natural Resources (DENR)
responsible for the implementation of environmental laws, policies, and programs.

4. Environmental Management and Protection Officer (EMPO): This is an individual designated by an agency, local government unit, or
any government entity to coordinate, monitor, and oversee the agency's environmental management and protection program.

5. Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA): EIA is a systematic process for identifying, predicting, evaluating, and mitigating the potential
environmental impacts of proposed projects, programs, or policies.

6. Sustainable Development: The act emphasizes the principle of sustainable development, which involves meeting the needs of the
present generation without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.

7. Environmental Education and Information Office (EEIO): EEIO refers to the office established in government agencies, local
government units, and educational institutions to promote environmental education and information.

8. Environmental Awards: The act provides for the recognition and granting of awards to individuals and organizations for outstanding
contributions to environmental protection, management, and advocacy.

REPUBLIC ACT NO. 8485 – ANIMAL WELFARE ACT OF 1998

Republic Act No. 8485, also known as the Animal Welfare Act of 1998, is crucial for criminology students to remember because it sets
legal standards for the humane treatment of animals in the Philippines. Key points to remember include:

1. Purpose: The law aims to ensure the proper care, protection, and welfare of animals, and to prevent cruelty and neglect towards them.

2. Prohibited Acts: It lists specific actions that are illegal, such as cruelty, maltreatment, and neglect of animals, as well as organizing
and participating in animal fights.

3. Penalties: Violators can face fines and imprisonment, depending on the severity of the offense. The law also empowers law
enforcement agencies to apprehend offenders.

4. Animal Welfare Board: The law establishes an Animal Welfare Board to oversee the implementation of its provisions and promote
animal welfare awareness.

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 MAKILALA INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
COLLEGE OF CRIMINAL JUSTICE EDUCATION
BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN CRIMINOLOGY

CRIMINOLOGY DEPARTMENT
_________________________________________________________________________________________________
5. Reporting: Criminology students should know the importance of reporting animal cruelty and abuse to authorities to help enforce this
law.

In summary, Republic Act No. 8485 is a critical piece of legislation in the Philippines that promotes the humane treatment of animals,
outlines prohibited acts, imposes penalties for violations, and establishes mechanisms for enforcement and oversight. Understanding and
upholding this law is essential for criminology students interested in addressing animal-related crimes and ensuring the welfare of
animals in society.

Republic Act No. 8485, also known as the "Animal Welfare Act of 1998," contains several important terms and definitions related
to the welfare of animals. Here are some of the key terms from the act:

1. Animal Welfare: The well-being of animals, which includes their physical and mental state.

2. Animal Fighting: Any form of competition or combat involving animals, such as dog fights, cockfights, and other similar activities.

3. Animal Transport Vehicle: Any means of transportation used for carrying animals, including vehicles, vessels, aircraft, or any other
mode of conveyance.

4. Cruelty: Any act or omission that causes unnecessary pain, suffering, or distress to animals, including neglect and abuse.

5. Owner: Any person who has legal ownership, possession, or control of an animal.

6. Slaughterhouse: A facility where animals are slaughtered for human consumption, including all equipment and infrastructure used in
the process.

7. Wildlife: All undomesticated animals, whether terrestrial or aquatic, including their young and eggs, found in all areas of the country.

8. Wildlife Resources: All living and non-living things in nature, including wildlife, flora, and fauna.

9. Wildlife Sanctuary: Protected areas designated by the government to conserve and manage wildlife and their habitats.

10. Zoological Park: A facility that houses, exhibits, or maintains animals for public display, education, or research purposes.

[REPUBLIC ACT NO. 10631]

AN ACT AMENDING CERTAIN SECTIONS OF REPUBLIC ACT NO. 8485, OTHERWISE KNOWN
AS “THE ANIMAL WELFARE ACT OF 1998”

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