EE 262

Electrical Machines 1
Module-2
Yasser O. Assolami, Ph.D.
Assistant Professor
Department of Electrical Engineering
Taibah University, Yanbu Campus
Year 2023 G, 1444 H / Third Term
[email protected]
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 Module 2:
Magnetic Circuits

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 Module 2: Magnetic Circuits
Outline

• History of Magnetic and Electric Fields

• Ampere’s Law
• Production of a Magnetic Field
• B-H Curve
• Magnetic Quantities and relation
• Magnetic Circuit Analysis
• Losses in magnetic circuits

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 Module 2: Magnetic Circuits
The Magnetic Field
Magnetic fields are the fundamental mechanism by which energy is converted (or transferred) from
one form to another in motors, generators and transformers.

Transformers Generators Motors

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 Module 2: Magnetic Field – Early discover
Electricity & Magnetic Relationship
On 21 April 1820, the Danish scientist Hans Christian Ørsted observed, while preparing for a lecture, that when he
ran an electric current through a wire, a nearby compass needle was temporarily deflected from its stable position of
pointing towards the magnetic north

Observation: there is a relationship between Electric current and magnetic

Hans Christian Ørsted

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 Module 2: Magnetic Field – Early discover
Later, French physicist Ampère was fascinated by Orsted’s discovery and decided he would try to understand
why electric current produced a magnetic effect.

Discover:
He had made a discovery of his own: he found that if electric current flows in the
same direction in two nearby parallel wires, the wires attract one another; if electric
currents flow in opposite directions the wires repel one another.

Ampère had discovered something amazing: he had produced magnetic attraction

and repulsion in the complete absence of any magnets

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 Module 2: Magnetic Field – Early discover
Important Note:
Ampère and Ørsted had shown that, somehow, electricity could be converted into magnetism, but they and
others had failed to do the reverse: to create electricity from magnetism

In 1824, François Arago demonstrated that a rotating copper disk produced rotation in a magnetic
needle suspended above it.

This result was remarkable for two reasons. Firstly, there was
no external electric current being applied to the copper disc
and, secondly, although copper is a conductor, it is not
magnetic
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 Module 2: Magnetic Field – Early discover
Faraday’s discovery of electric induction in 1831

He experimented by wrapping two insulated coils of wire around an iron ring.

1) He found that, upon passing a current through one coil, a momentary current was induced in the other coil—
mutual induction
2) If he moved a magnet through a loop of wire, an electric current flowed in that wire. The current also flowed if the
loop was moved over a stationary magnet.

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 Module 2: Magnetic Field – Early discover
Faraday’s discovery of electric induction in 1831

Any change in the magnetic environment of a coil of wire will

cause a voltage (emf) to be "induced" in the coil.
OR

A stationary magnetic field will produce current/emf in a

moving conductor.

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 Module 2: Magnetic Field – Machines basic requirements

• Presence of a “magnetic field” which can be produced by:

– Use of permanent magnets
– Use of electromagnets

• Then either of the following is needed:

– Motion to produce electric current (Generator)
– Electric Current to produce motion (Motor)

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Module 2: Magnetic quantities and relations

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Module 2: Magnetic quantities and relations

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Module 2: Magnetic quantities and relations

Basic Definition

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Module 2: Magnetic quantities and relations

The amount of magnetic lines of force set-up in a magnetic

circuit is called magnetic flux. Its unit is weber (Wb)

The work done in moving a unit magnetic pole (1

Wb) once round the magnetic circuit

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 Module 2: Magnetic quantities and relations
Permeability
• Symbol: µ
• Unit: Wb/At·m

Permeability is a measure of the ease with which a magnetic field can be established in a given
material.

The value of µ varies depending on the type of material. The permeability of a vacuum
(free-space): µ0 = 4𝜋 × 10-7

For Other material: µ = µ0 µr

where µr is the relative permeability

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 Module 2: Magnetic quantities and relations

Magnetic field intensity (H) is defined as the ratio of the MMF needed to create a certain Flux Density (B)
within a particular material per unit length of that material

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Module 2: Magnetic quantities and relations

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Module 2: Magnetic quantities and relations

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Module 2: Magnetic Vs. Electric Circuits

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Module 2: Magnetic Circuit Analysis

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 Module 2: Magnetic Circuit Analysis
• Find the electric equivalent circuit that represents the magnetic circuit.
• Analyze the electric circuit to solve for the magnetic circuit quantities.

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Module 2: Magnetic Circuit Analysis

Examples

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 Module 2: Magnetic Circuit Analysis
Example-1:
For A = 16 𝑐𝑚2 , l = 40 cm, number of turns = 350 and µr= 50,000, to get a magnetic flux density = 1.5 T,
find:
a) The flux (Ø)
b) The required current through the coil

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 Module 2: Magnetic Circuit Analysis
Solution: Example-1:

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 Module 2: Magnetic Circuit Analysis
Example-2:
Consider the magnetic core with an air gap as shown below. The square core material has a relative
permeability of 6000 and a rectangular cross-section of 2cm by 3cm. The coil has 500 turns. Determine the
current required to establish a flux density of Bgap=0.25 T in the air gap. Assume that the flux walks through the
mean length of the iron core.

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 Module 2: Magnetic Circuit Analysis
Solution Example-2:

Iron core with an air gap Magnetic circuit

ℜ =Dr.51945.2 𝐴. 𝑇/𝑊𝑏
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 Module 2: Magnetic Circuit Analysis
Continue Solution Example-2:

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 Module 2: Magnetic Circuit Analysis
Example-3:

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 Module 2: Magnetic Circuit Analysis
Solution-Example-3:

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 Module 2: Magnetic Circuit Analysis
Solution-Example-3:

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 Module 2: Magnetic Circuit Analysis
Solution-Example-3:

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 Module 2: Magnetic Circuit Analysis
Solution-Example-3:

𝐴𝑡
ℜ 𝑇 = 6152948.34
𝑊𝑏
450
∅𝑇 = = 0.07314 𝑚𝑊𝑏
6152948.34
∅𝑇 ∗(𝑅2 +𝑅3 )
∅𝑔1 = 𝑅 =0.029 mWb
4 +𝑅5 +𝑅2 +𝑅3

∅𝑔2 = ∅ 𝑇 − ∅𝑔1 = 0.04414 𝑚𝑊𝑏

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 Module 2: Magnetic Circuit Analysis
Example-4:

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 Module 2: Magnetic Circuit Analysis
Solution-Example-4:
Given:

Required:

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 Module 2: Magnetic Circuit Analysis
Solution-Example-4:

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 Module 2: Magnetic Circuit Analysis
Solution-Example-4:

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 Module 2: Magnetic Circuit Analysis
Solution-Example-4:

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Module 2: Magnetic Circuit

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 Module 2: Magnetic Materials Permeability

• Diamagnetic materials: µr slightly less than unity. (e.g. water,

wood)

• Paramagnetic materials: µr slightly greater than unity. (e.g.

magnesium, lithium)

• Ferromagnetic materials: µr much greater than unity. (e.g.

Iron, nickel, cobalt)

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Module 2: Magnetic Circuit

Losses in Magnetic Circuit

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 Module 2: Losses in Magnetic Circuit

• 1st : Hysteresis Losses

Hysteresis is characterized as a lag of magnetic flux
density (B) behind the magnetic field strength (H).

All ferromagnetic materials exhibit the phenomena of hysteresis.

For example, a ferromagnetic substance is placed inside a current-
carrying coil. Due to the magnetic field that is present the substance
gets magnetized. If we reverse the direction of current then the
substance gets demagnetized, this process is known as hysteresis.

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 Module 2: Losses in Magnetic Circuit
Hysteresis Loop
shows the relationship between the magnetic flux density (B) and the magnetizing field strength (H)
• The magnetic flux density (B) is increased when the
magnetic field strength(H) is increased from 0 (zero).
• With increasing H there is an increase in the value of
Initial magnetism and finally reaches point A which is called
saturation point where B is constant
Curve
• With a decrease H , there is a decrease B . But at point B ,H
is equal to zero, substance or material retains some amount
of magnetism is called retentivity or residual magnetism.
• When there is a decrease in H towards the negative side, B
also decreases. At point C the substance is completely
demagnetized.
• The force required to remove the retentivity of the material is
known as Coercive force (C).
• In the opposite direction, the cycle is continued where the
saturation point is D, retentivity point is E and coercive
force is F.
• Due to the forward and opposite direction process, the
cycle is complete and this cycle is called the hysteresis
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 Module 2: Losses in Magnetic Circuit
Hysteresis Loss
Energy is spent when current changes its polarity
every half cycle is represented as a power loss due to
Hysteresis given by : Initial
Curve

Hysteresis loss/cycle=Area of B-H

Curve

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 Module 2: Losses in Magnetic Circuit
• 2nd : Eddy Current Losses
• Eddy current losses is a loss in the magnetic core,
that is in the iron structure, caused by the induced
voltages in the iron core.
Solution
Iron cores are laminated to reduce this loss. Laminated
cores offer a much higher resistance for the flow of eddy
currents in the core.
The Eddy current losses can be calculated using an empirical
formula given as:

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 Module 2: Losses in Magnetic Circuit
• 2nd : Eddy Current Losses
Before Lamination After Lamination

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Module 2: Magnetic Circuit

End

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