Cloud Computing

Unit-I
Introduction to Cloud Computing

By. Dr. Samta Gajbhiye

 Workstation
➢ Workstation, a high-performance computer system that is basically
designed for a single user and has advanced graphics capabilities, large
storage capacity, and a powerful central processing unit.

➢ A workstation is more capable than a personal computer (PC) but is less

advanced than a server (which can manage a large network
of peripheral PCs or workstations and handle immense data-processing
and reporting tasks).

➢ The term workstation was also sometimes ascribed to dumb terminals

(i.e., those without any processing capacity) that were connected
to mainframe computers.

➢ A workstation is a special computer designed for technical

or scientific applications. Intended primarily to be used by a single
user, they are commonly connected to a local area network and run multi-
user operating systems.
 Mainframe Computer

➢ Mainframe, digital computer designed for high-speed data

processing with heavy use of input/output units such as large-
capacity disks and printers.

➢ Mainframes have been used for such applications as payroll

computations, accounting, business transactions, information retrieval,
airline seat reservations, and scientific and engineering computations.

➢ Mainframe systems, with remote “dumb” terminals, have been

displaced in many applications by client-server architecture.

➢ The mainframe era collapsed with the advent of fast and inexpensive
microprocessorss
 Client-Server

➢A server is a software or hardware device that accepts and responds to

requests made over a network.

➢Client: The device that makes the request, and receives a response from
the server, is called a client.

➢On the Internet, the term "server" commonly refers to the computer
system that receives requests for a web files and sends those files to the
client.

➢Usually, users connect to a server using its domain name, which is

registered with a domain name registrar. When users connect to the
domain name (such as “irctc.com"), the name is automatically translated to
the server's IP address by a DNS resolver.
 Super Computer

A supercomputer is a computer with a high level of performance

as compared to a general-purpose computer.

The performance of a supercomputer is commonly measured in

floating-point operations per second (FLOPS) instead of million
instructions per second (MIPS).
 Introduction

• The ACM Computing Curricula 2005 defined "computing" as

• "In a general way, we can define computing to mean any goal-

oriented activity requiring, benefiting from, or creating computers.
Thus, computing includes designing and building hardware and
software systems for a wide range of purposes; processing,
structuring, and managing various kinds of information; doing
scientific studies using computers; making computer systems
behave intelligently; creating and using communications and
entertainment media; finding and gathering information relevant
to any particular purpose, and so on. The list is virtually endless,
and the possibilities are vast."
Trends in Computing/Computing Paradigm Distinctions

• Centralized Computing
• Parallel Computing
• Distributed Computing
• Grid Computing
• Cluster Computing
• Utility Computing
• Cloud Computing
 Distributed Computing
Centralized vs. Distributed Computing
 Centralized computing

➢ This is a computing paradigm by which all computer resources are

centralized in one physical system.

➢ All resources (processors, memory, and storage) are fully shared and tightly
coupled within one integrated OS.

➢ Early computing was performed on a single processor. Uni-processor

computing can be called centralized computing.

➢ Many data centers and supercomputers are centralized systems, but they
are used in parallel, distributed, and cloud computing applications
 Parallel computing

➢ A computer system capable of parallel computing is commonly known as a

parallel computer
➢ Programs running in a parallel computer are called parallel programs.
➢ The process of writing parallel programs is often referred to as parallel
programming
➢ In parallel computing, all processors are either tightly coupled with
centralized shared memory or loosely coupled with distributed memory.
➢ Interprocessor communication is accomplished through shared memory or
via message passing. 22
 Comparison

➢ Centralized Computing: All resources (processors, memory, and storage)

are fully shared and tightly coupled within one integrated OS.

➢ In parallel computing, all processors are either tightly coupled with

centralized shared memory or loosely coupled with distributed memory.
 Distributed Computing/System?
• Distributed system
➢ A distributed system consists of multiple autonomous computers, each
having its own private memory, communicating through a computer
network.
➢ Information exchange in a distributed system is accomplished through
message passing.
➢ A computer program that runs in a distributed system is known as a
distributed program.
➢ The process of writing distributed programs is referred to as distributed
programming.
➢ Operating System Concept
▪ The processors communicate with one another through various
communication lines, such as high-speed buses or telephone lines.
▪ Each processor has its own local memory.
➢ Distributed computing
▪ Field of computing science that studies distributed system.
▪ Use of distributed systems to solve computational problems.
 Example Distributed Systems

• Internet
• ATM (bank) machines
• Intranets/Workgroups
 Common properties of Distributed Computing
➢ Fault tolerance
▪ When one or some nodes fails, the whole system can still work fine except
performance.
▪ Need to check the status of each node
➢ Each node play partial role
▪ Each computer has only a limited, incomplete view of the system.
▪ Each computer may know only one part of the input.
➢ Resource sharing
▪ Each user can share the computing power and storage resource in the system
with other users
➢ Load Sharing
▪ Dispatching several tasks to each nodes can help share loading to the whole
system.
➢ Easy to expand
▪ We expect to use few time when adding nodes. Hope to spend no time if
possible.
➢ Performance
▪ Parallel computing can be considered a subset of distributed computing
 Why Distributed Computing?

➢ Performance
▪ Computing intensive
✓ The task could consume a lot of time on computing. For example,
Computation of Pi value using Monte Carlo simulation
▪ Data intensive
✓ The task that deals with a large amount or large size of files. For
example, Facebook, LHC(Large Hadron Collider) experimental data
processing.

➢ Robustness
▪ No SPOF (Single Point Of Failure)
▪ Other nodes can execute the same task executed on failed node.
 Comparison

➢ Centralized Computing: All resources (processors, memory, and storage)

are fully shared and tightly coupled within one integrated OS.

➢ In parallel computing, all processors are either tightly coupled with

centralized shared memory or loosely coupled with distributed memory.

➢ Distributed Computing: A distributed system consists of multiple

autonomous computers, each having its own private memory,
communicating through a computer network.
Grid Computing
 Grid Computing?

Definition By IBM

➢Grid computing enables the virtualization of distributed computing and

data resources such as processing, network bandwidth and storage capacity
to create a single system image, granting users and applications seamless
access to vast IT capabilities.

➢Just as an Internet user views a unified instance of content via the Web, a
grid user essentially sees a single, large virtual computer

➢The computers used in a grid are primarily workstations, servers, clusters,

and supercomputers
 Electrical Power Grid Analogy

Electrical Power Grid Computing Grid

• Users (or electrical appliances) •Users (or client applications) gain
get access to electricity access to computing resources
through wall sockets with no (processors, storage, data, applications,
care or consideration for and so on) as needed with little or no
where or how the electricity is knowledge of where those resources are
actually generated. located or what the underlying
technologies, hardware, operating
system, and so on are.

• “The power grid” links •“The Grid" links together computing

together power plants of resources (PCs, workstations, servers,
many different kinds storage elements) and provides the
mechanism needed to access them.
 Need of Grid Computing?

➢ Today’s Science/Research is based on computations, data analysis, data

visualization & collaborations

➢ Computer Simulations & Modelling are more cost effective than

experimental methods

➢ Scientific and Engineering problems are becoming more complex & users
need more accurate, precise solutions to their problems in shortest possible
time

➢ Data Visualization is becoming very important

➢ Exploiting under-utilized resources

 Who uses Grid Computing ?

• Crystallography, branch of science that deals with the arrangement and bonding of atoms in
crystalline solids and with the geometric structure of crystal lattices.

▪Characterization, when used in materials science, refers to the broad and general process by
which a material's structure and properties are explored and measured
 Comparison
➢ Centralized Computing: All resources (processors, memory, and storage)
are fully shared and tightly coupled within one integrated OS.

➢ In parallel computing, all processors are either tightly coupled with

centralized shared memory or loosely coupled with distributed memory.

➢ Distributed Computing: A distributed system consists of multiple

autonomous computers, each having its own private memory,
communicating through a computer network.

➢ Grid Computing enables the virtualization of distributed computing and

data resources such as processing, network bandwidth and storage capacity
to create a single system image, granting users and applications seamless
access to vast IT capabilities.
 What is Cluster Computing?

➢ A cluster is a type of parallel or distributed computer system, which

consists of a collection of inter-connected stand-alone computers
working together as a single integrated computing resource .

➢ Key components of a cluster include multiple standalone computers

(PCs, Workstations, or SMPs), operating systems, high-performance
interconnects, middleware, parallel programming environments, and
applications.

➢ Clusters are usually deployed to improve speed and/or reliability over

that provided by a single computer, while typically being much more
cost effective than single computer
 Comparison

➢ Centralized Computing: All resources (processors, memory, and storage)

are fully shared and tightly coupled within one integrated OS.
➢ In parallel computing, all processors are either tightly coupled with
centralized shared memory or loosely coupled with distributed memory.
➢ Distributed Computing: A distributed system consists of multiple
autonomous computers, each having its own private memory,
communicating through a computer network.
➢ Grid Computing enables the virtualization of distributed computing and
data resources such as processing, network bandwidth and storage capacity
to create a single system image, granting users and applications seamless
access to vast IT capabilities.
➢ A cluster is a type of parallel or distributed computer system, which consists
of a collection of inter-connected stand-alone computers working together
as a single integrated computing resource .
 Utility Computing

➢Utility Computing is purely a concept which cloud computing practically

implements.
➢Utility computing is a service provisioning model in which a service provider
makes computing resources and infrastructure management available to the
customer as needed, and charges them for specific usage rather than a flat
rate.
➢Utility computing describes a business model for on-demand delivery of
computing power; consumers pay providers based on usage (“payas-you-
go”), similar to the way in which we currently obtain services from
traditional public utility services such as water, electricity, gas, and
telephony.
➢This model has the advantage of a low or no initial cost to acquire computer
resources; instead, computational resources are essentially rented.
➢The word utility is used to make an analogy to other services, such as
electrical power, that seek to meet fluctuating customer needs, and charge
for the resources based on usage rather than on a flat-rate basis. This
approach, sometimes known as pay-per-use
 Comparison
➢Centralized Computing: All resources (processors, memory, and storage) are
fully shared and tightly coupled within one integrated OS.
➢In parallel computing, all processors are either tightly coupled with
centralized shared memory or loosely coupled with distributed memory.
➢Distributed Computing: A distributed system consists of multiple
autonomous computers, each having its own private memory,
communicating through a computer network.
➢Grid Computing enables the virtualization of distributed computing and
data resources such as processing, network bandwidth and storage capacity
to create a single system image, granting users and applications seamless
access to vast IT capabilities.
➢A cluster is a type of parallel or distributed computer system, which consists
of a collection of inter-connected stand-alone computers working together
as a single integrated computing resource .
➢Utility Computing is purely a concept which cloud computing practically
implements. Utility Computing is purely a concept which cloud computing
practically implements. It is a service provisioning model. It describes a
business model for on-demand delivery of computing power; consumers pay
providers based on usage
 Cloud Definition

US National Institute of Standards and Technology defines Computing as

Cloud computing is a model for enabling ubiquitous, convenient, on-demand
network access to a shared pool of configurable computing resources (e.g
networks, servers, storage, applications, and services) that can be rapidly
provisioned and released with minimal management effort or service provider
interaction.
 Cloud Computing Cont…..
• NIST’s Cloud Computing Definition and Model: NIST’s cloud model
(definition) is composed of:
➢Five essential characteristics
➢Three service models
➢Four deployment models

▪ Technologies such as cluster, grid, and now, cloud computing, have all
aimed at allowing access to large amounts of computing power in a fully
virtualized manner, by aggregating resources and offering a single system
view.

▪ Cloud Computing denotes a model on which a computing infrastructure is

viewed as a “cloud,” from which businesses and individuals access
applications from anywhere in the world on demand .
 Convergence of various advances leading
to the advent of cloud computing

A Mashup (also known as web application hybrid), is a technique that websites use to
provide resources, functionalities, and services from multiple sources.
 History of Cloud Computing

Docker is a software platform that allows you to build, test, and deploy applications quickly. Docker
packages software into standardized units called containers that have everything the software needs
to run including libraries, system tools, code, and runtime.
History Cont……
 History Cont……
➢Before emerging the cloud computing, there was Client/Server computing
which is basically a centralized storage in which all the software applications,
all the data and all the controls are resided on the server side.

➢If a single user wants to access specific data or run a program, he/she need
to connect to the server and then gain appropriate access, and then he/she
can do his/her business. But it has many disadvantages.

➢Then after, distributed computing came into picture, where all the
computers are networked together and share their resources when needed.

➢On the basis of above computing, there was emerged of cloud computing
concepts that later implemented.
 History Cont……
➢During 1961, John MacCharty delivered his speech at MIT that “Computing
Can be sold as a Utility, like Water and Electricity.” According to John
MacCharty it was a brilliant idea.
➢ But people at that time don’t want to adopt this technology. They thought
the technology they are using efficient enough for them. So, this concept of
computing was not appreciated much so and very less research were on it.

➢ But as the time fleet the technology caught the idea after few years this idea
is implemented. So, this is implemented by Salesforce.com in 1999. This
company started delivering an enterprise application over the internet and
this way the boom of Cloud Computing was started.
[An enterprise application is the phrase used to describe applications (or
software) that a business would use to assist the organization in solving
enterprise problems. When the word “ enterprise ” is combined with “
application ,” it usually refers to a software platform that is too large and too
complex for individual or small business use. Eg: Accounting and Billing,
Business Intelligence, Enterprise Content Management, Customer Relationship
Management, Enterprise Resource Planning and so on]
 History Cont……

➢ In 2002, Amazon started Amazon Web Services (AWS), Amazon provided

storage, computation over the internet. In 2006 Amazon launched Elastic
Compute Cloud Commercial Service which is open for Everybody to use.

➢ After that in 2009, Google Play also started providing Cloud Computing
Enterprise Application.

➢ In 2009, Microsoft launched Microsoft Azure and after that other

companies like Alibaba, IBM, Oracle, HP also introduces their Cloud
Services. In today the Cloud Computing become very popular and important
skill.
 Vision of Cloud Computing
Cloud computing provides the facility to provision virtual hardware, runtime
environment and services to a users. These all things can be used as long as
they are needed by the user. The whole collection of computing system is
transformed into collection of utilities, which can be provisioned and
composed together to deploy systems in hours rather than days, with no
maintenance cost. These are following Vision of Cloud Computing :

1. The long term vision of a cloud computing is that IT services are traded as
utilities in an open market without technological and legal barriers.

2. In the future, we can imagine that it will be possible to find the solution
that matches with our requirements by simply entering out request in a
global digital market that trades with cloud computing services.

3. The existence of such digital market will enable the automation of

discovery process and its integration into its existing software systems.
 Vision of Cloud Computing Cont…

4. Due to the existence of a global platform for trading, cloud services will
also help service providers to potentially increase their revenue.

5. A cloud provider can also be a buyer of a competitive service i.e A cloud

provider can also become a consumer of a competition service in order to
fulfill its promises to customers.

6. The presence of this market will enable the acquisition process to

automatically integrate with its integration into its existing software
applications.
 Cloud infrastructure
➢ Cloud infrastructure consists of servers, storage devices, network, cloud
management software, deployment software, and platform virtualization.

➢ Hypervisor: Hypervisor is a firmware or low-level program that acts as a

Virtual Machine Manager. It allows to share the single physical instance of
cloud resources between several tenants.
[In computing, firmware is a specific class of computer software that provides the low-
level control for a device's specific hardware. Firmware, such as the BIOS of a personal
computer, may contain basic functions of a device, and may provide hardware abstraction
services to higher-level software such as operating systems.]
 NIST’s Five Characteristics of Cloud Computing
The five essential characteristics of a cloud service to create the cloud
computing infrastructure. It includes a physical layer of hardware resources
and an abstraction layer which consists of the software deployed across the
physical layer. These attributes are:

• On-Demand Self-Service: Self-service means that the cloud user can

acquire the service on their own without having to go through an IT
department, call center, or other middle man.

To support self-service:
➢The cloud provider must provide an automated interface, such as a
web portal or mobile app.
➢The user should be able to request the interface at any time.
➢The user should also be able to cancel the cloud service at any time.

• Broad Network Access

➢The cloud service must be broadly available over the communication
network, and users should be able to access it from any location and
internet-enabled device.
 Characteristics of Cloud Computing Cont…….
• Resource Pooling
➢Multiple customers share the cloud service resources in a multi-
tenancy model. This model raises privacy and security concerns, so users
must protect their cloud data and assets by taking all necessary security
precautions.
• Rapid Elasticity
➢Elasticity refers to the flexibility of the cloud service to scale up or
down automatically to meet the user’s needs. That allows the user to
access the right level and kind of resources, including processing power,
memory, network bandwidth, and storage, to accommodate the user’s
varying workloads.
• Measured Service
➢A measured cloud service provides a metering capability that
underpins the provider’s pay-as-you-go pricing model. This model
provides users with greater transparency and control over their cloud
costs.
• Other common characteristics: Massive Scale, Resilient Computing,
Homogeneity, Geographic distribution, Virtualization, Server Orientation,
Low cost software, Advanced security
 Common Characteristics of Cloud Computing

• Massive Scale : Cloud scalability in cloud computing refers to the ability to

increase or decrease IT resources as needed to meet changing demand.
By using cloud computing, we can achieve a lower variable cost than we
can get on our own.

• Resilient Computing: The capacity to recover quickly from difficulties;

toughness

• Homogeneity : Cloud Service Providers create homogenous infrastructure

on a massive scale by deploying commodity hardware in their data-
centers, thus enjoying lower incremental costs which they pass on to the
consumer via lower prices.

• Geographic Distribution: distribution of public cloud services across

multiple geographic locations
6
 Common Characteristics Cont………
• Virtualization: Virtualization is the "creation of a virtual (rather than actual)
version of something, such as a server, a desktop, a storage device, an
operating system or network resources“.

Types of Virtualization

1. Hardware Virtualization: Creation of a virtual machine over existing

operating system and hardware is known as Hardware Virtualization.
2. Operating System Virtualization: When the virtual machine
software or virtual machine manager (VMM) is installed on the Host
operating system instead of directly on the hardware system is known
as operating system virtualization.
3. Server Virtualization: When the virtual machine software or virtual
machine manager (VMM) is directly installed on the Server system is
known as server virtualization.
4. Storage Virtualization: Storage virtualization is the process of
grouping the physical storage from multiple network storage devices
so that it looks like a single storage device. 6
 Common Characteristics Cont………

• Service Orientation:
➢Service orientation is the core reference model for cloud computing
systems. This approach adopts the concept of services as the main
building blocks of application and system development.

➢Service-Oriented Computing (SOC) supports the development of rapid,

low-cost, flexible, interoperable (using each others services), and
evolvable applications and systems.

• Low Cost Software

• Advanced Security

6
 Cloud Computing Reference Model
• The cloud computing reference model is an abstract model that divides a
cloud computing environment into abstraction layers and cross-layer
functions to characterize and standardize its functions. This reference model
divides cloud computing activities and functions into three cross-layer
functions and five logical layers.
• Each of these layers describes different things that might be present in a
cloud computing environment, such as computing systems, networking,
storage equipment, virtualization software, security measures, control and
management software, and so forth. It also explains the connections
between these organizations.
• The five layers are the Physical layer, virtual layer, control layer, service
orchestration layer, and service layer.

[A reference model is an abstract framework for understanding significant relationships among

the entities of some environment, and for the development of consistent standards or
specifications supporting that environment. It is based on a small number of unifying concepts
and may be used as a basis for education and explaining standards. It is not directly tied to any
standards, technologies, or other concrete implementation details, but it does seek to provide a
common semantics that can be used unambiguously across and between different
implementations]
Cloud Computing Reference Cont…..
 Cloud Services “XaaS [Anything as a Service]”
Cloud Computing 3 major service models:
➢ Software as a Service (SaaS)
➢ Platform as a Service (PaaS)
➢ Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS)

9
Cloud Services Models Cont…

1.Software as a Service (SaaS)

➢The capability provided to the consumer is to use the provider’s
applications running on a cloud infrastructure. The applications are
accessible from various client devices through either a thin client interface,
◼

such as a web browser (e.g., web-based email), or a program interface.

➢The consumer does not manage or control the underlying cloud
◼

infrastructure including network, servers, operating systems, storage, or

even individual application capabilities, with the possible exception of
limited user-specific application configuration settings.
◼

➢e.g: Google Spread Sheet

2. Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS)
➢ The capability provided to provision processing, storage, networks, and
other fundamental computing resources.

➢ Consumer can deploy and run arbitrary software

➢ e.g: Amazon Web Services and Flexi scale.
7
Cloud Services Models Cont…

3. Platform as a Service (PaaS)

➢ The capability provided to the consumer is to deploy onto the cloud
infrastructure consumer-created or acquire applications created using
◼

programming languages, libraries, services, and tools supported by the

provider.
◼

➢The consumer does not manage or control the underlying cloud

infrastructure including network, servers, operating systems, or storage,
but has control over the deployed applications and possibly configuration
settings for the application-hosting environment.

8
Cloud Services Models Cont…
 NIST’s Four Cloud Deployment Models/ Cloud Environment
The final part of the NIST cloud computing definition includes four
cloud deployment models, representing four types of cloud environments.
Users can choose the model with features and capabilities that are best
suited for their needs.
1. Public Cloud:
➢ In this multi-tenant deployment model, the cloud is owned by the
cloud service provider. T
➢ The cloud infrastructure is made available to the general public
➢ e.g Google Doc, Spreadsheet

2. Private Cloud:
➢ A private cloud is a single-tenant environment provisioned for use by a
single organization.
➢ The cloud infrastructure is operated solely for an organization.
➢ e.g Window Server 'Hyper-V‘, Ubuntu Enterprise Cloud - UEC ,
Microsoft ECI (ElastiCLoud) data center
 Deployment Models/ Cloud Environment Cont….

3. Community Cloud:
➢ A community cloud is used by a community of users from organizations
with shared concerns (e.g., mission, security requirements, policy, and
compliance considerations).
➢This multi-tenant platform allows multiple companies or special interest
user groups to collaborate securely on projects or research.
➢e.g. Google Apps for Government Microsoft Government Community
Cloud
4.Hybrid Cloud:
➢In a hybrid cloud, the cloud infrastructure comprises two or more
distinct public, community or private clouds, bound together by
technology that supports data and application portability.
➢ It provides greater flexibility, portability, and scalability than the other
deployment models. e.g Cloud Bursting for load balancing between
clouds
➢ e.g. Windows Azure (capable of Hybrid Cloud), VMware Cloud (Hybrid
Cloud Services) )
 Cloud services requirements

Requirements for Building a Cloud Infrastructure : 6 basic requirements

for enterprises to adapt cloud services

1. Availability - with loss-less disaster recovery (DR) mechanism

2. Portability of Data & Applications
3. Data Security
4. Manageability
5. Elasticity
6. Federated System
 Cloud services requirements Cont…..

1. Availability - with loss-less DR:

➢Customers want their IT services be up and available at all times. But
in reality, computers sometimes fail.

➢This implies that the service provider should have implemented a

reliable disaster recovery (DR) mechanism - where in the service
provider can move the customer from one data center to another
seamlessly and the customer does not even have to know about it.

➢In an ideal scenario, the customer on the cloud services should not
even notice any change at all and the movement of all his data &
applications from one data center to another must be transparent to
the end user.
 Cloud services requirements Cont…..

2. Portability of Data & Applications

➢ Customers hate to be locked into a service or a platform.
➢ Ideally a cloud offering must be able to allow customers to move out
their data & applications from one service provider to another - just
like customers can switch from one telephone service provider to
another.
➢ With public cloud services, customers should be able to move their
data & applications from one cloud to another - without disrupting
the end user's IT services.
Cloud services requirements Cont…..
3. Data Security: Security is the key concern for all customers
➢ Since the applications and the data is residing in the public cloud, it is the
responsibility of the service provider for providing adequate security.
➢ As there are several types of cloud offerings (SaaS, PaaS, IaaS etc), there will
be different sets of responsibility for the customer and the service
provider depending on the cloud service offering.
➢ When it comes to security, the cloud service providers offer better security
than what the customer's own data center security. This is a kin to banks -
where banks can offer far greater security than any individual or company.
➢ The security in cloud is much higher due to: Centralized monitoring,
enhanced incidence detection/forensics, logging of all activity, greater
security/venerability testing (accorded a great deal of respect,
especially because of age, wisdom, or character.), centralized
authentication testing (aka password protection/assurance), Secure builds
& testing patches before deployment and lastly better security
software/systems.
➢ Customer needs to pay attention to Legal and regulatory issues when
selecting the service providers.
 Cloud services requirements Cont…..
4. Manageability
➢ Customers of cloud services must be able to create new accounts, must be
able to provision various services, do all the user account monitoring -
monitoring for end user usage, any breaches, data usage monitoring etc.
➢ The end users would like to see the availability, performance and
configuration/provisioning data for the set of infrastructure they are using
in the cloud. This allows customer to take corrective actions - either move
the applications to another cloud or enable their contingency plans.
➢ Cloud service provider will have various management tools for:
✓ Availability management
✓ Performance management
✓ Configuration management
✓ Security management of applications and infrastructure (storage,
servers, and network).
➢ As customers buy cloud services from multiple vendors, it will become a
necessity to have a unified management system to manage all the cloud
services they have.
 Cloud services requirements Cont…..
5. Elasticity
➢ Dynamic provisioning system should be the basic part of cloud
management software - through which users can easily interact with the
system.
➢ To provide an elastic computing resources, the service provider must be
able to dynamically provision resources as needed and have adequate
charge back systems to bill the customer.
➢ Customer on Cloud computing have a dynamic computing loads. At times
of high load, they need greater amount of computing resources available to
them on demand, and when the work loads are low, the computing
resources are released back to the cloud pool. And accordingly charges
applicable
➢ Customers also want a self service on-demand resource provisioning
capability from the service provider. This feature enables users to directly
obtain services from clouds, such as spawning the creation of a server and
tailoring its software, configurations, and security policies, without
interacting with a human system administrator. This eliminates the need
for more time-consuming, labor-intensive, human driven procurement
processes familiar to many in IT.
 Cloud services requirements Cont…..
6. Federated System
• In reality, it may not be possible for any single cloud service provider to
build an infinitely scalable infrastructure and hence customers will have to
rely on a federated system of multiple cloud service providers sharing the
customer loads. (Just like a power grid, where the load gets distributed to
other power plants during peak loads)
• Customers may have to buy services from several cloud service providers
for various services - email from Google, online sales transaction services
from Amazon and ERP from another vendor etc. In such cases customer
want their cloud applications to interact with other services from several
vendors to provide a seamless end to end IT services.
• This implies that each of the cloud services must have an interface with
other cloud services for load sharing & application interoperability.
• In a federated environment there is potentially an infinite pool of
resources. To build such a system, there should be inter-cloud framework
agreements between multiple service providers, and adequate chargeback
systems in place.
 Cloud services requirements Cont…..
• Having a federated system helps customers to move their data/applications
across different cloud service providers and prevents customer locking.
• Interoperability of applications across different cloud services has led to
creations of standard APIs (Application Programming Interface). But these
APIs are cumbersome to use and that has led to creation of Cloud
Integration Bus
[With the release of the Identity Cloud Integration Bus (a partnership
between Akamai and SnapLogic) organizations now have the ability to
create, coordinate, and maintain their own data integrations, beginning with
a data integration pattern that replaces the Identity Cloud ’s data export
service. ].
• As on today, the integration issues are still being worked out, and there is no
universal standards for creating interportability between different cloud
applications.
Closing Thoughts
Cloud services are still in its infancy and if cloud services were to attract large enterprise
customers, then they need to do a lot more than today to address data/application portability,
federated scalable system, complete end-to-end interoperability and security issues.
 Advantages of Cloud Computing
1. Lower computer costs:
➢ No need of a high-powered and high-priced computer to run cloud
computing's web-based applications. [A web application (web app) is an application
program that is stored on a remote server and delivered over the internet through a browser
interface. Web applications include online forms, shopping carts, word processors, spreadsheets,
video and photo editing, file conversion, file scanning, and email programs such as Gmail, Yahoo
and AOL.]
➢ Since applications run in the cloud, not on the desktop PC, our desktop PC does
not need the processing power or hard disk space demanded by traditional
desktop software.
➢ When using web-based applications, our PC can be less expensive, with a
smaller hard disk, less memory, more efficient processor...
➢ In fact, PC in this scenario does not even need a CD or DVD drive, as no
software programs have to be loaded and no document files need to be saved.
2. Improved performance:
➢ Computers in a cloud computing system boot and run faster because they
have fewer programs and processes loaded into memory.
3. Reduced software costs:
➢ Instead of purchasing expensive software applications, free applications are
available
➢ most cloud computing applications today, such as the Google Docs suite, better
than paying for similar commercial software which alone may be justification
for switching to cloud applications.
 Advantages of CC Cont…….
4. Instant software updates
➢ Another advantage to cloud computing is that you are no longer faced
with choosing between obsolete software and high upgrade costs.
➢ When the application is web-based, updates happen automatically
available the next time you log into the cloud, without needing to pay for
or download an upgrade.
5. Improved document format compatibility.
➢ We do not have to worry about the documents created on our machine
being compatible with other users' applications or OS.
6. Unlimited storage capacity
➢ Cloud computing offers virtually limitless storage.
➢ Your computer's current 1 Tera Bytes hard drive is small compared to
the hundreds of Peta Bytes available in the cloud.
 Advantages of CC Cont…….
7. Increased data reliability
➢ Unlike desktop computing, in which if a hard disk crashes and destroy all valuable data,
a computer crashing in the cloud should not affect the storage of data.
➢ if personal computer crashes, all the data is still out there in the cloud, still accessible
➢ In a world where few individual desktop PC users back up their data on a regular basis,
cloud computing is a data-safe computing platform. For e.g. Dropbox, Skydrive
[Dropbox is one of the leading cloud storage solutions available today. It allows users to store and share
files and folders securely.] [SkyDrive is a cloud storage service similar to Dropbox and Google Drive.
Developed by Microsoft, SkyDrive offers 7GB of storage space for free]

8. Universal information access

➢ That is not a problem with cloud computing, because we do not take your documents
with us
➢ Instead, they stay in the cloud, and can be accessed them from anywhere using
computer and an Internet connection
➢ Documents are instantly available from wherever you are.
9. Latest version availability
➢ When you edit a document at home, that edited version is what you see when you
access the document at work.
➢ The cloud always hosts the latest version of your documents as long as you are
connected, you are not in danger of having an outdated version.
 Advantages of CC Cont…….

10. Easier group collaboration

➢ Sharing documents leads directly to better collaboration.
➢ Many users do this as it is an important advantages of cloud computing
multiple users can collaborate easily on documents and projects [Eg.
GitHub]
11. Device independence
➢ You are no longer tethered to a single computer or network.
➢ Changes to computers, applications and documents follow you through the
cloud.
➢ Move to a portable device, and your applications and documents are still
available.
 Disadvantages of Cloud Computing
1. Requires a constant internet connection
➢ Cloud computing is impossible if you cannot connect to the Internet.
➢ Since you use the Internet to connect to both your applications and documents,
if you do not have an Internet connection you cannot access anything, even
your own documents.
➢ A dead Internet connection means no work and in areas where Internet
connections are few or inherently unreliable, this could be a deal-breaker.
2. Does not work well with low-speed connections
➢ Similarly, a low-speed Internet connection, such as that found with dial-up
services, makes cloud computing painful at best and often impossible.
➢ Web-based applications require a lot of bandwidth to download, as do large
documents.
3. Features might be limited
➢ This situation is bound to change, but today many web-based applications
simply are not as full-featured as their desktop-based applications.
➢ For example, you can do a lot more with Microsoft PowerPoint than with
Google Presentation's web-based offering
 Disadvantages of CC Cont……..
4. Can be slow
➢ Even with a fast connection, web-based applications can sometimes be slower
than accessing a similar software program on your desktop PC.
➢ Everything about the program, from the interface to the current document,
has to be sent back and forth from your computer to the computers in the
cloud.
➢ If the cloud servers happen to be backed up at that moment, or if the Internet
is having a slow day, you would not get the instantaneous access you might
expect from desktop applications.
5. Stored data might not be secured
➢ With cloud computing, all your data is stored on the cloud.
➢ The questions is How secure is the cloud?
➢ Can unauthorized users gain access to your confidential data ?
6. Stored data can be lost
➢ Theoretically, data stored in the cloud is safe, replicated across multiple
machines.
➢ But on the off chance that your data goes missing, you have no physical or local
backup.
➢ Put simply, relying on the cloud puts you at risk if the cloud lets you down.
 Disadvantages of CC Cont……..
7. HPC (High-performance computing ) Systems
➢ Not clear that you can run compute-intensive HPC applications that use
MPI/OpenMPI
[The message passing interface (MPI) is a standardized means of exchanging messages between
multiple computers running a parallel program across distributed memory.] [The Open MPI
Project is an open source Message Passing Interface implementation that is developed and
maintained by a consortium of academic, research, and industry partners.]

➢ Scheduling is important with this type of application

8. General Concerns
➢ Each cloud systems uses different protocols and different APIs
➢ may not be possible to run applications between cloud based systems
➢ Amazon has created its own DB system (not SQL 92), and workflow
system (many popular workflow systems out there)
➢ so your normal applications will have to be adapted to execute on these
platforms.
 Cloud Dynamic Infrastructure
1. Dynamic infrastructure refers to a collection of data center resources,
such as compute, networking and storage, that can automatically provision
and adjust itself as workload demands change. IT administrators can also
choose to manage these resources manually.

2. Dynamic infrastructure relies primarily on software to identify, virtualize,

classify and track data center resources. These resources are grouped into
pools, regardless of their physical location within one or multiple data
centers. By classifying data center resources, IT teams can establish and
monitor multiple service tiers to ensure more demanding workloads
receive more compute and storage resources.
 Cloud Dynamic Infrastructure Cont…….

3. In most cases, the software used in dynamic infrastructures can

automatically allocate resources from the appropriate pools to meet
workload demands. The software adds resources when workload
demands increase, and then returns resources to the pool when demands
decrease – a process known as workload balancing.

4. Dynamic infrastructure helps align IT use with business policies. For

example, a critical workload can retain more resources longer to ensure
top performance, while less-important business applications can use fewer
resources or release unneeded resources sooner. Such behaviors help
maximize resource use and reduce the need for new IT purchases.
 Cloud Dynamic Infrastructure Cont…….
5. Although dynamic infrastructure can work with any data center hardware,
it is often deployed with highly integrated and expandable hardware
systems, known as a hyper-converged infrastructure (HCI). These are
typically appliances that include compute, storage and network
capabilities. Examples of HCI systems include VMware EVO:RAIL, Nutanix
Acropolis and SimpliVity OmniCube.
[VMware EVO:RAIL combines compute, networking, and storage resources into a hyper-
converged infrastructure appliance to create a simple, easy to deploy, all-in-one solution
offered by Qualified EVO:RAIL Partners.]

6. The evolving combination of software and hardware has facilitated the

notion of software-defined data centers (SDDCs).
7. Similarly, the ability to autonomously provision resources for new
workloads, scale resources to meet changing demands and recover
unused resources are important attributes of cloud computing.
 Cloud Dynamic Infrastructure Cont…….
8. The basic premise of dynamic infrastructures is to leverage pooled IT
resources to provide flexible IT capacity, enabling the allocation of
resources in line with demand from business processes. This is achieved
by using server virtualization technology to pool computing resources
wherever possible, and allocating these resources on-demand using
automated tools. This allows for load balancing and is a more efficient
approach than keeping massive computing resources in reserve to run tasks
that take place, for example, once a month, but are otherwise under-
utilized.

9. Dynamic Infrastructures may also be used to provide security and data

protection when workloads are moved during
migrations, provisioning, enhancing performance or building co-
location facilities.
 Cloud Dynamic Infrastructure Cont…….
10. Dynamic infrastructures were promoted to enhance performance,
scalability, system availability and uptime, increasing server utilization
and the ability to perform routine maintenance on either physical or
virtual systems all while minimizing interruption to business
operations and reducing cost for IT.

11. Dynamic infrastructures also provide the fundamental business

continuity and high availability requirements to facilitate cloud or grid
computing.
 Cloud Dynamic Infrastructure Cont…….

12. For networking companies, infrastructure 2.0 refers to the ability of

networks to keep up with the movement and scale requirements of new
enterprise IT initiatives, especially virtualization and cloud computing.

13. According to companies like Cisco, F5 Networks and Infoblox, network

automation and connectivity intelligence between networks,
applications and endpoints will be required to reap the full benefits of
virtualization and many types of cloud computing.

14. This will require network management and infrastructure to be

consolidated, enabling higher levels of dynamic control and connectivity
between networks, systems and endpoints.
 Cloud Dynamic Infrastructure Cont…….

15. Early examples of server-level dynamic infrastructures are the FlexFrame

for SAP and FlexFrame for Oracle introduced by Fujitsu Siemens
Computers (now Fujitsu) in 2003. The FlexFrame approach was to
dynamically assign servers to applications on demand, leveling peaks and
enabling organizations to maximize the benefit from their IT investments.
 Benefits of dynamic infrastructure

1. Dynamic infrastructures take advantage of intelligence gained across the

network. By design, every dynamic infrastructure is service-oriented and
focused on supporting and enabling the end users in a highly responsive
way. It can utilize alternative sourcing approaches, like cloud computing to
deliver new services with agility and speed.

2. Global organizations already have the foundation for a dynamic

infrastructure that will bring together the business and IT infrastructure to
create new possibilities. For example: Transportation companies can
optimize their vehicles' routes leveraging GPS and traffic information.
 Benefits of dynamic infrastructure Cont….

4. Facilities organizations can secure access to locations and track the

movement of assets by leveraging RFID technology. [RFID tagging involves
small devices that use radio frequencies to transfer data, mainly to track and identify
objects, animals and people.]

5. Technology systems can be optimized for energy efficiency, managing

spikes in demand, and ensuring disaster recovery readiness.

6. Communications companies can better monitor usage by location, user or

function, and optimize routing to enhance user experience.
 Cloud Adoption
Cloud adoption is a strategy used by enterprises to improve the
scalability of Internet-based database capabilities while reducing
cost and risk.
 Cloud Adoption Cont………

➢Here Cloud Means The environment of cloud where the cloud services are
being operated.
➢Adoption term states that accepting the services of new Technology or
means following some kind of new trend or existing trend or a technology.
➢Cloud adoption is suitable for low priority business applications but not
beneficial for long term projects.
➢It supports some interactive applications that combines two or more data
sources. These applications must having low availability requirements and
short life spans..
▪ For example:-if a marketing company requires to grow his business in the
whole country in a short span of time then it must need a quick promotion or
short promotion across the country.
 Cloud Adoption Cont………
➢ Cloud Adoption is useful when the recovery management, backup
recovery based implementations are required.
➢ By considering the above key points we conclude that it is only suitable for
the applications that are modular and loosely coupled.
➢ It will works well with research and development projects.
➢ It means the testing of new services ,design models and also the
applications that can be get adjusted on small servers.
➢ Applications which requires different level of infrastructure throughout the
day or throughout the month should be deployed Through the cloud.
➢ The applications whose demand is unknown can also be deployed using
clouds.
 Rudiments of cloud-computing.
Here the higher level capabilities of the cloud is as follows:
1.Resource Aggregation and integration
2.Application Services
3.Self-Service portal
4.Allocation Engine
5.Reporting and accounting
6.Self-service
7.Dynamic Workload management
8.Resource Automation
9.Metering of resources
 Cloud-Rudiments Cont……
➢ Resource Aggregation and integration
✓ Cloud solution Integrates or aggregates the information of These 3 resources
which are shown in the figure.
✓ After That the integrated information
will be sent into a central logical view.

➢ Application Services
✓ here app services states that the services related to a particular s/w .
✓ The Application instances represents the agreement between service provider
and the consumer to use services on On- Demand basis.
✓ Cloud also provides the facility of reservation of resources.
✓ It means that it is guaranteed that at a given point of time the resources or the
services will surely available for consumer
 Cloud-Rudiments Cont……
➢Self-Service portal
✓ Self-service is facility provided by cloud to consumers.
✓ This supports the account – owners signing up and being able to use the
purchased capacity.
✓ Users can request machine or entire multi-machine environments and
monitor and control them using a web based self-service portal.

➢Allocation Engine
✓ The DRM is a Dynamic resource management.
✓ The DRM provides the automated allocation and reallocations of resources.
✓ The DRM is key component of any cloud solutions that maximize the efficiency
the IaaS.
 Cloud-Rudiments Cont……
➢Reporting and accounting
✓ The actual resource allocation and the actual cloud usage will be get recorded
or collected in an accounting database.
✓ The data will be available centrally to create reports of usage .
✓ For example:-capacity allocated vs. capacity used by the consumer
➢Dynamic Workload management
✓ Here Cloud virtual machines are enabled with automated s/w’s that controls
the workflow requests.
➢Resource Automation
✓ It clearly shows that the resources will automatically plus effectively utilized As
and when they are required by the service consumers.
➢Metering of resources
✓ With the help of the metering of resources in any cloud, user organization
would bring the transparency to the business and environment for the
management to see the usage of resources.