aia. ee Wi DO ea eae aoe TOUCHES EVERY CORNER OF NCERT INCLUDES NCERT ACTIVITIES (AKQ), BOXES(BKQ) & EXEMPLAR (EKQ) EACH LINE, FLOWCHART & DIAGRAM IS MOTIVATED FROM PYQs medina res CBSE TOPPERS ae a nS UPIID: akshaypadhle@axlThe working together of the various organs of an organism in a Systemmatic manner so as to produce proper response to the stimulus, is called coordination. Stimuli: the change in the environment to which the organism respond and react are called stimuli. Receptor: A receptor is a cell (or a group of cells) in a sense organ which is sensitive to a particular ‘type of stimulus. Light - Photoreceptors Sound - Phonoreceptors Smell - olfactory receptors Taste - Gustatory receptors Touch - Thermoreceptors Cult Body (fel faunas om + Neruous system is made of special cells called neurons. + The unit of nervous system - Neuron. + Chemical release: Acetylcholine + Informations —> dendrite of tst neuron—> Cyton —> Axon —> nerve ending —» synapse —> dendrite of 2nd neuron & uman ody ke alag alg ovgans ka team Work + The information acquired at the end of the dendritic tip of nerve cell, Sets off chemical reaction that create an electric impulses. + The impulses travels from the dendrite to the cell body, and then along the axon to its end. + At the end of the axon, the electrical impulses sets off the release of chemical, cross the gap or Synapse and start a similar electrical impulses in a dendrite of the next neuron. Nervous tissue: 1s made up of an organised network of nerve cells or neurons, and is specialised for conducting information via electrical impulses from one part of the body to anotherartinl JON: Sugar tastes same whether nose closed or open. Food tastes different when we close the nose while eating, Explanation: when we bring food to our mouth, sensory organs inside the tongue and nose receives the sensory signal. Our brain interprets the signal and tells us about the food. By this, we can know the type of food, and we can even guess the name. When we eat sugar sweet sensor present in the tongue tell us it is sugar. Since there is no smell in sugar, we do not feel any difference in the taste even if our nose is closed. But when we taste different food ingredient, there, is smell part also. The food contains various volatile components like volatile oil in fennel, clove, volatile ester in fruits. When our nose is closed, our brain receives the signal only from taste buds. As a result, the taste feels different. The impact is such that many people can not guess the food if their eyes and nose are closed while eating, Inference/Conclusion This experiment demonstrates that taste and smell both help the brain in interpreting the food. (2) Muscular tissue Question: Name the sensory receptors found in the nose and on the tongue. Answer: olfactory and Gustatory receptors. Question: Name the part of neuron (i) where information is acquired (ii) through which information travels as in electrical impulses Answer: The information is acquired at the end of the dendrite tip of a nerve cell The information travels as in electrical impulse from dentrite to the cell body and then along the axon to its end. Synapse: A microscopic gap between a pair of adjacent neurons over wwhich nerve impulses pass when going from one neuron to the next. Reflex action:~ the simplest form of response in the nervous system is reflex actions. Reflex arc:- the pathway taken by nerve impulses in a reflex action is called the reflex are Reflex Are Recep = Hea /Pa Recor nn 7Sensory neurons:- transmit impulses from the sensory cell ( or receptor ) towards the central nervous system. (Spinal cord and brain ). Motor neurons:- transmit impulses from the central nervous system towards the muscle cells (effectors). Relay neurons:= occurs in the central nervous system where they serve as links between other neurons. Question: State the role of the brain in reflex action. Answer: The sensory area of a brain receives information, interprets it and makes a rapid decision. The message is transmitted to the motor area. The motor neuron sends information to the receptor organ. The entire process is controlled by medulla in the hind brain, Question: Which part of the nervous system controls reflex arc? Answer: spinal cord Question: How are involuntary action and reflex action different from each other. Answer: Involuntary action It involves autonomic nervous system. They occur in response to internal stimuli. They ave connected with the functioning of internal body parts It occur without the will of the organism eg., heartbeat, breathing, ete These are regulated by medulla oblongata (hind brain). Reflex are It envolves all parts of voluntary nervous system though they are not voluntary They operate against harmful stimuli which are generally external They are connected with emergency ie., response to its stimuli Some reflexes involve the brain, rather than the spinal cord. Reflex action is generally controlled by spinal cord. LV | Aucononme Nervang Central Nervous LSystem CCNS) | [System LANS) f 7 Sonnenrered i —t_, Brain SpirolOord Cranial Nerve ¢pt _Sympadiatte. xt ee a Frebrstn Midbraln Htnd brain Ue rT Cenbdlum Porn medulla ee ee blorgasIt includes the brain and the Spinal cord. It receives information from the body and sends out instruction to particular organ. The brain has three such major parts or regions namely the forebrain, mid brain and hind brain. The spinal cord extends from the medulla of the brain through the whole length of the vertebral column and is protected by the vertebral column or backbone. The communication between the central nervous system and the other parts of the body is facilitated by the peripheral nervous system. It consist of the cranial and spinal nerves arises from the brain and spinal cord respectively Human brain is protected by the thick bones of the skull and a fluid called cerebrospinal fluid which provide further shock absorption. | Brain and Cunclions 0¢ is part The brain is a complex organ that serves as the control center of the nervous system in most animals. It processes information from the senses, controls various bodily functions, and enables thinking, learning, and. consciousness. The human brain is divided into several parts, each with distinct structures and functions. Here's an overview of the major parts of the brain and their functions: Cerebvum Human BrawnCerebrum Function: The largest part of the brain, the cerebrum, is responsible for higher cognitive functions such as thinking, learning, memory, and voluntary muscle movements. - Subdivisions: Frontal Lobes: Involved in decision-making, problem-solving, and voluntary movement. Parietal Lobes: Process sensory information from the body, such as touch and temperature. Temporal Lobes: Responsible for processing auditory information and are involved in memory and emotion. Occipital Lobes: Primarily responsible for processing visual information. Cerebellum Function: The cerebellum is crucial for coordination, precision, and timing of movements. It helps in. maintaining balance and posture Brain Stem Function: The brain stem connects the brain to the spinal cord and controls basic life functions such as breathing, heartbeat, and blood pressure. Subdivisions: Medulla Oblongata: Regulates vital functions like breathing, heart rate, and blood pressure. Pons: Involved in sleep regulation, facial movements, and certain sensory functions. Midbra ordinates sensory information and motor responses. Diencephalon -Components: Thalamus: Acts as a relay station for sensory information, directing it to the appropriate areas of the cerebral cortex. Hypothalamus: Regulates various bodily functions, including body temperature, hunger, thirst, and hormone production. Basal Ganglia Function: involved in the control of voluntary motor movements, procedural learning, and routine behaviors. The brain works as a highly integrated system, with these parts communicating through a network of neural pathways. Each part contributes to specific functions, but their interactions are essential for the overall functioning of the brain and the complex behaviors it supports. The brain's ability to adapt and reorganize itself, known as neuroplasticity, allows for learning and recovery from injuriesHow does the nervous tissue cause action? When a nerve impulses reaches the muscle the muscle fibre must move. The muscle cell move by changing their Shape so that they shorten. Muscle cells have special protein (actin and myosin) that change both their shape and their arrangement in the cell in response to nerves electrical impulses. When this happens new arrangement of these proteins give the muscle cells a shorter form. Question: Write two main function of the following 1. Sensory neuron 2. Cranium 3. Vertebral column 4. Motor neruron. Answer: 1. To pass information from receptors to brain. 2. Bony box which protects our brain. 3. Bony structure that protects the spinal cord, 4 To transmit information from brain or spinal cord to effector organ. | ordination im plants, All living thing respond to environmental Stimuli. Plants also respond to Stimuli with the help of chemical compounds, secreated by the cells. Plants being living organism, exhibit some movements. Plants show two different types of movement - one dependent on growth and the other independent of growth. The plant also use chemical means to convey this information from cell to cell but there is no specialised tissue in plants for the conduction of information. Plant respond to stimuli Slowly by growing in a particular direction. Because this growth is directional it appear as if the plant is moving Directional movement:- These are also called as tropic movement. These movement can be either towards the stimulus or away from it + Positive phototropism is seen in Shoot which respond by bending towards light. + Negative geotropism is seen in shoots by growing away from the ground, + Roots bend away from light exhibiting negative phototropism. + They grow towards the ground exhibiting positive geotropism. © Hydrotropism is a growth in which the direction is determine by the stimuli of water. + Chemotropism is a growth response in which the part in response to chemical stimulus eg, growth of pollen tube toward ovules. Question: How do auxin promote the growth of a tendril around us support? Answer: When tendrils come in contact with any support, the part of the tendril in contact with the object does not grow as rapidly as the part of the tendril away from the object. This is caused by the action of auxin hormone. Less auxin occurs on the side of contact as compared to the free side. As a result, auxin promotes growth on the free side and the tendrils coil around the support.Harmones are the chemical compounds released by stimulated cells. Hormones diffuse all around the cell. They are synthesised at places away from where they act and simply diffuse to the area of action. Different plant harmone help to coordinate growth, development and response to the environment. Different harmony secreation, by the plants are auxins, gibberellins, Cytokinins, abscisic acid Ausing, are the harmones synthesis at the tip of the stem. These help the plant in growth by cal elongations. usin induced shoot apical dominance Gribberelliness: are hormones that help in the growth of the stem, seed germination, bolting and flowering Eaten os in the aveas of vapid cell division, such as fruit and seeds. They also promote opening of the Stomata, Abscisic acid: is « hormone that inhibits the growth in various parts. It is also responsible for the closure of stomata. it effects include wilting of leaves. ipper part of the plant (shoot) bend towards the light while its root moves away from light Explanation: Plants does not have a nervous system or nerve fibres, they show response towards change in +the environment chemically Shoot exposed to light form auxin, Auxin now diffuses to the unexposed part of the shoot. usin has growth promoting characteristic in stems. It induces growth in the unexposed parts. Asa result, the plant bends toward the light usin has an inhibitory action on the root, As a result, oot bends away from the light Conclusion: + Plant stem grows toward the light. We call this phenomenon as positive phototropism. + Plant rot grows away from the light. Hypothalamus Pituitary gland Pineal gland Thyroid and parathyroid glands Pancreas Ovary Adrenal {in female) glands Placenta Testicle (durin {in male) a Endocrine SystemPineal Gland Hormone: Melatonin Location: In the brain (dincephalon) Function: control day and night cycle rhythm Hyphothalmus Hormone: Neuron. Location: In the brain Function: regulate the secretion of pituitary gland regulatory inhibitory hormone ituitary gland Hormone: Growth hormone Location: just below the brain Function: maintain growth Deficiency: Dwarfish / excess - tallness Thyroid gland Hormone: Thyroxine Location: attached to the wind pipe of the body Function: Control the rate of metabolism of carbohydrate fat and protein. ladine is required by thyroid gland to make thyroxine Deficiency: Goitre / excess - metal retardation Parathyroid Hormone: Parathormone Location: Embedded in the thyroid gland Function: Regulate calcium and phosphate levels in blood Thymus gland Hormone: Thymous Location: lie in lower part of neck and upper part of chest Function: development of immune system. This gland is large in small children but shrink after puberty Pancreas Hormone: insulin Location: just below the stomach Funetion: lower blood sugar level Deficiency: Diabetes, millitus / excess~ coma Adrenal gl. Hormone: Andrenil Location: located on the top of the kidney Function: Also known a fright/ fight emergency. It controls emotions. Target organ heart Testes Hormone: Testosterone Location: in male Function: Control development of male sex organ and male features, such as beard and deeper voiceOvaries Hormone: oestrogen and Progesterone Location: in female Function: Control development of female sex organ and female features, such as famine voice, mammary gland ete. Question: Why is the use of iodised salt advisable? Answer: iodine is necessary for the thyroid gland to make thyroxin hormone. Thyroxin regulates carbohydrate, protein and fat metabolism in the body so as to provide the best balance for growth. |f iodine is deficient in our diet, there is a possibility that we might suffer from goitre. The thyroid gland enlarges causing swelling in the neck. lodised common salt contains proper content of iodine. Thus, to avoid deficiency of iodine, iodised salt is recommended. Question: How does our body respond when adrenaline is secreted into the blood? Answer: Adrenaline hormone is secreted in large amounts when person is rightened, or mentally disturbed. When it reaches the heart, it beats faster to supply more oxygen to our muscles. The breathing rate also increases because of the contractions of diaphragm and the rib muscles. 't also raises the blood pressure, and allows more glucose to enter into the blood. All these responses together enable our body to deal with the emergency situations, Question: Why are some patients or diabetes treated by giving injections of insulin? Answer: Diabetes is caused due to less or no secretion ar hormone insulin by pancreas. In such a person, blood sugar level is high. Insulin converts extra sugar present in blood Into glycogen. Thus, patients uttering from diabetes are given insulin injection to control their blood sugar level Question: How does feedback mechanism regulate the hormone secretion? Answer: The feedback mechanism regulates the timing and amount of hormone to be secreted, e. gu ita person has more sugar in his blood, this is detected by the cells of the pancreas. As a result, more insulin will be secreted to oridise the sugar. In a reverse situation, the secretion of insulin will be reduced.Question: Which of the following statements is correct about receptors? (a) Gustatory receptors detect taste while olfactory receptors detect smell (b) Both gustatory and olfactory receptors detect smell {c) Auditory receptors detect smell and olfactory receptors detect taste (A) olfactory receptors detect taste and gustatory receptors smell Answer: (a) Gustatory receptors detect taste while olfactory receptors detect smell qu tn a synapse, chemical signal is transmitted from (a) dendritic end of one neuron to axonal end of another neuron (b) axon to cell body of the same neuron (c) cell body to axonal end of the same neuron (d) axonal end of one neuron to dendritic end of another neuron Answer: (d) axonal end of one neuron to dendritic end of another neuron Question: Choose the incorrect statement about insulin (a) tt is produced from pancreas (b) It regulates growth and development of the body (c) It regulates blood sugar level (d) insufficient secretion of insulin will cause diabetes Answer: (b) It regulates growth and development of the body Question: Select the mismatched pair (a) Adrenaline : Pituitary gland (b) Testosterone: Testes (c) Estrogen : ovary (A) Thyroxin : Thyroid gland Answer: (4) Adrenaline : Pituitary gland Question: "Nervous and hormonal systems together perform the function of control and coordination in human beings." Justify the statement. Answer: Control and coordination in human beings is under the influence of nervous system. Brain control all the organelles and organ system. The control is obtained by network of neurons which carry signals through neurotransmitters in the form of electric impulses to the brain and from the brain. Hormonal system consist of varieties of hormones secreted by various glands in our body. Hormonal system coordinates the function of nervous system. Hormones indirectly control the life processes by feedback mechanism. They can produce hormones when required and can stop production when not required. Question: How does chemical coordination take place in animals? Answer: Chemical coordination takes place in animals through hormones produced by glands present in animals. Hormones are directly released into blood stream to reach the target site. Hormones control the behavior Of the target tissue Example: Adrenal gland secretes Adrenalin which reaches the heart, lungs and Gastro intestinal tract. Heart speeds up its pumping action so that more blood could be supplied to the limbs and facial muscles. But activity of the Gl tract is slowed down to ensure better blood supply in limbs. Thus, adrenalin prepares the body for a fight or flight situation, Question: Why is the flow of signals in a synapse from axonal end of one neuron to dendritic end of another neuron but not the reverse? Answer: Electrical impulse travels through 4 neuron. But to be transmitted to another neuron, it need to be passed in the form of neurotransmitters. Neurotransmitters are specialized chemicals. They can enter a neuron only through specialized channels. Such channels are present in dendrites but not in axon. On the other hand, 4 neurotransmitter can enter a dendrite. Due to this, the flow of signals in a synapse is from axonal end of one neuron to dendritic end of another neuron but not the reverse.