ANTENNAS & MICROWAVE

ENGINEERING
LABORATORY MANUAL (20A04601P)
III-II SEM

By

Mr. D.Nagaraju
Associate Professor, ECE

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

SANSKRITHI SCHOOL OF ENGINEERING

(Affiliated to JNTUA, Approved by AICTE)
Beedupalli Knowledge Park, Prashanthigramam, Puttaparthi-515134
Sri Sathya Sai District, Andhra Pradesh.
Phone: +91-9100064545/+91-9100074545
 Antenna & Microwave Engineering Laboratory(20A04601P)
ECE Credits : 1.5
Instruction : 3 periods/Week Sessional Marks : 30
End Exam : 3 Hours End Exam Marks: 70
Course Objectives:
 To understand the working, different microwave components and verify characteristics using microwave
bench setup.
 To study various antennas

Course Outcomes:
At the end of this course, the students will be able to
 Understand the working, different microwave components and sources in a microwave bench
 Verify the characteristics of various microwave components using microwave bench setup
 Design and study of various antennas
 Analyze performance characteristics of Antennas
ANTENNA & MICROWAVE ENGINEERING LABORATORY
(20A04601P)

INDEX
Part-A Antennas Lab

S.No NAME OF THE EXPERIMENT

1. To analyze the characteristics of Simple Dipole λ/2 and λ/4 Antenna 1

2. To analyze the variation in the Radiation Strength at given distance from 2
Antenna
3. To analyze the Reciprocity Theorem for Antennas 7
4. To study Folded Dipole λ /2 Antenna 10
5. Study of Yagi Uda 3 element Folded Dipole, 5 element folded dipole. 14
6. To analyze the characteristics of micro strip antennas 17
7. To analyze the characteristics and radiation pattern of broad side and end fire 20
arrays.

Part-B Microwave Engineering lab

1. Reflex Klystron Characteristics. 27

2. Gunn Diode Characteristics. 30
3. Directional Coupler Characteristics. 33
4. VSWR Measurement. 36
5. Measurement of Wave Guide Parameters. 39
6. Measurement of Impedance of a given load. 40
7. Measurement of Scattering Parameters of a Magic Tee. 42
8. Measurement of Scattering Parameters of a Circulator. 43
9. Attenuation Measurement. 48
10. Microwave Frequency Measurement 53
 Scheme of Evaluation
Antenna & MicrowaveEngineering Laboratory(20A04601P)

Total marks for each student to evaluate in lab: 100

Out of 100 marks:
1. External Evaluation: 70 marks
2. Internal Evaluation: 30 marks by Continuous Evaluation
Distribution of Continuous evaluation marks:
a) Viva on every lab session :5M
b) Observation with final results : 5M
c) Record :15M
d) Attendance :5M

Distribution of Record Marks (15M):

a)Aim :1M
b)Apparatus :1M
c)Circuit Diagram :2M
d)Procedure :2M

e)Theory :3M
f)Observations Table :1M
g)Calculations :2M
h)Graph :2M
i)Result/Conclusion :1M

External Exam Marks division:

Write up :20M
Execution :20M
Graphs & Result :10M
Viva :20M
 Antenna and Microwave Engineering Laboratory
Do’s
1. Be punctual and regular to the laboratory.

2. Maintain discipline and obey instructions all the time.

3. Inspect all equipment for damage prior to use—do not use damaged equipment.

4. Check the connections properly before Turning ON the circuit.

5. Turn OFF the circuit immediately if you see any component heating.

6. Dismount all the components before returning the kit.

7. Any failure / break-down of equipment must be reported to the faculty

8. Know emergency procedures.

Don’ts
1. Don’t touch live electric wires.

2. Don’t TURN ON the circuit unless it is completed.

3. Avoid making loose connections.

4. Don’t leave the lab without permission.

5. Do not handle any equipment before reading the instructions/Instruction manuals

6. Do not use the prohibited items like personal audio or video equipment in the
laboratory

7. Never block access to EXITs or emergency equipment.

8. Never leave experiments while in progress.

 1. STUDY OF MICROWAVE COMPONENTS AND INSTRUMENTS

AIM
To become familiar with microwave components and instruments available
in the laboratory

INSTRUMENTS/EQUIPMENTS
(1) Reflex klystron power supply
(2) Gunn power supply,
(3) VSWR meter
(4) Slotted Line section
(5) Frequency Meter
(6) RF Generator

OBJECTIVES
 Note relevant Technical specifications of the instruments
 Study position and functions of the front panel controls of the equipment
 Know basic principle of operation and functional block diagram of the instrument.
 Limitations and handling of the equipment
 Various options provided on the front panel.
 Know initial settings of controls of the equipment before switching on the supply.
 Precautions to be taken while carrying out the measurements

COMPONENTS/DEVICES
Attenuator, Circulator, Isolator, wave-guide twist, bend, Magic tee, Directional
Coupler, Matched termination, PIN Modulator, Crystal Detector, Reflex Klystron
tube, Gunn diode, different types of antennas available.

OBSERVATIONS
 Identify the components/devices
 Study basic principle of operation of devices and components
 Know typical application of each component.
 Identify the E field and H field mode patterns of the devices.

PRECAUTIONS
 Beam voltage should not exceed 250V
 Reflected voltage should not exceed 270V
 Fan should be operated to reduce the heat for reflex klystron
 Every 20 minutes switch of the supply and set the initial conditions.
 Carefully follow the specifications of the device and equipment.

RESULT:
Studied various microwave components and devices.
2. STUDY OF CHARACTERISTICS OF REFLEX KLYSTRON TUBE

AIM
To study the Characteristics of the reflex klystron tube and to determine its
electronic tuning range.

EQUIPMENT

(1) Klystron power supply SKPS-610

(2) Klystron Tube 2k-25 with klystron Mount XM-251
(3) Isolator XI- 621
(4) Frequency Meter XF-710
(5) Variable Attenuator XA-520
(6) Detector Mount XD-451
(7) Wave Guide Stand XU-535
(8) VSWR Meter SW-215
(9) Oscilloscope
(10) BNC Cable

BLOCK DIAGRAM

Fig: SET UP FOR REFLEX KLYSTRON TUBE

THEORY

The Reflex Klystron makes the use of velocity modulation to transform a

continuous Electron beam into microwave power. Electrons emitted from the
cathode are accelerated & passed through the positive resonator towards negative
reflector, which retards and, finally, reflects the Electrons and the electrons turn
back through the resonator. Suppose an RF-field exists between the Resonators; the
electrons travelling forward will be accelerated or retarded, as the voltage at the
Resonator changes in amplitude. The accelerated electrons leave the resonator at an
increased velocity and the retarded electrons leave at the reduced velocity.

2
 The electrons leaving the resonator will need different time to return due to change
in velocities. As a result, returning electrons group together in BUNCHES pass
through the grid at such a time that the electrons are slowed down by the voltage
then energy will be delivered to the resonator; and Klystron will oscillate. Fig
shows the relation ship between out put Power, frequency and reflector voltage. The
dimensions of resonant cavity primarily determine the frequency. Hence, by
changing the volume of resonator, mechanical turning of klystron is possible. Also
a small frequency change can be obtained by adjusting the reflector voltage. This is
called Electronic Tuning.

PROCEDURE

A. Carrier wave operation

 Connect the components and equipments as shown in the fig

 Set the variable Attenuator at the minimum at position.
 Set the mod switch of Klystron Power supply at CW position, beam voltage control
knob to fully anticlock wise and reflector voltage control knob to fully clockwise
and the Meter switch to OFF position.
 Rotate the knob of frequency meter at one side fully.
 Connect the D.C microampere meter with Detector.
 Switch ON the klystron power supply, VSWR Meter and cooling fan for the
klystron tube.
 Switch on the beam voltage knob and rotate it clockwise slowly up to 250V meter
reading and observe beam current should not increase more than 30mA.
 Change the reflector voltage slowly and verify the current meter the voltage for
reading maximum deflection in the meter.
 Turn the plunger of klystron Mount for the maximum output.
 Rotate the knob of frequency meter slowly and stop at that position, where the
lowest out put current on multi meter. Read directly the frequency meter reading
between two horizontal lines and vertical marker.
 Change the reflector voltage and read the corresponding current and frequency for
each reflector voltage.

B. Square wave operation

 Connect the equipments and components as show in fig

 Set micrometer of variable attenuator around some position.
 Set the range switch of VSWR meter at 40db position. Input selector switch to
crystal impedance position, meter switch to normal position.
 Set mod selector switch to AM –MOD position. Beam voltage control knob to fully
anticlockwise position.
 Switch ON the klystron power supply, VSWR meter and cooling fan.
 Switch ON the beam voltage switch and rotate the beam voltage knob clockwise up
to300vdeflection in meter.
 Keep the AM-MOD amplitude knob and AM-FRE knob at the mid –position.
 Rotate the reflector voltage knob to get deflection in VSWR meter.
 Rotate the AM-MOD amplitude knob to get the maximum output in VSWR meter

3
  Maximize the deflection with frequency knob to get the maximum output in VSWR
meter.

 If necessary, change the range switch of VSWR meter 30dbto50db if the deflection
in VSWR meter is out of scale or less than normal scale respectively. Further
variable attenuator is used for setting up the particular position by reducing the
output.
 Determine the oscillator frequency as described in the earlier setup.

C. Mode study on oscilloscope

 Setup the components and equipments as shown in fig.

 Keep the position of variable attenuator at min. attenuation position.
 Set mode selector switch to FM- MOD position, FM amplitude and FM frequency
knob at mid position keep the beam voltage knob fully anti-clockwise and beam
switch to OFF position.
 Keep the time /division scale of oscilloscope around 100HZ frequency measurement
and volt/div. to lower scale.
 Switch ON the klystron power supply and oscilloscope.
 Switch ON beam voltage switch and set beam voltage to 250V by beam voltage
control knob.
 Keep amplitude knob of FM modulator to maximum position and rotate the
reflector voltage knob anticlockwise to get modes as shown in fig. on the
oscilloscope.
 Klystron tube can be seen on oscilloscope by changing the reflector voltage and
amplitude of FM modulation, any mode of klystron tube can be seen on
oscilloscope

OBSERVATIONS

Beam Voltage VB =
Beam Current IB =
Resistance R = 1Ω

Tabular Form

Voltage(VR) Current(I) Power =I2 R

4
PRECAUTIONS

 Beam voltage should not exceed 250V

 Reflected voltage should not exceed 270V
 Fan should be operated to reduce the heat for reflex klystron
 Every 20 minutes switch of the supply and set the initial conditions.
 Carefully follow the specifications of the devices and equipment.
MODEL GRAPHS:

Output Power
(MW)

40 -

20-

-50 -100 -150 -250

Reflector voltage

Frequency
Change (MHz)

50 -

0
Reflector voltage

-50 -

RESULT:

The characteristics of Klystron tube are observed on oscilloscope

5
VIVA QUESTION

1. What element of the reflex klystron replaces the output cavity of a normal klystron?

2. When the repeller potential is constant, what property of the electron determines
how long it will remain in the drift space of the reflex klystron?

3. The constant-speed electrons of an electron bunch in a reflex klystron must remain

in the repeller field for what minimum time?

4. If the constant-speed electrons in a reflex klystron remain in the repeller field for 1
3/4 cycles, what is the mode of operation?

5. Debunching of the electron bunches in the higher modes of a reflex klystron has
what effect on output power?

6. What limits the tuning range around the center frequency of a reflex klystron in a
particular mode of operation?

6
 3. FREQUENCY AND WAVELENGTH MEASUREMENT
OF A SIGNAL

AIM
To determine the frequency and wave length of a signal in a rectangular wave guide
working in TE10 Mode

EQUIPMENT

(1) Klystron power supply SKPS-610

(2) Klystron Tube2k-25 with klystron Mount XM-251
(3) Isolator XI- 621
(4) Frequency Meter XF-710
(5) Variable Attenuator XA-520
(6) Slotted section XS-651
(7) Wave Guide Stand XU-535
(8) VSWR Meter SW-215
(9) Oscilloscope
(10) Matched termination XL-400
(11) Movable short XT-481
(12) BNC Cable

BLOCK DIAGRAM

Fig : SET UP FOR FREQUENCY AND WAVELENGTH MEASUREMENT

THEORY

For dominant TE10 mode rectangular wave-guide λo , λg and λc are related as below

1 1 1
 
 2
0  2
g  2c
7
 where λo is free space wavelength
λg (guide wavelength) = 2(d1~d2)
λc ( cutoff wavelength)
For TE10 mode λc =2a where „a‟ is broad dimension of wave guide

PROCEDURE

 Set up the components and equipment as shown in fig. above.

 Set the variable Attenuator at the minimum attenuation position.
 Keep the control knobs of VSWR Meter as bellow:
Range - 50db
Input switch - crystal low impedance
Meter switch - Normal position
Gain - Mid position
 Keep the control knobs of klystron power supply as bellow
Beam Voltage - OFF
Mod switch - AM
Beam voltage knob - fully anticlockwise
Reflector Voltage - fully clockwise
AM amplitude knob - Around fully clockwise
AM Frequency knob - Around mid
 Switch ON the klystron power supply, VSWR meter and cooling fan.
 Switch ON the beam voltage switch and rotate the beam voltage knob clockwise up
to 200v deflection in meter.
 Keep the AM-MOD amplitude knob and AM-FREQ knob at the mid –position.
 Rotate the reflector voltage knob to get deflection in VSWR meter.
 Rotate the AM-MOD amplitude knob to get the maximum output in VSWR meter
 Maximize the deflection with frequency knob to get the maximum output in VSWR
meter
 Tune the probe for maximum deflection in VSWR meter
 Tune the frequency meter knob to get a „dip‟ on the VSWR meter scale and note
down the frequency directly from the frequency meter
 Replace the termination with movable short and detune the frequency meter
 By moving the probe along the slotted line vary the deflection on VSWR meter.
 Move the probe to a minimum deflection position. Note and record the probe
position
 Move the probe to next minimum position and record the probe position again
 Calculate guide wavelength as twice the distance between two successive minimum
positions obtained as above
 Measure the wave guide inner broad dimension „a‟ which will be around 22.86 mm
for X-band
 Calculate frequency by following equation
C
f 
0
Where, velocity of light, C = 3 x 108 meter/sec

8
OBSERVATIONS

1. Frequency from Frequency meter f1 = ________

2. Cut off Wavelength λc =2a =__________ ( a=22.86mm broad dimension of wave guide)
3. Guided Wavelength λg = 2 (d1~d2) d1= _________ d2= _______
(d1 & d2 found from movable short)
1 1 1
4. Free space Wavelength  
 2
0  2
g  2c
5. Practical Frequency f  C
0
1
6. f ~ f

PRECAUTIONS

 Beam voltage should not exceed 250V

 Reflected voltage should not exceed 270V
 Fan should be operated to reduce the heat for reflex klystron
 Every 20 minutes switch of the supply and set the initial conditions.
 Carefully follow the specifications of the devices and equipment.

RESULT: The frequency and wave length in a rectangular working in TE10 mode are
measured.

Frequency (f )= ___________

Wavelength (λ0)=___________

VIVA QUESTIONS

1. How are wavelength measured?

2. How do you measure wavelength in a compression wave?

3. What is the units of measure for wavelength?

4. What is frequency and how is it measured?

5. What is the frequency of waves measure in?

9
 .4. DETERMINATION OF VSWR OF A GIVEN LOAD

AIM
To determine the standing wave ratio and reflection coefficient

EQUIPMENT

(1) Klystron power supply SKPS-610

(2) Klystron Tube 2k-25 with klystron Mount XM-251
(3) Isolator XF- 621
(4) Frequency Meter XF-710
(5) Variable Attenuator XA-520
(6) Slotted line XS-565
(7) Tunable probe XP-655
(8) Wave Guide Stand XU-535
(9) VSWR Meter SW-215
(10) SS Tuner XT-441
(11) Movable short/Termination XL-400

BLOCK DIAGRAM

SET UP FOR VSWR MEASUREMENT

THEORY

The electromagnetic field at any point of transmission line may be considered as the
sum of two traveling waves the incident wave, which propagates from the source to
the load and the reflected wave, which propagates towards the generator. The
reflected wave is set up by reflection of incident wave from a discontinuity in the
line or from the load impedance. The superposition of two traveling waves gives
rise to a standing wave along the line. The maximum field strength is found where
the waves are in phase and minimum where the two waves add in opposite phase.
The distance between two successive minimum (maximum) is half the guide
wavelength on the line. The ratio of electric field strength of reflected and instant
wave is called reflection coefficient.
The voltage standing wave ratio (VSWR) is defined as ratio between maximum and
minimum field strength along the line
10
 Hence VSWR denoted by S is as follows
E MAX E  Er
S  i
E MIN Ei  E r
Reflection coefficient, ρ is
Er Z L  Z 0
 
Ei Z L  Z 0
where ZL is the load impedance and Zo is characteristic impedance
The above equation gives following equation

Reflection Coefficient
S 1

S 1
PROCEDURE

 Set up the components and equipment as shown in fig .

 Set the variable Attenuator at the minimum at position.
 Keep the control knobs of VSWR Meter as bellow:
Range - 50db
Input switch - crystal low impedance
Meter switch - Normal position
Gain - Mid position
 Keep the control knobs of klystron power supply as bellow
Beam Voltage - OFF
Mod switch - AM
Beam voltage knob - fully anticlockwise
Reflector Voltage - fully clockwise
AM amplitude knob - around fully clockwise
AM Frequency knob - Around mid
 Switch ON the klystron power supply, VSWR meter and cooling fan.
 Switch ON the beam voltage switch and rotate the beam voltage knob clockwise up
to 200v deflection in meter.
 Rotate the reflector voltage knob to get deflection in VSWR meter.
 Rotate the AM-MOD amplitude knob to get the maximum output in VSWR meter
 Maximize the deflection with frequency knob to get the maximum output in VSWR
meter
 Tune the probe for maximum deflection in VSWR meter
 By moving the probe along the slotted line the deflection will change.

A. Measurement of low and medium VSWR

 Move the probe along the slotted line to get maximum deflection in VSWR meter.
 Adjust the VSWR meter gain control knob or variable attenuator until the meter
indicates 1.0 on normal VSWR scale.
 Keep all the control knobs as same, move the probe to next minimum position. Read
the VSWR on scale.
 Repeat the above step for changing of SS tuner probe depth and record the
corresponding SWR.
 If the VSWR is between 3.2 and 10 change the range db switch to next higher
position and read the VSWR on second VSWR scale of 3 to 10.
11
 B. Measurement of High VSWR (Double Minimum method)

 Set the depth of SS tuner slightly more for maximum VSWR.

 Move the probe along with slotted line until a minimum is indicated.
 Adjust the VSWR meter gain control knob and variable attenuator to obtain a
reading of 3 db in the normal db scale (0 to 10 db) of VSWR meter.
 Move the probe to the left on slotted line until full-scale deflection is obtained on 0
to 10dB scale. Note and record the probe position on slotted line let it be d1.
 Repeat the step 3 and then move the probe right along the slotted line until full-scale
deflection is obtained on 0-10dB normal db scale. Let it be d2.
 Replace the SS tuner and termination by movable short.
 Measure the distance between two successive minimum positions of the probe.
Twice this distance is guide wavelength λG.
 Compute SWR from the following equation:
g
SWR 
 (d 1 ~ d 2 )

Ema
Emi

STANDING WAVE

output

√2 Vmin

d1 d2 probe position

PRECAUTIONS

 Beam voltage should not exceed 250V

 Reflected voltage should not exceed 270V
 Fan should be operated to reduce the heat for reflex klystron
 Every 20 minutes switch OFF the supply and set the initial conditions.
 Carefully follow the specifications of the devices and equipment.

RESULT : The Low, Medium and High VSWR of the given set up is measured

Low VSWR = _____________

Medium VSWR = ____________
High VSWR = ______________

12
VIVA QUESTIONS

1. Does VSWR vary with line length?

2. Can the magnitude of the reflection coefficient (ρ) be greater than 1?
3. Can VSWR be negative?
4. Is there a the minimum length of transmission line required on either side of the VSWR
meter for valid readings?
5. Is the characteristic impedance of the sampler line section important?
6. What is an acceptable VSWR?

13
 5. UNKNOWN IMPEDANCE MEASUREMENT
USING SMITH CHART
AIM
To measure the unknown impedance by using smith chart.

EQUIPMENT

(1) Klystron power supply –SKPS-610

(2) Klystron Tube2k-25 with klystron Mount-XM251
(3) Isolator XF- 621
(4) Frequency MeterXF-710
(5) Variable Attenuator XA-520
(6) Slotted line XS 565
(7) Tunable probeXP655
(8) Wave Guide StandXU-535
(9) VSWR MeterSW-215
(10) SS Tuner XT441
(11) Movable short/Termination XL-400

BLOCK DIAGRAM

Fig: SET UP FOR UNKNOWN IMPEDANCE MEASUREMENT

THEORY

The impedance at any point on a transmission line can be written in the form R+jX
For comparison SWR can be calculated as
S  (1  R ) (1  R )
Where Reflection co-efficient R  (Z  Z 0 ) (Z  Z 0 )
Z0 is the Characteristic impedance of wave-guide at operating frequency & Z is the
load impedance. The measurement is performed in the following way, the unknown
device is connected to the slotted line and the position of one minimum is
determined. The unknown device is replaced by movable short to the slotted line.
14
 Two successive minima positions are noted. The twice of the difference between
two minima positions will be the guide wavelength. One of the minimums is used as
reference for impedance measurement. Find the difference of reference minima and
minima position obtained from unknown load. Let it be „d‟. Take a smith chart,
taking 1 as center, draw a circle of radius equal to S. Mark a point on circumference
of smith chart towards load side at a distance equal to d/λ. Join the center with this
point. Find the point where it cut the drawn circle. The co-ordinates of this point
will show the normalized impedance of load.

PROCEDURE

 Set up the components and equipment as shown in fig.

 Set the variable Attenuator at the minimum at position.
 Keep the control knobs of VSWR Meter as bellow:
Range - 50db
Input switch - crystal low impedance
Meter switch - Normal position
Gain - Mid position
 Keep the control knobs of klystron power supply as bellow
Beam Voltage - OFF
Mod switch - AM
Beam voltage knob - fully anticlockwise
Reflector Voltage - fully clockwise
AM amplitude knob - around fully clockwise
AM Frequency knob - Around mid
 Switch ON the klystron power supply, VSWR meter and cooling fan.
 Switch ON the beam voltage switch and rotate the beam voltage knob clockwise up
to 200v deflection in meter.
 Rotate the reflector voltage knob to get deflection in VSWR meter.
 Rotate the AM-MOD amplitude knob to get the maximum output in VSWR meter
 Maximize the deflection with frequency knob to get the maximum output in VSWR
meter
 Tune the probe for maximum deflection in VSWR meter
 Tune the frequency meter knob to get a „dip‟ on the VSWR meter scale and note
down the frequency directly from the frequency meter
 Keep the depth of the S.S Tuner to around 3-4mm and lock it.
 Move the probe along the slotted line to get maxim deflection.
 Adjust VSWR meter gain control knob and variable attenuator until the meter
indicates 1.0 on the normal db SWR scale.
 Move the probe to next minima position and note down the SWR „S0‟ on the scale.
 Also Note down the probe position, let it be d
 Replace the termination with movable short and detune the frequency meter
 By moving the probe along the slotted line. Vary the deflection on VSWR meter.
Move the probe to a minimum deflection position. Note and record the probe
position
 Move the probe to next minimum position and record the probe position again.
Calculate guide wavelength as twice the distance
d
 Calculate
g

15
OBSERVATIONS

Frequency from Frequency meter f1 = _____________

Low VSWR(S0) = _____________
First Minima d= ______________
d1= __________________
d2= __________________
Guided Wavelength λg = 2 (d1~d2) = _________
d/ λg = ________________

From Graph:

Normalized Load Impedance (ZL)N= R ± jX

Characteristic Impedance Zo=377 * (b/a) * ( λg/λo )
C
f 
0
For TE10, b=10.06mm(Narrow wall dimension of a rectangular waveguide)
a=22.86mm(Broad wall dimension of a rectangular waveguide)
ZL=(ZL)N * Zo

PRECAUTIONS

 Beam voltage should not exceed 250V

 Reflected voltage should not exceed 270V
 Fan should be operated to reduce the heat for reflex klystron
 Every 20 minutes switch of the supply and set the initial conditions.
 Carefully follow the specifications of the devices and equipment.

RESULT: The unknown impedance using smith chart is measured

Unknown Impedance =______________

VIVA QUESTIONS

1. What are the applications of the smith chart

2. What does SS mean in SS-tuner

3. What is the relation between the reflection coefficient and the load impedance

4. Name few scales on the radial axis of the smith chart

5. What type of load it represents if the load is in the positive half of the smith chart

16
 6. STUDY OF V-I CHARECTERISTICS OF GUNN DIODE
AIM
To study the V-I Characteristics of given Gunn diode

EQUIPMENT

(1) Gunn Power Supply

(2) Gunn Oscillator XG-11
(3) Isolator XI-621
(4) Frequency Meter XF-710
(5) Matched Termination XL-400

BLOCK DIAGRAM

Fig: SET UP FOR THE STUDY OF V-I CHARACTERISTICS OF GUNN

OSCILLATOR

PROCEDURE

 Set the components as shown in the fig.

 Keep the control knobs of Gunn power supply as bellow
Meter Switch - OFF
Gunn bias knob - Fully anticlockwise
Pin bias knob - Fully anticlockwise
Pin mode frequency - Any position
 Set the micrometer of Gunn oscillator for required frequency of operation
 Switch ON the Gunn power supply.
 Measure the Gunn diode current corresponding to the various Gunn bias voltages
through the digital panel meter and meter switch. Do not exceed the bias voltage
above 10 volts
 Plot the voltage and current reading on the graph as shown in fig.
 Measure the threshold voltage, which corresponds to maximum current.

READINGS

Frequency(GHz) Micrometer Reading(mm)

12.4 5.65
12.2 6.15
12 6.65
17
 11.8 6.86
11.6 7.50
11.4 7.75
11.2 8.44
11 9.14
10.8 9.50
10.6 10.07
10.4 10.79
10.2 11.48
10 12.26
9.8 13.10
9.6 14.11
9.4 15.17
9.2 16.29

OBSERVATIONS
Micrometer reading =
Frequency=

Voltage(V) Current(mA)

PRECAUTIONS

 Gunn bias not exceed 10V

 Fan should be operated to reduce the heat for Gunn oscillator
 Every 20 minutes switch of the supply and set the initial conditions.
 Carefully follow the specifications of the devices and equipment.

MODEL GRAPH

I (mA)

Threshold
Current(Ith)

Threshold V (Volts)
Voltage(Vth)
V-I CHARACTERISTICS OF GUNN OSCILLATOR

18
RESULT: Gunn Diode V-I Characteristics are observed.

VIVA QUESTIONS

1. Why Gunn diode and IMPATT diode are not common microwave devices?

2. Difference between Gunn diode and PIN diode?

3. What does diode mean ?

4. What are regions of operation in Gunn diode?

5. Explain different modes of operation in Gunn diode.

19
 7. DETERMINATION OF HORN ANTENNA POLAR PLOT

AIM
To measure the polar pattern and the gain of a wave guide horn antenna.

EQUIPMENT

(1) Gunn Power Supply GS-610

(2) Gunn Oscillator XG-11
(3) PIN Modulator XM-55
(4) Isolator XI-621
(5) Variable Attenuator XA-520
(6) Detector Mount XD-451
(7) VSWR Meter
(8) Radiation Pattern XTB-105
(9) Standard gain Horn XH-541
(10) E-Plane bends XB771
(11) Wave guide Stand XU-535
(12) Frequency Meter XF-710
(13) Cooling Fan CF-205

BLOCK DIAGRAM

Fig: SET UP FOR HORN ANTENNA PATTERN MEASUREMENT

THEORY

If a transmission line, propagating energy is left open at one end. In case of

rectangular wave-guide this antenna presents a mismatch of about 2 and it radiates
in many directions. The match will improve if the open wave-guide is a horn shape.
The radiation pattern of antenna is a plot of field strength of power intensity as a
function of the aspect angle at a constant distance from the radiating antenna. An
antenna pattern is of course three-dimensional but for practical reasons it is
normally presented as two-dimensional pattern in one or several planes. An antenna
pattern consists of several lobes the main lobe, side lobes, and back lobe. The major
power is concentrated in the main lobe and it is required to keep the power in the
side lobes and back lobe as low as possible. The power intensity at the maximum in

20
 the main lobe compared to the power intensity achieved from an imaginary omni
directional antenna (radiating equally in all directions) with the same power fed to
the antenna is defined as gain of the antenna.

3dB beam width

 This is the angle between two points on a main lobe where the power intensity is
half the maximum power intensity. The antenna pattern measurement is always
done in far field region.
 For field pattern is achieved at a minimum distance of 2D 2 0 (for rectangular horn
antenna) where D is size of the broad wall of horn aperture  0 is free space
wavelength.
 It is also important to avoid reflection; antenna measurement is done at outdoor
ranges or in anechoic chambers made of absorbing materials.
 Antenna measurements are mostly made with unknown antenna as receiver;
therefore several methods are there to measure the gain of antenna one method is to
compare the unknown antenna with standard gain antenna with known gain.
Another method is to use two identical antennas. One as a transmitter and other as
receiver and from following formula the gain can be calculated.

Pt G1G 2 4s Pr
Pr  , G=
4s 
2
0 Pt
where Pt is transmitted power Pr is received power G1, G2 is gain of the transmitting
and Receiving antennas respectively, S is the radial distance between two antennas.
and  0 is free space wavelength
 If both transmitting and receiving antenna are identical having gain G then
P  G2
Pr  t 0 2
4s 
 In the above equation Pt, Pr, S and can be measured and gain can be computed. As
from the above equation it is not necessary to know the absolute value of Pt and Pr
only ratio is required, which, can be measured by VSWR meter

PROCEDURE

 Assemble the components and equipments as shown in figure

 The reading on thr rotary scale should indicate 0◦ when the horns are in line.
 To avoid disturbing reflections make sure that no conducting objects are closer to
the propagation path.
 Set the variable attenuator at minimum attenuation position.
 Switch on the KPS, turn the beam switch to ON.
 Keep the beam voltage knob at minimum position.
 Keep the modulation switch of klystron in square wave.
 Set the attenuator for proper square wave of sufficient amplitude.
 Varying repeller voltage set the Klystron at its maximum mode.
 Vary the frequency meter in order to get dip in the output waveform.
 Calculate the distance between the transmitter and receiver horn antenna.
 Turn the receiving horn in steps of 5◦ from 0◦ to 360◦ and note down the
corresponding the voltage levels from CRO.

21
  Plot the radiation pattern of the antenna on polar plot of the antenna on polar graph
sheet. This gives H-Plane pattern of antenna.
OBSERVATIONS

Beam Voltage(VB)= ________________

Beam Current(IB)= _________________
Repeller Voltage(VR)= _______________
Diameter (D)= ___________ (broad wall of horn aperture)
Dip Frequency(f0) λ0=C/f0

Where C= Velocity of Light

Range®= 2D 2 0 =________________

PRECAUTIONS

 Beam voltage should not exceed 250V

 Reflected voltage should not exceed 270V
 Fan should be operated to reduce the heat for reflex klystron
 Every 20 minutes switch of the supply and set the initial conditions.
 Carefully follow the specifications of the devices and equipment.

TYPICAL ANTENNA PATTERN

RESULT: The polar pattern and Beam width of wave guide horn
antenna is measured

22
A QUESTIONS

1. What is horn?

2. In order to function properly, a horn antenna must be a certain minimum size .What
is it?

3. Where are Horn antennas commonly used ?

4. Why we use horn, rather than a dipole antenna or any other type of antenna, at the
focal point of the dish

5. Mention few application of Horn antenna

6. What is the use of the horn shaped structures at the end of the waveguide

23
 8. DETERMINATION OF PARAMETERS OF
DIRECTIONAL COUPLER
AIM
To study the function of a multihole directional coupler by measuring the following
parameters
a) The coupling factors b) the directivity of coupler.

EQUIPMENT

(1) Klystron power supply –SKPS-610

(2) Klystron Tube2k-25 with klystron Mount-XM251
(3) Isolator XF- 621
(4) Frequency MeterXF-710
(5) Variable Attenuator XA-520
(6 MHD Coupler
(8) Wave Guide StandXU-535
(9) VSWR MeterSW-215
(10) Detector mount
(11) Movable short/Termination XL-400

BLOCK DIAGRAM

Klystron Klystron Isolator Variable Frequency Detector

Power Supply Mount XI 621 Attenuator Meter Mount
SKPS 610 XM 251 XA 520 XF 710 XD 451

2 Matched
Termination
XL 400
1
MHD
Coupler 3 Detector
Mount
XD 451
Y X
3
Matched VSWR
Termination Meter
1 XL 400 SW 115
MHD
Coupler Yd
2 Detector Z
Mount
XD 451

3
Detector
Mount
2 XD 451
MHD
Coupler 1
Matched
Termination
XL 400

Fig: SET UP FOR STUDY OF MULTIHOLE DIRECTIONAL COUPLER

24
PROCEDURE

Measurement of coupling factor, insertion loss and Directivity:

 Set the equipment as shown in figure.
 Energize the microwave source for particular operation of frequency.
 Remove the MHD coupler and connect the detector mount to frequency meter
 Set any reference level of power on VSWR meter with the help of variable
attenuator, gain control knob of VSWR meter and note down the reading.
 Insert the directional coupler as shown in fig with detector to auxiliary port 3 and
matched termination to port 2 with out changing the position the position of variable
attenuator and gain control knob of VSWR meter.
 Note down the readings of VSWR meter on the scale with the help of range dB
switch is required, Let it be Y.
 Calculate coupling factor which will be X-Y in db.
 Now carefully disconnect the detector from oscillating port 3 and matched
termination. From port 2 without disturbing the setup.
 Connect the matched termination to the auxiliary port 3 and detector to port2 and
measure the reading on VSWR let it be Z.
 Compute insertion loss = X-Z in db.
 Repeat the step from 1 to 4.
 Connect the directional coupler in the reverse direction i.e. port 2 to frequency
meter size; matched termination to port 1 and detector mount to port 3, without
changing the position of the variable attenuator and gain control, knob of VSWR
meter.
 Measure and note down the reading on VSWR meter .let it be YD.
 Compute the directivity as Y- YD.
 Repeat the same for other frequency and Note down the corresponding values from
CRO.

PRECAUTIONS

 Beam voltage should not exceed 250V

 Reflected voltage should not exceed 270V
 Fan should be operated to reduce the heat for reflex klystron
 Every 20 minutes switch of the supply and set the initial conditions.
 Carefully follow the specifications of the devices and equipment.

OBSERVATIONS
INPUT X-(Port1) =
OUT PUT Y-(Port 31) =
OUT PUT Z-(Port 21) =
OUT PUT Yd-(Port 32) =
C=Coupling factor = IX-YI =
Insertion loss = IX-ZI=
I=Isolation = IX- Yd I =
Directivity= IY- Yd I= I-C=

RESULT :Directivity, Coupling factor and Insertion loss of the Directional coupler are
determineDirectivity=
Coupling factor=
Insertion loss=
25
VIVA QUESTIONS

1. What is the primary purpose of a directional coupler?

2. How far apart are the two holes in a simple directional coupler?

3. What is the purpose of the absorbent material in a directional coupler?

4. In a directional coupler that is designed to sample the incident energy, what

happens to the two portions of the wavefront when they arrive at the pickup probe?

5. What happens to reflected energy that enters a directional coupler that is designed to
sample incident energy?

26
 9. STUDY OF ANTENNA TRAINER KIT
AIM: To arrange the trainer kit and perform the functional checks

APPARATUS:

1) Antenna Trainer
2) Motorized Antenna Unit
3) Receiving Unit Mast
4) RF detector
5) RPP 2661A (S/W)
6) Dual Probe/BNC Cable

BLOCK DIAGRAM:

Transmitting Receiving
Antenna Antenna

Antenna Trainer Motorized RF Detector

ST 2261 RF Antenna Unit ST 2261
Generator ST 2261A

THEORY:

 Antenna impedance (Za): It is defined as the ration of input voltage to input current
(or) Za= (Vi / Ii )Ω
 Za =Ra+jXa , Here, the reactive part Xa results from fields surrounding the antenna.
The resistance part Ra is given by Ra = Rl +Rr .
Rl represents losses in the antenna.
Rr is called radiation resistance
Radiation resistance Rr is defined as fictitious or hypothetical resistance that would
dissipate an amount of power equal to the radiated power
Rr= Power radiated / I2rms
 Directional characteristics: These are also called radiation characteristics these are of
two types
a) Field strength pattern: It is the variation of absolute value of field strength
as a function of θ. E Vs θ is called field strength pattern
b) Power Pattern: It is the variation of radiated power with θ.

27
 Effective length of Antenna (L eff): It is equal to the length of an equivalent linear
antenna which radiates the same field strength as the actual antenna and the current is
constant throughout the length of linear antenna. Effective length of an antenna is
always less than actual length.
 Radiation Intensity: It is defined as the power radiation in the given direction per unit
solid angle
RI= r2 P = Ύ2 E2 / η (watt / unit solid angle)
 Directive gain: It is defied as the ratio of intensity of radiation in a specified
direction to the average radiation intensity
 DirectivityD: It is defied as the ratio of the maximum radiation intensity to the
average radiation intensity
 Power gain: it is defined as the ratio of 4π times the radiation intensity to the total
input power
gp = 4π(RI)/Wt
 Antenna Efficiency : It is defined as the ratio of radiated power to the input power
Η = Wr/Wt = Wr/(Wr+W )= gp/gp
 Affective Area :
Ae= (λ2 / 4π) gd (m2)
 Antenna Equiva lent Circuit : It is a series Ra , La and Ca
 Antenna Bandwidth: It is defined as the range of frequencies over which the antenna
maintained its characteristics and parameter like gain, front to back ratio.
 Front to Back Ratio: It is defined as the ratio of radiated power in the desired
direction to the radiated power in the opposite direction.
 Polarization: It is defined as the electric vector of the EM wave produced by an
antenna.

PROCEDURE:

 Place the main unit on the table and connect power chord.
 RF generator: Adjust level potentiometer to middle position.
 Modulation generator: Select Switch to „INT‟ position and adjust level
potentiometer to the middle position.
 Install transmitting mast, place it beside the main unit and connect it is to main
with „RFOUT‟ using a BNC cable of 25” long.
 Install receiving mast and keep it at some distance from the transmitter mast.
 Place RF detector unit beside the receiving mast and connect it to the receiving
mast and connect it to the receiving mast using a BNC to BNC cable of 25” long.
 Keep the base of the transmitting mast such that the „0‟ position of goniometer
should be directed towards the RF detector and also align the masker of the mast with
„0‟ position
 Install folded dipole antenna on transmitting mast. Keep its direction towards,
receiving mast by rotating it in clock wise direction.
 Switch on the main unit and check the display in DPM of directional coupler. It
will show some reading according to the level knob at starting

28
 Connect a 7.5V adapter to RF detector unit, switch it „ON‟ Keep the level knob at
middle position, it will show some reading according to level knob at starting (incase
of overloading reduce it by level potentiometer of RF detector.)
 Now vary the F.S adjust potentiometer of directional coupler to make the display
reading 100 μ amp. And then adjust the level of RF detector to show ¾th reading of
main unit display.
 Rotate the transmitting antenna between 0 to 360 and observe the display at RF
detector. The variations reading indicates that transmitter and receiver are working and
radiation pattern is formed.

RESULT: The trainer kit is arranged and the functional checks are performed.

29
 10.RADIATION PATTERN OF 3 ELEMENT
YAGI-UDA FOLDED DIPOLE
AIM: To observe the radiation pattern of Yagi-Uda 3-element folded dipole.

APPARATUS:

1) Antenna Trainer
2) Motorized Antenna Unit
3) Receiving Unit Mast
4) RF detector
5) RPP 2661A (s/w)
6) Dual Probe/BNC Cable
7) Yagi-Uda 3-element folded dipole

BLOCK DIAGRAM:

Transmitting Receiving
Antenna Antenna

Antenna Trainer Motorized RF Detector

ST 2261 RF Antenna Unit ST 2261
Generator ST 2261A

Director

Balun enclosure

Active element

Reflector

Fig: Yagi-Uda 3-element folded dipole

30
THEORY:

A Yagi-Uda antenna is familiar as the commonest kind of terrestrial TV antenna to

be found on the roof top of houses. It is usually used at frequencies between 30MHz and
3GHz or a wavelength range of 10m to 10cm. The rod length each and the spacing of the
element are about 1/3 of wavelength. There are three kinds of elements (or rods) mounted
on a longitudinal connecting bar or rod. Its doesn‟t matter if this connecting rod conducts as
it is oriented at right angles to currents in the elements, end to the radiating electric field it
supports little or no current and doesn‟t contribute to radiation. The three types of elements
are the driven element, reflector (3) and directors only the driving element is connected to
the feeder the either elements coupled to the transmitter power through the local
electromagnetic fields which induce currents in them. The driven element is often a folded
dipole which by itself would have a driving point impedance of about 300Ω to the feeder
but it is reduced by the shunting effect of other elements so a typical Yagi-Uda has driving
point impedance in the range 20-90Ω. The maximum gain of a Yagi-Uda antenna is limited
to an amount given approximately by the gain of a dipole (1.66) times the total number of
elements

PROCEDURE:

 Mount Yagi-Uda 3 element folded dipole antenna on the top of transmitting

antenna.
 Main Unit: Place the main unit on the table and connect power chord.
RF generator: Adjust level potentiometer to middle position.
Directional coupler: Select the switch to „FSADJ; potentiometer to middle position
 Install transmitting mast and keep it at some distance from the receiver mast.
 Install receiving mast and keep it at some distance from the transmitter mast
 Place RF detector unit beside the receiving mast and connect it to the receiving
mast using a BNC to BNC
 Keep the base of the transmitting mast such that „0‟ position of goniometer
should be directed towards the RF detector and also align the marker of the mast
with „0‟ position.
 Install detector antenna on the RX mast, keep its direction towards the
transmitter mast by rotating it in counter clock wise direction.
 Install folded dipole antenna on the transmitter mast keep its direction towards
the receiver mast by rotating it in counter clock wise direction.
 Switch on the main unit and check the display in DPM of directional coupler. It
will show some reading according to its level knob at starting.
 Connect a 7.5V adapter to the RF detector unit, switch it ON and keep the level
knob at middle position. It will show some reading according to its level knob at
starting (Incase of over loading, reduce it level potentiometer of a RF detector.)
 Now vary the RF‟s adjust the potentiometer of directional coupler to make the
display reading 100µA and then adjust the level of RF detector to show the ¾
reading of the main unit display.
 Rotate the transmitting antenna between 0o-360o and observe the display at RF
detector. The variation in reading indicates that the transmitter and receiver are
working and radiation patterns formed.
31
OBSERVATIONS
Beam width=
Maximum Gain=
Side lobe Angle=
Angle(θ) Power(dB) Current (µA)

GRAPH:

Now do plot the polar graph for the transmitting antenna, start tracking the reading
at the interval of 5o to 10o and note the reading of RF detection display.

RESULT:

Hence the radiation pattern of 3 element Yagi-Uda element has been observed and
plotted.
Beam Width=
Maximum Gain=
Sidle lobe angle=

VIVA QUESTIONS

1. What is the length of the director when compared to the driven element?

2. What should be the distance between the two directors in Yagi- Uda?

3. Mention few applications of Yagi Uda element?

4. Is yagi uda antenna a narrow band or a broad band element . Why?

5. Explain the importance of the folded dipole in the Yagi- Uda array?

32
 11.RADIATION PATTERN OF 5 ELEMENT
YAGI-UDA FOLDED DIPOLE
AIM: To observe the radiation pattern of Yagi-Uda 5-element folded dipole.

APPARATUS:

8) Antenna Trainer
9) Motorized Antenna Unit
10) Receiving Unit Mast
11) RF detector
12) RPP 2661A (s/w)
13) Dual Probe/BNC Cable
14) Yagi-Uda 5-element folded dipole

BLOCK DIAGRAM:

Transmitting Receiving
Antenna Antenna

Antenna Trainer Motorized RF Detector

ST 2261 RF Antenna Unit ST 2261
Generator ST 2261A

Directors

Balun enclosure

Active element

Reflector

Fig: Yagi-Uda 5-element folded dipole

33
THEORY:

A yagi-uda antenna or array is a directional antenna consisting of a driven element

and additional parasitiic element. The reflector element is slightly longer (5%) than driven
dipole and the directors are shorter. This designa has an increase in directionality and gain
compared to a simple dipole. Highly directional antennas like yagi-uda are referred to as
„Beam antennas‟: due to high gain, but over a rather narrow band width. The lengths of
directors are smaller than of the reflectors according to an eloborate design procedure. The
elements are usually parallel in one plane, supposed on a single crossbar in one plane,
supported on a single croos bar known as boom. The driven element typically a λ/2 dipole
or forlded dipole is directly excited. All the elements are considered parastic and they
reradiate power which thet receive from the driver element. The parastic element can be
considered as a dipole with a gap at its centre, feed point, now instead of attaching the
antenna to the lead, we connect it to short circuit which reflects all of the incident power
1800 out of phase.

PROCEDURE:

 Mount Yagi-Uda5-element folded dipole antenna on the top of transmitting antenna.

 Main Unit: Place the main unit on the table and connect power chord.
RF generator: Adjust level potentiometer to middle position.
Directional coupler: Select the switch to „FSADJ; potentiometer to middle position
 Install transmitting mast and keep it at some distance from the receiver mast.
 Install receiving mast and keep it at some distance from the transmitter mast
 Place RF detector unit beside the receiving mast and connect it to the receiving
mast using a BNC to BNC
 Keep the base of the transmitting mast such that „0‟ position of goniometer
should be directed towards the RF detector and also align the marker of the mast
with „0‟ position.
 Install detector antenna on the RX mast, keep its direction towards the
transmitter mast by rotating it in counter clock wise direction.
 Install folded dipole antenna on the transmitter mast keep its direction towards
the receiver mast by rotating it in counter clock wise direction.
 Switch on the main unit and check the display in DPM of directional coupler. It
will show some reading according to its level knob at starting.
 Connect a 7.5V adapter to the RF detector unit, switch it ON and keep the level
knob at middle position. It will show some reading according to its level knob at
starting (Incase of over loading, reduce it level potentiometer of a RF detector.)
 Now vary the RF‟s adjust the potentiometer of directional coupler to make the
display reading 100µA and then adjust the level of RF detector to show the ¾
reading of the main unit display.
 Rotate the transmitting antenna between 0o-360o and observe the display at RF
detector. The variation in reading indicates that the transmitter and receiver are
working and radiation patterns formed.

34
OBSERVATIONS

Beam width=
Maximum Gain=
Side lobe Angle=
Angle(θ) Power(dB) Current (µA)

GRAPH:

Now do plot the polar graph for the transmitting antenna, start tracking the reading
at the interval of 5o to 10o and note the reading of RF detection display.

RESULT:

Hence the radiation pattern of 5 element Yagi-Uda element has been observed and
plotted.
Beam Width=
Maximum Gain=
Sidle lobe angle=

VIVA QUESTIONS

1. What is the length of the reflector when compared to the driven element?
2. What are the pro and cons or 5 element Yagi-Uda antenna when compared to 3 element
Yagi-Uda antenna
3. Arrange the lengths of the reflector ,director and driven element in an order
4. If a dipole is used as a feed element in the Yagi- Uda array then than what is the
impedance of the dipole element?

35
 12.RADIATION PATTERN OF λ/2 PHASED ARRAY ANTENNA
AIM: To observe the radiation pattern of λ/2 phased array antenna.

APPARATUS:

1) Antenna Trainer
2) Motorized Antenna Unit
3) Receiving Unit Mast
4) RF detector
5) RPP 2661A (s/w)
6) Dual Probe/BNC Cable
7) λ/2 phased array antenna

BLOCK DIAGRAM:

Transmitting Receiving
Antenna Antenna

Antenna Trainer Motorized RF Detector

ST 2261 RF Antenna Unit ST 2261
Generator ST 2261A

D2
λ/4

D1 λ/4

Fig: λ/2 phased array antenna

36
THEORY:
A phased array is an array of antennas in which the relative phases of the respective
signals feeding the antennas are varied in such a way that the effective radiation pattern of
the array is reinforced in a desired direction and suppressed in undesired directions. An
antenna array is a group of multiple active antennas coupled to a common source or load to
produce a directive radiation pattern. Usually the spatial relationship of the individual
antennas contributes to the directivity of the antenna array use of term “active antenna” is
intended to describe elements whose energy output is modified due to presence of a source
energy in the element or an element in which the energy in the element or an element in
which the energy output from a source of energy is controlled by a signal input. One
common application of this is which a standard multiband television camera antenna which
multiple elements coupled together. IN a broad cast engineering phased arrays are required
to be used by many AM broadcast radio stations to enhance signal strengths and therefore
coverage in the city of license, while minimizing interface to the other areas. Phased array
radars are usually used by warship also.

PROCEDURE:

 Mount λ/2 phased array antenna on the top of transmitting antenna.

 Main Unit: Place the main unit on the table and connect power chord.
RF generator: Adjust level potentiometer to middle position.
Directional coupler: Select the switch to „FSADJ; potentiometer to middle position
 Install transmitting mast and keep it at some distance from the receiver mast.
 Install receiving mast and keep it at some distance from the transmitter mast
 Place RF detector unit beside the receiving mast and connect it to the receiving
mast using a BNC to BNC
 Keep the base of the transmitting mast such that „0‟ position of goniometer
should be directed towards the RF detector and also align the marker of the mast
with „0‟ position.
 Install detector antenna on the RX mast, keep its direction towards the
transmitter mast by rotating it in counter clock wise direction.
 Install folded dipole antenna on the transmitter mast keep its direction towards
the receiver mast by rotating it in counter clock wise direction.
 Switch on the main unit and check the display in DPM of directional coupler. It
will show some reading according to its level knob at starting.
 Connect a 7.5V adapter to the RF detector unit, switch it ON and keep the level
knob at middle position. It will show some reading according to its level knob at
starting (Incase of over loading, reduce it level potentiometer of a RF detector.)
 Now vary the RF‟s adjust the potentiometer of directional coupler to make the
display reading 100µA and then adjust the level of RF detector to show the ¾
reading of the main unit display.
 Rotate the transmitting antenna between 0o-360o and observe the display at RF
detector. The variation in reading indicates that the transmitter and receiver are
working and radiation patterns formed.
37
OBSERVATIONS
Beam width=
Maximum Gain=
Side lobe Angle=
Angle(θ) Power(dB) Current (µA)

GRAPH:

Now do plot the polar graph for the transmitting antenna, start tracking the reading
at the interval of 5o to 10o and note the reading of RF detection display.

RESULT:

Hence the radiation pattern of λ/2 phased array antenna has been observed and
plotted.
Beam Width=
Maximum Gain=
Sidle lobe angle=

VIVA QUESTIONS

1. What are the application of the phased array element

2. What is a broad side array

3. What is an end fire array

4. What is a binomial array and explain how the elements are excited?

5. What is the maximum and minimum spacing between the elements in a broad side
array.

38
 13. MAGIC – TEE AS MIXER

AIM: To construct a Mixer using Magic - Tee.

APPARATUS:

1) Micro wave source ------ 2 No‟s

2) Klystron Mount ---------- 2 No‟s
3) Isolator -------------------- 2 No‟s
4) Variable Attenuator ----- 2 No‟s
5) Magic – Tee -------------- 1 No
6) Matched termination ----- 1 No

PROCEDURE:

 Arrange the bench setup as shown in fig.

 Apply the signal 1 at port 4, signal 2 at port 3 of the Magic – Tee.
 Measure the output signal at port 2.
 From the output verify the Mixer operation.

MICROWAVE VARIABLE
SOURCE -1 ISOLATOR ATTENUATOR

MIXED
MATCHED SIGNAL
TERMINATION MAGIC TEE
OUTPUT

MICROWAVE VARIABLE
SOURCE -2 ISOLATOR ATTENUATOR

BENCH SETUP DIAGRAM OF MIXER:

RESULT:

Thus Mixer using Magic – Tee was constructed and verified.

39
 14. CIRCULATOR AS MIXER

AIM:

To construct a Mixer using Circulator.

APPARATUS:

1. Micro wave source ------ 2 No‟s

2. Klystron Mount ---------- 2 No‟s
3. Isolator -------------------- 2 No‟s
4. Variable Attenuator ----- 2 No‟s
5. Circulator ----------------- 1 No
6. Power Detector ---------- 1 No‟s
PROCEDURE:

1. Arrange the bench setup as shown in fig.

2. Apply the signal 1 at port 1 and signal 2 at port 3 of the
circulator.
3. Measure the output signal at port 2.
4. From the output verify the Mixer operation.

MICROWAVE VARIABLE
ISOLATOR -1
SOURCE -1 ATTENUATOR-
1

CIRCULAT DETECTOR
OR

MICROWAVE VARIABLE
ISOLATOR -2
SOURCE -2 ATTENUATOR-
2

BENCH SETUP DIAGRAM OF CIRCULATOR AS DUPLEXER

RESULT:
Thus Mixer using Circulator was constructed and verified.

40
VIVA QUESTIONS

1. What are the two basic types of Tee junctions?

2. Why is the E-type Tee junction so named?

3. What is the output and the primary arms if the input is fed at the Tee arm of the H-
plane T junction

4. What is the length of the slot in the E-Plane Tee junction

5. The magic-T is composed of what two basic types of T junctions?

6. Why is the hybrid T called as a magic Tee junction?

7. What are the primary disadvantages of the magic-Tee?

8. What type of junctions are formed where the arms of a hybrid ring meet the main ring?

9. Hybrid rings are used primarily for what purpose?

41
 15. WAVE GUIDE PARAMETERS MEASUREMENT

AIM:
To measure the Q – factor of the given wave guide.

COMPONENTS REQUIRED:

1. Microwave source (klystron power supply)

2. Klystron Mount
3. Isolator
4. Variable Attenuator
5. Frequency meter
6. DUT
7. Power Detector
PROCEDURE:

1.Arrange the bench setup as shown in figure.

2.Vary the signal frequency in such a way that the maximum output is obtained in
the detector.
3.This is due to the fact that DUT is having resonant frequency fo.
4.Now vary the frequency to obtain to obtain the half power frequency by varying
the frequency of the signal.
5.In the similar way find other frequency end.
6.Using lower and upper cut – off frequencies calculate the bandwidth and Q –
factor using the below equation.
Q = fo / bandwidth

MICRO VARIABLE
WAVE ISOLATOR ATTENTUATOR FREQUENCY
METER DUT Detector
SOURCE

BENCH SETUP DIAGRAM OF WAVE GUIDE PARAMETERS MEASUREMENT

RESULT: Thus the Q – factor of the given cavity was determined and verified.
42
16. DESIGN OF RECTANGULAR MICROSTRIP PATCH ANTENNA
WITH COAXIAL PROBE FEEDING

AIM
To design and simulate rectangular microstrip patch antenna with coaxial probe
feeding technique for the frequency f=3.5GHz.

SOFTWARE REQUIRED

HFSS 13.0 software in PC.

THEORY

HFSS is a commercial finite element method solver for electromagnetic structures

from ANSYS. ANSYS HFSS is a 3D electromagnetic simulation software for
designing and simulating high frequency electronics products such as antennas,
antenna arrays, RF or microwave components, high speed interconnects, filters,
connectors, IC packages and printed circuit boards. Engineers worldwide use
ANSYS HFSS to design high frequency, high speed electronics found in
communications systems, radar systems, advanced driver assistance systems,
satellites, internet of things (IOT) products and other high speed RF and digital
devices.
ANSYS HFSS is the premier EM tool for R&D and virtual design
prototyping. It reduces design cycle time and boosts your products reliability, and
performance. HFSS is synonymous with gold standard accuracy and reliability for
tracking 3D EM challenges by virtue of its automatic adaptive meshing technique
and sophisticated solvers, which can be accelerated through high performance
computing technology.
Microstrip Patch antennas can be fed by a variety of methods. These methods can
be classified into 2 categories.
1. Contacting method: The RF power is fed directly to the radiating patch using
connecting elements such as a microstrip line or coaxial probe.
2. Non Contacting method: Electromagnetic field coupling is done to transfer
power between the microstrip line & the radiating patch such as aperture
coupling and proximity coupling.

Coaxial Probe feed:

Coaxial feeding is feeding method in which that the inner conductor
of the coaxial is attached to the radiation patch of the antenna while the outer
conductor is connected to the ground plane. Due to its advantages such as easy of
fabrication and low spurious radiation, we use this feeding technique. It introduces
an inductance into the feed that may need to be taken into account if the height h
gets large.

43
 Fig.1: Coaxial Probe feed Microstrip Patch Antenna

PROCEDURE

 Open HFSS software and Insert new HFSS design.

 Adjust the co-ordinates.
 Create a ground plane(Rectangular 2D).
 Create a dielectric substrate with FR4_Epoxy material with same size of ground
plane with z-height 1.6mm.
 Create patch and coaxial stripline of given dimensions.
 Create coaxial feed by:
a) Creating the slot on the ground plane, circle shape
b) Click on cylinder and create outer part of feed.
c) Click on cylinder and give dimensions as pin (inner part of coaxial touching
the ground).
d) Click on cylinder and give dimensions as probe.
e) Pin and probe are pec material.
f) Then close the circle slot by taking circle shape.
 Then give feed at the closed circle (wave port).
 Now give the perfect E to ground and patch.
 Then create radiation box on the ground and give radiation. The radiation should be
given to all the faces except at ground.
 Assign frequency and no. of passes.
 Now add freq sweep – fast – linear count.
 Now check validation and analyze all.
 Then go to results – Create model solution – rectangular plot – new report. Plot both
Return loss and VSWR.

44
  Then click HFSS – click radiation – click far field – infinite sphere and give values
to phi and theta.

 Then click on results and create far field.

 Click plot of 3D – gain-dB – new report.

DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS

Parameters Width Length Height Position

Ground plane 60mm 60mm - (-30,-30,0)

Dielectric 60mm 60mm 1.6mm (-30,-30,0)

Patch 26.082mm 19.987mm - (-13.041,-9.9935,

1.6)
Radiation box 60mm 60mm 100mm (-30,-30,0)

Parameters Radius Height Position

Slot 1.6 - (0,5,0)

Coax 1.6 -2 (0,5,0)

Pin 0.8 -2 (0,5,0)

Probe 0.8 1.6 (0,5,0)

Closed slot/source 1.6 - (0,5,-2)

PRECAUTIONS

 Make sure whether the excitation is correctly given or not.

 Make sure about the given boundaries and the feed should be given properly.

RESULT
Designed and simulated rectangular patch antenna with coaxial feed and observed
the Return loss, VSWR and Gain plots.
For freq=3.4422GHz,
Return loss (dB): -17.3482
VSWR: 1.3231
Gain: 3.9916dB

45
Fig.2: Return Loss Plot

Fig.3: VSWR Plot

46
Fig.4: 3D Gain Plot

47
17. DESIGN OF RECTANGULAR MICROSTRIP PATCH ANTENNA
USING STRIPLINE FEED

AIM
To design and simulate rectangular microstrip patch antenna for the frequency
3GHz using stripline feed.

SOFTWARE REQUIRED

HFSS 13.0 software in PC.

THEORY

Microstrip patch antennas have more advantages and better prospects

compared to conventional antennas, such as lighter in weight, low volume, low cost,
low profile, smaller in dimension and ease of fabrication and conformity. Moreover,
the microstrip patch antennas can provide frequency agility, broad band-width,
feedline flexibility and beam scanning omnidirectional patterning. In its basic form,
a microstrip Patch antenna consists of a radiating patch on one side of a dielectric
substrate which has a ground plane on the other side.

The patch is normally made of conducting material such as copper or gold

and can take any possible shape. The radiating patch and the feed lines are usually
photo etched on the dielectric substrate.

Feeding Techniques to Microstrip Antennas:

The four most popular feed techniques used are the microstrip line, coaxial probe
(both contacting schemes), aperture coupling and proximity coupling (both
noncontacting schemes).
Microstrip (Offset Microstrip) Line Feed
In this type of feed technique, a conducting strip is connected directly to the edge
of the microstrip patch. The conducting strip is smaller in width as compared to the
patch. This kind of feed arrangement has the advantage that the feed can be etched
on the same substrate to provide a planar structure. An inset cut can be incorporated
into the patch in order to obtain good impedance matching without the need for any
additional matching element. This is achieved by properly controlling the inset
position.
Hence this is an easy feeding technique, since it provides ease of fabrication
and simplicity in modeling as well as impedance matching. However as the
thickness of the dielectric substrate increases, surface waves and spurious feed
radiation also increases, which hampers the bandwidth of the antenna. This type of
feeding technique results in undesirable cross polarization effects.

48
 Fig.1: Rectangular microstrip patch antenna fusing stripline feed.

PROCEDURE

 Open HFSS software in PC and click on to insert HFSS design.

 Adjust the coordinate axis system in xy plane.
 Create a ground plane by click on rectangle and give dimensions.
 Create a dielectric box by click on box and give dimensions.
 Create a patch by click on rectangle and give dimensions and create
stripline by click on rectangle and unite both.
 Click on HFSS -click on analysis setup then give frequency and number of
passes then click on add solution sweep give fast and linear count.
 Create feed by click on rectangle in zx plane and give dimensions and
excitation as lumped port.
 Give perfect e boundary condition to both ground and patch.
 Create radiation box by click on box and give dimensions and radiation to it.
 Click on validation check.
 Then click on analyze all.
 Now click on results-create model solution-plot both return loss and vswr.

49
CALCULATIONS

V0=3*108m/s, fr=3GHz, for FR4 epoxy εr=4.4, h=1.6mm

Width =( V0/2fr)*((2/( εr+1))1/2)

= 30.423mm
=((3*108)/(2*3*109))* ((2/( 4.4+1))1/2)

-1/2
εreff =((εr+1)/2)+(((εr-1)/2)*[1+12*(h/w)]

=((4.4+1)/2)+ (((4.4-1)/2)*[1+12*(1.6m/30.423m)]-1/2) = 4.031 mm

Δl =0.412h*(( εreff+0.3)*((w/h)+0.264)) ÷ (( εreff-

0.258)*((w/h)+0.8))

=0.412*1.6m*((4.031+0.3)* ((30.423m/1.6m)+0.264)) ÷ ((4.4- = 7.3622*10-4

0.258)*((30.423m/1.6m)+0.8)) mm

L=C/(2fr(εreff)1/2)-2Δl

= (3*108)/(2*3*109(4.4)1/2)-2*7.3622*10-4) = 23.43mm.

DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS

Parameter Width(x) Length(y) Height(z) Position

Ground plane 50mm 50mm - -25,-25,0
Dielectric 50mm 50mm 1.6mm -25,-25,0
Patch 30.423mm 23.43mm - -15.2115,-
11.715,1.6
Stripline feed 2mm -14mm - -1,-14,1.6
Radiation box 100mm 100mm 30mm -50,-50,-15

PRECAUTIONS

 Make sure whether the excitation is correctly given or not.

 Make sure about the given boundaries and the feed should be given properly.

RESULT
Designed and simulated rectangular patch antenna using stripline feed and observed the
Return loss, VSWR plots.
For frequency=2.9447GHz,
Return loss (dB): -23.0256
VSWR: 1.1519

50
Fig.2: Return Loss PLot

Fig.3: VSWR Plot

51
Fig.4: 3D Gain Plot

52
 18. DESIGN OF RECTANGULAR MICRO STRIP PATCH ANTENNA WITH
U-SHAPED SLOT FED WITH STRIP LINE

AIM
To design and simulateU-shaped Slot Rectangular Micro strip Patch Antenna with
strip line feed working at operational frequency 5 GHz

APPARATUS
HFSS 13.0 installed P.C

THEORY
HFSS is a commercial Finite Element Method solver for electromagnetic structures
from ANSYS. The acronym stands for high-frequency structure simulator. HFSS is
one of several commercial tools used for antenna design, and the design of
complex RF electronic circuit elements including filters, transmission lines, and
packaging.
U-shaped slot micro strip patch antenna operates at the multiple frequencies of 7.5
GHz and 5 GHz. This antenna has the capability of wide bandwidth and for dual
band applications. The substrate used for making antenna is FR4-epoxy that has a
relative permittivity of 4.4 and having a dielectric loss tangent of 0.02.
In this experiment strip line feeding technique is used. In strip line feeding, a strip
like structure from the patch to the substrate is placed and then lumped port is
assigned to it (XZ-axis). In this experiment parameters like gain, directivity and
return loss of U-shaped slot micro strip patch antenna which are analysed and
simulated.

Fig.1: U-shaped Slot Rectangular Micro strip Patch Antenna with strip line feed

53
PROCEDURE
 Open HFSS software and insert new HFSS software.
 Create a ground plane using rectangle.
 Create dielectric box with same dimensions of ground and Z as 1.6mm and make
material as FR4-epoxy.
 Create Patch and make a U slot on it by using 3 rectangles. First unite them and then
subtract them from the patch
 Create strip line of given dimensions and give excitation as perfect E.
 Now create a feed along ZX plane of given dimensions and apply feed i.e., lumped
port. Verify whether line is defined or not.
 Now create a radiation box such that antenna is exactly at its middle and excite box
with radiation.
 Now go to analysis setup-add operating frequency and number of passes
 Now add frequency sweep i.e., fast and linear count
 Go for validate check, if all are correct then click on analyse all
 For results go to HFSS -> create model solution -> rectangular plot -> new plot for
reflection coefficient and return loss
 For gain plot first go to HFSS -> radiation -> far field radiation and adjust
o Start and stop values of phi and theta as -180 degrees to 180 degrees and 0 to
360 degrees respectively. Step size as 10 for phi and 5 for theta
 Again go to results-> create far field report-> 3D polar plot->Gain
 Observe the output graphs, verify the frequency and corresponding value

DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS

PARAMETER WIDTH(X) LENGTH(Y) HEIGHT(Z) POSITION

Ground 30 30 - -15,-15,0
Dielectric 30 30 1.6 -15,-15,0
Patch 18.253 13.763 - -9.12,-6.88, 1.6
Feed line 10 -9 - -0.5,-6,1.6
Radiation box 80 80 40 -40,-40,-20
Rectangle 1 1 -10 - -6,5,1.6
Rectangle 2 -1 -8 - 6,5,1.6
Rectangle 3 11 -1 - -5,-4,1.6

54
PRECAUTIONS
 Make sure all excitations are given.
 Make sure outer box is excited with radiation box.

RESULT
A U shaped slot patch micro strip feed patch antenna is designed simulated at
operating frequency of 5GHz using HFSS and output graphs of return loss, VSWR
and Gain are verified.

Fig.2: Return Loss Plot

Fig.3: VSWR Plot

55
Fig.4: 3D Gain Plot

56
 19. DESIGN OF MICROSTRIP TRAINGULAR PATCH ANTENNA
USING CO-AXIAL FEED

AIM
Design and simulation of triangular patch antenna for 2.7GHz frequency
using co-axial probe feeding.

APPARATUS
HFSS software version 13.0

THEORY
HFSS is a commercial finite element method solver for electromagnetic structures
from ANSYS. ANSYS HFSS is a 3D electromagnetic simulation software for
designing and simulating high frequency electronics products such as antennas,
antenna arrays, RF or microwave components, high speed interconnects, filters,
connectors, IC packages and printed circuit boards. Engineers worldwide use
ANSYS HFSS to design high frequency, high speed electronics found in
communications systems, radar systems, advanced driver assistance systems,
satellites, internet of things (IOT) products and other high speed RF and digital
devices.
ANSYS HFSS is the premier EM tool for R&D and virtual
design prototyping. It reduces design cycle time and boosts your products
reliability, and performance. HFSS is synonymous with gold standard accuracy and
reliability for tracking 3D EM challenges by virtue of its automatic adaptive
meshing technique and sophisticated solvers, which can be accelerated through high
performance computing technology.

Microstrip antennas were first proposed in 1950‟s.The greatest interest in

microstrip antennas, leading development and research started in 1950‟s.

 It is a metallic path placed on dielectric material and supported by ground

plane.
 It could be easily fabricated on printed circuit board.
 It is most widely used antenna.
 Installation is very due to low size,weight, and cost.

There are two feeding methods for microstrip patch antenna
 Contacting Type
 Non-Contacting Type

In contacting type there are two methods
 Line feed microstrip
 Probe feed microstrip

57
 In non-contacting type there are two methods
 Proximity feed microstrip
 Aperture feed microstrip

A Microstrip antenna consists of conducting patch on a ground plane separated by

dielectric substrate which can be in various shapes as presented in the figure below

Fig.1: Microstrip Patch Antenna

Fig.2: Different shapes of patch

58
DESIGN VIEW

Fig.3: Triangular patch antenna using co-axial probe feeding.

59
PROCEEDURE

 Insert new HFSS design

 Adjust the coordinate system.
 Create ground plane.
 Create a substrate with 1.6mm height.
 Create square patch with 30x30 dimensions on the substrate .
 Now click on polyline and draw two triangles on both the sides from center of the
topside to the one end of bottom line.
 Now a main triangular patch is formed with small triangles on the adjacent sides.
 Now the adjacent triangles are subtracted from the main patch so that the required
triangular patch is formed.
 Now make a hole on the ground plane according to the given dimensions.
 Insert co-axial cable with a certain height below the ground plane.
 Now insert the probe and pin with half of the radius.
 Now give the wave port feed at the closing circle of the bottom side of the co-axial.
 Now insert the radiation box above the ground plane and give excitation as perfect
E to all sides of radiation box except the base side.
 Now give boundaries to ground plane and patch.
 Go to validation check, and analyze all and plot the return loss, VSWR, gain plot.

PRECAUTIONS

 Assign boundary conditions and excitations to the respective planes properly.

 The base of radiation box should not be given boundary condition.

RESULT

Designed and simulated a microstrip triangular patch antenna using co-axial feed
and plotted the return loss, VSWR, gain plot.

60
 Fig.4:
Return Loss Plot

Fig.5:
VSWR plot

61
 Fig.6:
3D Gain Plot

VIVA QUESTIONS

1. Mention different types of the techniques used to feed the microstrip patch antenna and
give the significance of each?

2. Mention the type of feeding that requires two substrates separated by a ground plane?

3. What are the different shape of the patch?

4. List the Pro and cons of using the microstrip patch antenna compared to conventional
antenna

5. Mentions few application of patch antenna

6. What does FEM stands for?

7. What is the significance of cutting the slots in a radiating patch

8. What are the effect of the substrate on the band width of the antenna

9. What are fringing fields and what are its effect in case of the MSPA?

62
63