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Lab 3

This experiment aims to determine the friction factor for pipes of different sizes and materials using a Reynolds apparatus. The apparatus is used to measure pressure drop and flow rate in pipes, from which friction factor can be calculated using the Darcy-Weisbach equation. Procedures involve gradually introducing water flow, measuring pressure differences and discharge rates, then repeating for a range of flows and pipe diameters. Observations and computations of Reynolds number and friction factor are recorded and plotted to analyze the relationship between friction factor and Reynolds number for different pipe configurations.

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16 views

Lab 3

This experiment aims to determine the friction factor for pipes of different sizes and materials using a Reynolds apparatus. The apparatus is used to measure pressure drop and flow rate in pipes, from which friction factor can be calculated using the Darcy-Weisbach equation. Procedures involve gradually introducing water flow, measuring pressure differences and discharge rates, then repeating for a range of flows and pipe diameters. Observations and computations of Reynolds number and friction factor are recorded and plotted to analyze the relationship between friction factor and Reynolds number for different pipe configurations.

Uploaded by

rosaleszimon
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Name: Date Performed:

Section: Date Submitted:


Instructor:

EXPERIMENT NO.
PIPE FRICTION
OBJECTIVE: To find the friction factor for the given pipes of different sizes and materials in
different ranges of Reynolds number.
APPARATUS:
a) Reynolds apparatus
b) Stop watch and dye

THEORY:
The major factor contributing to the energy loss in any pipe flow is through the
boundary shear. In cases of steady flow through the pipe, a constant pressure gradient is to be
maintained to overcome the frictional losses due to the boundary shear. Estimation of frictional losses
is important from engineering point of view as the design of pipe mains carrying water from any
reservoir to the township over a long distance mainly depends upon the friction factors. Booster
pumps at places are to be provided to add additional energy needed to maintain the required quantity
of flow. In steady, uniform turbulent incompressible flow in conduits of constant cross section, the
wall shear stress 'τ0 varies about proportional to the square of the average velocity

in which λ is a dimensionless coefficient, ρ is the mass density of the fluid flowing and V is the mean
velocity of the flow. In Fig.1 a steady uniform flow is indicated in either a closed conduit. For closed
conduit flow, energy for flow could be supplied by the potential energy drop, as well as
by a drop in pressure, P1-P2. With flow vertically downward in a pipe, P2 could increase in the flow

direction but potential energy drop Zl- Z2 would have to be greater than (p1- p2)/γ to supply energy
to overcome the wall shear stress.
The linear momentum equation applied between sections 1 and 2 in the direction of flow yields.

in which P is the wetted perimeter of the conduit, that is the portion of the perimeter where the wall
is in contact with the fluid, A is the area of cross section of flow, L is the distance between the two
sections, γ is the specific weight of the liquid flowing and  is the inclination of the bed of the channel
in the section 1 and 2 yields

where hf is the head loss between sections 1 and 2. Since the velocity head is same i.e.

since L Sin  (Z1-Z2), from Eq.2, it can be written as

where R is the hydraulic radius= A/P. For circular pipes, R=D/4. The unit of hf is meter
Newton/Newton. After solving for V, we have

For pipes,  =f/4 and R= D/4, then

Eq. 9 is known as Darcy-Weisbach pipe friction equation, f is known as the Darcy Weisbach pipe
friction factor.
PROCEDURE:

1. 1.Gradually open the inlet valve of the set-up to let water into the pipes and connecting tubes.
Disconnect the pressure tapping from the manometer, allow the water to flow freely thorough
the flexible tubes connected to the pressure tapping to remove air bubbles if any. After
ensuring that there are no air bubbles, connect the flexible tubes back to the manometer.
2. Record the size of the pipes, the distances of the pressure tapping which are to be used as
lengths-of pipes and temperature of water flowing.
3. Allow the discharge to come to steady state and note the difference in pressure between the
tappings.
4. For the same discharge, close the outlet valve of the collecting tank. Allow the water level in
the collecting tank to rise by a certain amount. Note the time taken for this rise in water level
and the area of the collecting tank. The discharge is equal to the volume of water collected
divided by the time taken.
5. Repeat the procedure for different values of different discharges and different pipes.
Maintain different tabular forms for different pipes

Observation Table
Length of the pipe, or the distance between the pressure tappings, L=
Diameter of the pipe, D=
Temperature of water =
Plot the friction factor f verses the Reynolds number of flow.
COMPUTATIONS:

RESULTS
OBSERVATIONS:

CONCLUSION:
DOCUMENTATION:

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