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99 views13 pagesIndefinite & Definite Integration Workbook
Uploaded by
Anuj KumarCopyright
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/ 13
A definite integral is denoted by J foodx
which represent the algebraic area bounded by
the curve y = f(x), the ordinates x =a, x = b and
the x axis,
1. THE FUNDAMENTAL THEOREM OF
CALCULUS :
The Fundamental Theorem of Calculus. is
appropriately named because it establishes a
connection between the two branches of calculus :
differential calculus and integral calculus.
Differential calculus arose from the tangent
problem, whereas integral calculus arose from a
seemingly unrelated problem, the area problem.
Newton's teacher at Cambridge, Isaac Barrow
(1630-1677), discovered that these two problems
are actually closely related, In fact, he realized
that differentiation and integration are inverse
processes, The Fundamental Theorem of
Calculus gives the precise inverse relationship
between the derivative and the integral. It was
Newton and Leibnitz who exploited this
relationship and used it to develop calculus into a
systematic mathematical method. In particular,
they saw that the Fundamental Theorem enabled
them to compute areas and integrals very easily
without having to compute them as limits of sums.
Y
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RATION
‘The Fundamental Theorem of Caleulus, Part 1
If f is continuous on (a, b}, then the function g
defined by
a(x) =f f()dt asx then the equation ffx) = 0
has atleast one root lying in (a, b) provided fis
a continuous function in (a, b).
2. PROPE)
ES OF DEI
PE INTEGRAL:
(a) ff(oex = J f(t)provided f is same
b) Frooax = -j F (xxx,
© Frode = J rood + froma. where ¢
may lie inside or outside the interval [a, b].
This property is to be used when fis piecewise
continuous in (a, b).
Mlustration 1 : If £(x) =:
evaluate f(x)dx
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Solution : | €(x)dx= f£codx + ftGodx
= frac fox —4)dx
(x (3x7,
X) +{ 38 -4x) = -12-6-8
3h (2 A
= 31/6 Ans.
Ix}
Mlustration 2 + If {(x) -(* x
+ x20
z x=0
then J fedex is equal to ({.] denotes the
greatest integer function)
1 7
A) = B) -—
(A) 2 (B) z
17
©+ () ->
2
Solution :3[x) 52! = 31x] -5, ifx>0
x
=3[x] +5, ifx <0
2
1
2-2 .
=> i foode= J Cae + f2)de4 Joc
Jax
{ 3)
wll s1+ 5} +20) + 15) +2)
1 ll
=-.42-5-2= ‘Ans. (A)
Hlustration 3 : The value of { (x!"'!+[x?}')dx,
where [.] denotes the greatest integer function, is
oom to
OF 5, 5 + (2% 2%) 4.
S52 ot
Tog?
oe
1
oF 5 bg? 4
Bon 3)
() none ortho
Solution : We have, 1= [(x"1+[x°P dx
ae Pal
= fxeeddx+ [ot 42% dx foe +3%dx
* s
fe VF (gt
=|Xex} aoa
3 loi 0
2 , AB tog2), C4“ tog3)
Bot os 50),
3 log? og3
Ans. (B)
-3)
Ilustration 4 ; Evaluate J foot 'x]dx. Here
[Lis the greatest integer function.
Solution : 1= J [cot x]}dx, we know
cot'x ¢(0,n)VxeR
. x €(—20,c0t3)
2, x €(cot3,cot2)
Thus [cot x] =
1, x €(cot2,cot)
0 x e(cotl,oo)
Hence 1 = [3x J ax J sa + fous =
30 + cot + cot2 + cot3 Ans.
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Do yourself 1: Evaluate :
@ Jie -x—2 1a
(ii) [ {xJdx, where {.} denotes fractional part
of x.
J lsinx cosx |dx
2 Osxsi
iv) IE fx) = .
wy IMs) {cma Isx<3
where [.] denotes the greatest integer function,
Evaluate Jfeodx
‘Solution :
lcosx ec — 2xcos*x /2|
As, f0)=| x? sex sinx +x"
1 2 xX+tanx
= fx) =— f0x) = f(x) is odd
> £'(x) is even => £"(x) is odd
Thus, f(x) + £"(x) is odd function let,
(x) =O? + 1).f0x) + £"O)}
> 6x) =- 00)
ie, (x) is odd
J 900dx =0
Ans. (D)
@ | foddx= [[fo)+f-w]ax
0 ; if f(x) is an odd function
© | 2) foxddx 5 if f(x) is an even function
Mlustration 5 : Evaluate [ cosxin{
x)
Solution : {{-x) = cos(-x) £n| (=)
it
x
(1+x)
= cose fn +
= f(x) is odd
Hence, the value of the given integral = 0.
‘Ans.
Iiustration 6 : i
lcosx e* — 2x cos? x /2|
fix) =| x* seex sinx+x* |, then the
12) x+tanx
value of [ (x? +1)(£(x) +£"Go))dx
(A)1 (B)-1
©2 (D) none of these
Do yourself -2
Evaluate :
@ —f G'sin’x +cosxyax
P| 4(4-sin0)
én) 2{ at
J |7laysine | e
di)
© fro = Jfta+b-xydx » In particular
Jroodx= frie —r¢x
Mlustration 7 : If £, g, h be continuous fictions
on [0, a] such that fla — x) =—fx), g(a— x) = gx)
and 3h(x) — 4h(a — x) = 5, then prove that
Proogoohonax 0
‘Solution : 1 =] feogconcoae
=| f(a —x)g(a— h(a x)dx
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=-] t0g00hta sax
T1=31+41
= froos00 {3h(x) — 4h(a —x)}dx
= 5] )g(odx =0
(Since fla — x) g(a— x) =—f(x) gO)
> 1-0 Ans.
xsinx
Mlustration 8 : Evaluate is rx
. xsinx xsinx
Solution :1= ds 1? =T+L
PE is K=h+h
where 1; = pete xan
eel
= dx =-dt
=dt)
I= Jxsinxax
= fa —x)sin(n—x)dx = af sinxax -1
= =n sinxdx = x |—cosx f= 201
‘Ans.
Tlustration 9: Evaluate
Solution : Let 1 ae
| 7x4 fe =
ax
417 +8x—4x°)fe™ +1)
: froodx = fre x)dx
Adding, we get 21~ f
nn We Be lime
( 1 1 )
(atta)
ents.
t 1 Ly dx
=f—1 x= 17 *
JIT +8x—4x" 4) xo 2x 17/4
-ij—& _
45, (x-1) -21/4
Ans.
Illustration 10 : foot (I-x +x?)dx equals -
ie) ; + log? @) Flog?
©
r—log2 (D) none of these
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wu
Solution : 1S Joon — 1 mow)*
xtx
_t x4+(I-x)
Joe (So)
= fran x-+ tan —x)]Jax
= [tan xd f tan “d-x)dx
= 2f tan xdx =2 | xtan"! x — tog-+x?)|
Ans. (B)
x
log? = = -log2
log? = 5 -log:
i *Pasinx +beosx
Mlustration 11 : f SSBX*BEOSS gy
4 sinx +cosx
, “Pasinx +beosx
Solution :1= | SESS
dx li)
1 sinx +eosx
=f ssinGe/2=x) + beostn/ 2-8)
sin(x/2—x) + cos(x/2—x)
Ail)
*F (a+ bysinx +-cosx) 4
a- fi
= foarte ee + b)n/2 => I= (a+ byni4
sinx +cosx
Ans,
| =P pion
Mlustration 12: J ser eatals
a=
(A)2 (B) x
K fn
Cc) = (D) =
OF @) 2
Solution :1= J 2
) Prooac= froodx ' fra =x)dx
2f foodx ; if f(2a-x) =f(x)
=|
0 if (2a -x) =-£(x)
HMlustration 13 : Brahate |
T cos x
Solution : Let 1= ies
T+ e0s"x
. I (m=ndx__f_adx__
yl +cos'(m—x) 41 +c0s"x
safeties fo
-2n'f 2 xdx
4 2+tan? x
Let tan x =t so that for x -> 0, t > 0 and for
x n/2, te, Hence we can write,
1 tf
ee tan”! | =
PB BL Ae
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mi
Q
23
9
2
Mlustration 14:
rove that J log(sinx)dx
= f log(cosx)dx= - + log?
j 2
Solution: Let T= f log(sinx)dx @
then I = {fiegsin( xox 7 log(cos x)dx
- Gi)
adding (i) and (ii), we get
21- t logsin nixt | logeosxdx
(logsinx + logcosx)dx
> = [ logisin xcosx)ax
i “ “ cos) &
= ij log(sin2x)dx — J (log 2)dx
J logsin 2x.dx —(log2)(x)5"
225 J log(sin2xyax —F1og2 ssa (iii)
Let I = f log(sin2x)dx , putting 2x =, we get
Jlogisin- log(sin nat
18
-5 a log(sin t)dt
q =| log(sin x)dx
©. (iii) becomes ; 21= 1 F tog?
Hence f logsinxdx= ~Fiog2 Ans.
Illustration 15: J (2logsin x — logsin2x)dx
equals -
(A) r log 2 (B) -nlog2
(©) (2) log 2 (D) 4/2) log 2
Solution :
I= [ Qlogsinx —log2sinxcosx)dx
= J Clogsin x -log2 —logsin x ~logcosx)dx
= [logsinxax- [ log2dx— f logeosxax
=-(n/2) log? Ans.(D)
‘Do yourself -4 : Evaluate :
™
o [—*
apex)
(ii) J Mm(sin? xcosx)dx
(iv) ; veosx — cos’ xdx
@ Free = of F(x)dx, (a € Ds where ‘T” is
the period of the function ie. AUT + x) = f(x)
Note that : | £(t}dtwill be independent of x
and equal to f f(t)dt
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(a) J foddx= | foqax where fx) is periodic
with period T & ne L.
@ J fGodx = =m) [FOodx, (a, m
if f(x) is periodic with period 'T.
Mlustration 1
ivaluate J |cosx | dx
Solution : Note that feos x| is a periodic function
with period x, Hence the given integral
1=4] leosx Jax =4] [ cosxdx — f cosxdx
= 4[[sinx];? -[sinx], ]=4[1+1]=8 Ans.
Mlustration 17: Evaluate { |sinx|dx
Solution: | |sinx|dx = [|sinx |dx
# J [sinx [dx = 5[|sinx|dx + f |sinx [dx
rae
Ans.
=5[-cosx]j +[-cosx];? = 10 + (
Iiustration 18 : Evaluate
J [sinx +cosx}dx
. Here [.] is the greatest
integer function.
Solution : Let = f [sinx +cosx]dx
= nJ [sinx +cosx]dx
[sinx + cosx] is periodic function with
period 2n]
sin x + 60s x] =
[ cos x] bn
2
-, BexsZt
2 4
0, Bexsan
4
Hence
Do yourself -5
Evaluate :
(i) J (2x}dx, where {.} denotes fractional part
ofx.
diy J Ginx +cosx)dx
3. WALLI’SFORMULA : If m,n @N &
m,n>2, then
@ Tsim xdx= Tcose xdx
(a=Din=3)..(1.0F2)
© n(n=2)....(1 or 2)
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n/2 ifniseven
where K =
1 ifnisodd
(b) sin"x.cos™x dx
=!
if both mand n are even
Where K =)
1 otherwise
Mlustration 19: { sin‘ xcos* xdx ~
Solution :1= sin‘ xcos* xdx
GERI) w_ 3x
1086422 256
Ans. (C)
= 2f sin xeo xdx =
4. DERIVATIVE OF ANTIDERIVATIVE
FUNCTION (Newton-Leibnitz Formula) :
If h(x) & g(x) are differentiable functions of
x then, 4 J feat
K sin
= fTh(x)].b'@) ~ Te@)1.8'0)
Itustration 20 : Find the points of maxima‘minima
v-st+4
i rn
Solution : Let f(x) = ye
y
Graph of fx)
From the wavy curve, it is clear that f \(x)
changes its sign at x = + 2, +1, 0 and hence the
points of maxima are -1, 1 and of the minima
are -2, 0,2.
Mlustration 21; Evaluate
Solution: dx =
2 ior x
1a 32 2t__t(t-1)
~ fog at) Slog
“logt — logt
Ans.
Do yourself -6
=
(i) If fx) =f sintdt, then find f (1),
J V3=sin® tat+ fcostdt =0, then evaluate
ay
dx
5. DEFINITE INTEGRAL AS LIMIT OF
ASUM:
An alternative way of describing [ f(x)dx is that
the definite integral | £(x)dx is a limiting case
of the summation of an infinite series, provided
{(x) is continuous on (a, b]
ftom limh}" f(a + 2h) where
b-
h=-—. The converse is also true ice., if we
n
have an infinite series of the above form, it can
be expressed as a definite integral.
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Step]: Express the given series in the form
yy (2)
Step IL: Then the limit is its sum when
)
n>, ie.lim— Lift r)
men (a
r
1
Step IIL: Replace = by x and — by dx and
1
lim by the sign off
Step IV: The lower and the upper limit of
integration are the limiting values of
for the first and the last term of r
a
respectively
Mlustration 22 : Evaluate
(1
Lim{ —+
sm Qn] 2n+2
Solution : Let 8 =
= $= Lims, = j=
+
= [én |2+x 1]
=/n6-fn2=0n3 Ans.
Mlustration 23 : Evaluate
Lim | 8 ea a
Solution: Let
Analyzing the expression with the view of
increasing integral value we get the expression
in terms of ras
- ima (r+ 4yny
x
1 VxGvx +4"
Foes
Put 3x +4=1,
aera
Hene 2A DL
ence P sc7ta) ia
Evaluate :
6, ESTIMATION OF DEFINITE INTEGRAL :
(a) If £(x) is continuous in [a, b] and
in this interval is [m, M], then
m(b— a) < | £0dx< Mba)
Mlustration 24 : Prove that
4<| Vind < 250
= Vix
increases monotonically on the interval
Solution + Since the funtion {(x)
[1,3], m=2,M= ¥30,b-a=2.
Hence, 2.2 < | V3+x°dx < 2V30
4s [Bex dx < 250 Ans.
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(by) 4—
vxe [0,1]
V4-x Vax x 24-28?
>0¥x€ [0,1]
1
=x'24-2x7> 0
1
1
—<
Plax? 42x?
20<
©)
[| Foe
< fitco lax
fcr
IMlustration 26 : Prove that|
Solution : To find 1 -| ff 2 a
Since |sinx |g 1 forx>10
1
[L+x*]
sinx
The inequality Fs]
x
. i)
also, 10 108
1 1 s
oor el i
Tee 10 Oia] cad)
from (ii) and (iii) ;
SMX) 104
+x
NF sinx a | oss
[jase 0 V x ¢ [2,10] and
J #Godx = 0 then find £(6).
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Solution = f(x) is above the x-axis or on the
canis forall x ¢ [2,10]. If f(x) is greater than
zero for any sub interval of [4,8], then Jrooax
must be greater than zero.
But JfGodx = 0 fo = 00x © [4,8]
= 6)=0.
Do yourself 8
() Prove that 4< fy B+ xdx < 43
(i) Prove that2 < i —*_y
4 +3sinx
(iii) Show that
2@”-n< ea FF dx <1
Miscellaneous IMlustrations :
Mlustration 29 : Evaluate : ie xsin’ x
GE 3ax te)
Solution Let = 2S xsin x gy
1 Ge —3nx +3)
oe i)
-f Y cos'(n—x) sin? (nm —x)dx
} =3n(n—x)+3(n—x)
(By. Prop.)
i P= x? —3n'x + 3nx")cos! xs
. (1? —3nx + 3x?)
ii)
‘Adding (i) and (ji) we have
n°x + 3x") cos! xsin® x
fea Seixs Sen’) cos! xsin’x gy
4 (3x 3x7)
> 21= nf cos" xsin’ xdx
= 21=2n J cos* xsin’ xdx
J cos! xsin’® xdx
G.DQ) x
642.2 32
Ans.
Using walli's formula, we get 1=7
Mlustration 30 : Let f be an injective function
such that f(x) fly) + 2 = f(x) + fly) + flxy) for
all non negative real x and y with f(0) = 1 and
'(1) =2 find f(x) and show that
3 J fOddx—x(fG0) + 2) is a constant.
Solution : We have f(x)fly) + 2 = fix) + fly) + flxy)
0)
Puttingx=1&y=1
then fU1)f(1) + 2 = 34(1)
wwe get (1) = 1,2
£1) #1 ( (0) = 1 & function is injective)
then f(1) =2
Replacing y by din (1) then,
x
1) 1)
nw{ 2} 42-009 +1(2} +00
x x
1) (1
= foot (2) =s00 +4 4
x Lx
Hence f(x) is of the type
fix) = 1 x®
f)=2
fix) =1 +x"
and f'(x)=mx"1 > f=
f(x) 2
3] f@e)dx —x(f(x) +2)
= 3[ (1+ x2)dx—x(1 +x? +2)
(oe)
=3[x 4 Syed = constant,
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Mlustration 31 : Evaluate =
Jeo +sin nx] +1}dx, [.] is the greatest integer
function,
Solution : Let 1= J [x[1 + sin nx] + Idx.
= j [x{1 + sin wx] + Idx +f [x[1 +sin wx] + Tox
Now [I +sinax]=0if-1 « of
1 1 1
(2n-1*) Yaa (6n —3°)
Solution: — Let
Putx= => dx =2tdt
Hence P=ni/2. Ans.
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Exh [xk
Mlustration 33 + Tf fx) = va
Ix|-L [xpi
a(x) = fix - 1) + f(x + 1). Find the value of
fecodx.
Solution : Given,
-x-l, x<-l
lex, -I1 >x>2
Similarly f(x + 1) =
[-x-2, x#1<-1 x<-2
Ie42, -lexti-2-Isx<0
xtl>1 =>x>0
=> gx) =f 1) +H)
-2x-2, x<-2
2, 2
