>» Contents Introduction How to use this book How to use this series ‘Acknowledgements Unit 1 1 Review of number concepts 4.1 Different types of numbers 4.2 Multiples and factors 4.3 Prime mimbors 4.4 Working with directed numbers 4.5 Powers, roots and laws of indices 4.6 Onder of operations 47 Rounding andestimating Making sense of algebra 2.1 Using leters to represent unknown values 2.2 Substitution 2.3 Simplifying expressions 24 Working with brackets 25 Indices Lines, angles and shapes 3.1 Lines and angles 32 Triangles 3.3 Quadrilateral 3.4 Polygons 35 Circles 3.6 Construction Collecting, organising and displaying data 441 Collecting and classifying data 42 Organising data 43° Using charts to display data Past paper questions for Unit 1 Unit 1 Project Unit 2 5 Fractions, percentages and standard form 5.1 Revisiting fractions 5.2 Operations on fractions 5.3 Percentages 5.4 Standard form Equations, factors and formulae 6.1 Solving equations 62. Factorsing algebraic expressions 63 Rearranging formulae Perimeter, area and volume 7. Perimeter and area in two dimensions 7.2 Three-dimensional objects 7.3. Surface areas and volumes of solids Introduction to probability 8.1 Understanding basic probability 8.2 Sample space diagrams 149 131 153 159 170 180 81 186 189 194 195 212 214 228 9 83 Combining independent and mutually exclusive evens Past paper questions for Unit 2 Unit 2 Project Unit 3 9 Sequences, surds and sets 9.1 Sequences 9.2 Rational and irrational numbers 9.3 Surds 94 Sets 239 246 252113 m4 12 Aver 121 22 123 124 125 ‘theorem simila Understand : hversanaing Sia pes Understanding conermeneS ages and measures Of s of averages 197 Different tyPe Sewers Making comparisons Ui and ranges ‘Calelating averages peney dala tea pe mean an fie modal class for grouped data Quarles ind ranges for Past paper questions for Unit 3 Unit 3 Project Unit 4 13 Understanding measurement 134 132 135 Understanding units Time Limits of accuracy — upper and lower bounds Conversion graphs Exchanging currencies 14 Further solving of equations and inequalities 144 142 144 ae 146 Simultaneous linear equations Linear inequalities Regions in a plane Completing the square Quadratic formula Factorisi 8 qu Coetcient of cn airy Algebraic fractions 366 367 37 315 380) 383) 392 399 400 401 405 409 418, 21 427 28 440 445 452 455 459 461 ings, bearings and 45 Scale draw trigonomet'Y a sea seule crewed? % 20 Hist 45.2 Bearings oe 4 frec 15.3 Understanding the tangent, cosine ang 20.1 sine ratios 9 20. gd Ghat tigonornetric retin 3 154 Solving problems using trigonometry gy, Past F 1eF Sines cosines and tangents of anges Unit § greater than 90" Ss 45:7. The sine and cosine rules (Uni 45.8 Areaof a triangl sty 124 Trigonometry in thre dimensions 5 a iE 16 Scatter diagrams and correlation 53; 2 464 _ Introduction to bivariate data sy 3 Past paper questions for Unit 4 543 Unit 4 Project 550 Unit 5 ? 17 Managing money 17.1 Earning money 17.2 Borrowing and investing money 47.3 Buying and selling 18 Curved graphs mC 18.1 Review of quadratic graphs (the parabola) su 18.2 Drawing reciprocal graphs (the hyperbola) 3% 18.3 Using graphs to solve quadratic equations Co 8.4 a linear and non-linear equations 65 18.5 Other non-linear graphs ae iS i Finding the gradient of a curve a Derivatives of functions on 19 Symmetry oft 19.4 3 oa ‘Symmetry in two dimensions 4 aa e! mmetry in three dimensions o tog MeL properties of circles asl Angle relationships in circles *20 Histograms and cumulative frequency diagrams 20.1 Histograms 20.2 Cumulative frequency Past paper questions for Unit 5 Unit 5 Project Unit 6 21 Ratio, rate and proportion 21.4 Working with ratio. 21.2 Ratioand scale 21.3 Rates 21.4 Kinematic graphs 21.5 Proportion 21.6 Direct and inverse proportion in algebraic terms 22 More equations, formulae and functions 22.1 Setting up equations to solve problems 22.2 Using and rearranging formulae 22.3 Functions and function notation 23 Transformations and vectors 23.1 Simple plane transformations 23.2 Further transformations 23.3 Vectors 24 Probability using tree diagrams and Venn diagrams 24.1 Using tree diagrams to show outcomes 24.2 Caleulating probability from tree diagrams 24.3 Calculating probability from Venn diagrams 24.4 Conditional probability Past paper questions for Unit 6 Glossary 867 Index (a SESS> Chapter 7 Pra CC cLads) and volume ‘Where have you seen Why do we need to ki Imagine you have following shapes ‘any of them and Perimeter of a poly the total distance a two dimensions, You will earn a7 Perimeter, area and volume pyramid — suspended upside down — acts as a skylight in cee naller ve yo (Or any other three-dimension objects used in architecture? | f8°® Bes ots ower patti ohmorusamsear eee ue hi Simplify your answers as far as possible, ao ’bg 7.1 Perimeter and area in two dimensions Perimeters appear everywhere in real life. Geographers may be interested in the length of an island’s coastline. Gardeners may need to know the distance around the edge of a lawn, so they know how many border plants to order. A sports centre building a Tunning track will need to work out the distance around the edge. Polygons A polygon is a fiat (two-dimensional) shape with three or more straight sides. The perimeter of a polygon is the sum of the lengths of its sides, The perimeter measures the total distance around the outside of the polygon. Das er XODN NOLO DN) ‘Two-dimensional’ means that you need two different pieces of information to find any given point on the shape. Usually you will use x- and y-coordinates for two dimensions, but you can also use a bearing and a distance, for example. You will earn about bearings in Chapter 15.Tangles i = pa | anes Saas iS Here are some examples of other two-dimensional shapes. Itis possible to find areas of [Eee npn inregular pentagon Units of area If the dimensions of your ae pore Pormbem then the units of area are Saeee rents Bis used and for kilomer ss alvays given in square units eis an area is given in em? me this tells yo ei to cover exactly the same 1 the nuy Sie eal tones FES you 196) other polygons such as those on the left by dividing the shape into other shapes sub as triangles and quadiilatecs You will also see A= 1x wforthe a of a rectangle. The two formulae are equivalent, here the base, b, is equiva to the length, | and the height, h: is equivalent to th width, w.Calculate the area of the shape shown in the diagram. fs om Answer Divide the shape into two simple polygons: a rectangle and a triangle. Work out the area of each shape and then add them together. IF | a | lf J] —— Ta rectangle wang ‘Area of rectangle = bh = 7 x 5 = 35cm? (substitute values in place of b and h) See eee 1 ape 2 ‘Area of tangle = 3bh = 3% 5x 6 = 4% 30 = 15cm Total area = 35 +15 = 50cm? b The area of a triangle is 40cm?, If the base of the triangle is S OR OR Make sure that you include the formula you use in your working You learnt how to rearrange and solve linear equations in Chapter 6. It can be confusing to include units in all your working, but, where it is possible, always give units in your final answer.en 6 Foreach of the following shapes you are given the area and one other measurement. Find the unknown length in each case. \Write down the al a b ane o es formula for the area | in each case. a Substitute into the formula the values —ta—— that you already | know and then ema rearrange it to find 29cm | 174m the unknown quantity bm —He hk 200 om"ta 7. How many 20cm by 3007 ‘outdoor area show® —ao: de with tio, < decorate pape but 8 The image shows a tee decorstn three triangles of exactly the differen sizes ; The dimensions of the middle wiangle ' are 2 ofthe dimensions ofthe BOHM sm ensionsofthetop | triangle, and the dim triangle ae 2 of those of the wiangle in the middle, Work out the aea of the whole decimal place decoration, giving your answer to 1 but the base of the b Another decoration is made in the same way, bottom triangle is xem and the height is ycm. Find the area of the shape as a simplified fraction of xy. Sanjay has a square mirror measuring 10cm by 10cm. Silvie has a square mirror which covers twice the area of Sanjay’s mirror. Determine the dimensions of Sivie's mirror correct to 2 decimal places. ease 9 10 The flag of Guyana is rectangular, with some triangular patterns as shown. 2 The official flag of Guyana of the flag that is yellow or my ue® 152cr White. Give yor OY © Explain how }OW YOu know th; white and yelom ron’ the black ang zSs {1 Foresch ofthe fellowing, dea outh seth 2 Semis wih isan pine bent orang ith ane wea bet os as areal with the same perimeter but differ 7 lorams wth the same ae but int yen 412. Find the area and perimeter of the rectangle shown i in the diagram. 49-2 Prmanes NorTo INT SCALE. axt2 Utes aed 43 A trapezium has parallel sides of len \ les of length aem and 3acm. The parallel sides Gisancs 6 apart and the ares Of Ua epee a Mokaea ay MARE ofa aaa with base a em and height a®em, Find the area of the trapezium. 14 A rectangle is three times as long as itis wid rectat itis wide. If the area angle is 243cm?, find the perimeter of the rectangle. a Increasing areas 1 Calculate the area of a square of side 2cm. 2. How many times larger than the area of a 2cm x 2cm square is the area of acm x 6m square? nthe area of x 2em square is the are pean oe y times larger than the area of a 2em x 2m square isthe area aeeiawtcn for volumes later ‘on in the chapter. 3 How man) ‘ofa 10cm x 10cm square? 4. Find the areas of some more squares and try to work out what is happening to the area when you multiply the lengths ‘of each side by the ‘What happens to the same number. volume of a cube or area of a right-angled triangle, with shorter sides 4em Eee ace lengths of the edges? This idea is continued in Chapter 11. 5 Now calculate the and 7m. 6 Ifthe shorter sides double, triple the area each time? or quadruple in length, what happens to 201)jing the circumference of acircle ae circle, Note that ‘Grufeence the word sed to identify the perimat of Cee reds ~ 2. The Ancient Greeks knew thatthe could find Te cheunfrene ofa cle by multiplying the diameter by particular number. ce eam known as which the Greck etter ‘iis equal 0 saeiggn6el This ony the stat of the number isan irrational number, So the decimal places go on forever and never repeat ‘You can find the circumference ofa circle using formulae that uses either the radius orthe diameter: Circumference x diameter = nad (where d= diameter) (where r= radius) Finding the area of a circle ‘Theresa simple formula for calculating the area of a cir ula for calculating the area o is : j rele. Here isa method that Consider the circle shown inthe diagram, ‘these have been rearranged to give the dia, ee gram on the right. ot ir you ryt narrower 3 ‘this indica ‘You will n¢ Ansrine les ioe Aref ces approximately equal 9 ! Fe Aine seats ! ih shown ini agra on ihe previous ear (Simplify.) 7 aM By ir you ty this youre by dividing acre into a gester, Mower you il note that the ethan agra wok een more hea ea ‘indent ot do 7% ro) hat ta of isan by = You will now look at some examples so tha Pes so that you can se how to apply thes forme. jae tells you to caleulate the square ofthe radius before For each of the following circles calculate the circumference an¢ Give each answer to 3 significant figures. Se a Answers a Circumference = xd x8 = 25.1327, is approximately equal to 25.1 mm (3 sf) Area = a0? 1x16 = 50.265. = 503mm? (3s) ‘Area = 712 ee =Xx25 = 78.539, =78.5cm? (sf) b Circumference = 2xr =2x0x5 = 31.415, is approximately equal to 31.4cm (3 sf) itton. IFit does net, use the approximation isin your working. Make sure that you then state what level of Your calculator should have a [= but 3.142, but make sure that you write thi record the final calculator answer before rounding and accuracy you rounded to. Note that in (a), the Giameter ie given and in) the radius is given. Make sure that you look carefully at Which measurement ‘you are given and use the correct formula,slate the ificant f cale act te wen or Answer os tye? word Substitute in values 44 18% Baeee es hend. of, z ae 2160365: Round the answer. Inthe case it has been round to 3 significant figuelil a Exercise 7.2 1 Caleulate the area and cre to3 significant figures where necessary. b samference in each ofthe following. Give your answers You should ala Scrat ahs ty ts secimal approximation forthe ey eS th cing rounding? "@dius and gin” ing error 8 29d cia : iametea @) Biri ‘ on in each case. Give your answers to 3 The diagram shows a plan fora rectangular garden with a circular pond. The part of the garden This is a good not covered by the pond is to be ‘example of a problem covered by grass. One bag of grass im which you need to seed covers five square metres of camry out a series of lawn. Calculate the number of bags calculations. Set your work outin clear steps of seed that are needed, Een gear to show how you get The diagram shows a road sign, t tothe ty Ifthe triangle will be painted | white and the rest of the sign will be painted red, calculate the area covered by each colour to | 1 decimal place ai Sixteen identical circles are to be cut from a square sheet of fabric with sides of 0.4m. Find the area of the leftover fabric (to 2 dip.) ifthe circles are made as large as possible.exercise 7 ind the ; (Give each anne it mean none of these prateuttion ta 8H multiple 2 Ca | is eon exact ve 0 gnaw lB in ao Iron a aera er a aye together sould bei the anewes ty a I} | rand xo now ieee Ae Hi owner oral ERE HH ae and the radius 2.5m (halt 3 Adird | eee c= cme mmm see dame) : (33 = Sem 2 b \ fi] | or eachaleation, give yur answer as 2 multiple Of > 4 The Fd the circumference ofa cce with a diameter of 127 ise Whats the exact circumference of a circle of radius Ammn? De Determine the area ofa circle with a diameter of 10m. What is the radius of a circle of circumference 2.8m? Answers Arcs Multiply the diameter by 12 and remember We Ft to-write the units ce ioe Notic j se this version of the formula since you = have been told the radius. 2 — 1 The r=5m,soA=xx5? Nott A= Bem the: Cw 2er The ic ‘of Se $0,r=& = 28 anand volume Exercise 7.3 the circumfe ferenice and area of jive each answer as ‘@ multiple of x > @ (es qd For each of the following, give the answer as a multiple of a Calculate the circumference ofa cirle of diameter 10cm. A circle has a radius of 7mm, What is its circumference? b € Whats the area of a circle of diame 5 ter 19cm ‘The radius of a semicircle is 3em, What isthe area of the semicircle? A circle of circumference 12em is precision c aaa Precision cut from a metal 2 Whatis the length of each side of the square? b What area of metal is left after the circle has been cut out? Give your answer in terms of =. The diagram shows two concentric circles, The inner circle has a circumference of 14xmm, ‘The outer circle has a radius of 9mm, Determine the exact area of the shaded portion, Arcs and sectors The diagram shows a circle with two radii (plural of radius) drawn from the centre The region contained in-between the two radii is known asa sector. Notice that there is a major sector and a minor sector. A seetion of the cireumference is known as an arc. ‘The Greek letter # represents the angle subtended at the centre Notice that the minor sector is a fraction of the full circle. It is 365 of the circle. 6 ms The area of a circle is x72. The sector is 365 of the circle, so we can replace ‘of’ with *’ to give: Sector areaavuntnansla te nonerass ee @ of there of the are of the sector 8 6 é Are lemath = 545 2 emer ne (909 rer of acl apecia case Make sure that you + 18 = 90" then younave Raw = 1¢4= 180" then you have a halo ificant er to 3819"! your ans Find the area and perimeter of figures. a f) Dg ptm BO 3 9 x 5? = 6.544. = 654m? (35. Aen en teen Perimeter = <2 x 2er + 2r= 360 = 126m Gsf) \ 30 ax gx 542x5= 12.617. 360 Answer Total = - = Of tangle + area of a semicircle Area= bh+ tare y ZbO* 7A 7X8 x6 + be xa a 49 137 # approximately equal 0 49.1cm? (354) Perimeter = 52 +/52+1x 9 2% 2" *4= 270m, Gs.) « ar Note that for the perimeter you nes, to add 5m twice because you need to include the two Ee straight edges : La Note that the base of the triangle isthe diameter of theo Remember to divide the circle area by 0 to find the area oft semicircle eeWeedeater Notice that you have | not been told the size of #. Youneed | to calculate it (= 360-65) vt HO go? 365" 1 OE ate TE tg 4109 is approximately equalto 41 2one Pesimetes = 505 x 2ar + 2r= 25 x29 44 2% 4 = 28504, is approximately equal to 28.6cm Exercise 7.4 m eS eo 4 | youneedthe arc | jes | t e arc ength [in each of 2. Find the area of the coloured region and find the ar ent the following. Give your answers to 3 significant figureshe followin the area and PO significant HEN 3 Find the area ana te ee Give your am arth with an of the a on the centre ; drawn from 4 Thediagram sh arcalong the equator ants eer ‘~The Equator 1 of arc length along ‘When the angle at the centre of the Earth is wo of a degree, the ‘mown as 1 nautical mile Given thatthe Bar’ came i 12760 km, find the length of | nautical mile in rth’s diameter is the equator i ila approximately answer fo the nearest metre. on The diagram shows a running track of length 400m. The two straight | edges are both 90m in length. E Find the diameter, d, of the two semicircular sections. Give your answer to 1 decimal place. oom 6 Goro rolls pizza dough into a single circular pizza base of diameter 28cm, but Huan asks for four identical, smaller pizza bases with the same thickness instead. Work out the diameter of each of the smaller pizza bases. 7 The diagram shows sie of circular cake, seen from above. The radius of the cake is equal to the arc length and the area of the t 2 Find the radius of the cake. i aeeneigcesrea and volume a L 4 | aaa aes 9 Find the perimeter and area of each shape. Give your answer to 3 significant figures.10 Arun hastwo deans OrMMGESS . ed ' eo lar fora semis painted 201d Pst of the : dete eer mi eas ght hem. All of the triat wil 16cm and height ‘area to be Pail pease ii race dpe es Cote ean Groans 03 56 7.2 Three-dimensional objects casioal objects but you wll use many Teuaions A three-dimensional the same a Je is to be be painted on “The focus ofthe rest ofthis chapter is threedim (of the formulae for two-dimensional shapes in your ca object is ealled a solid Nets of solids ‘A net is a two-dimensional shape that can be drawn, cut out and folded to form a three-dimensional solid ‘This isthe net of a solid that you should be quite familiar with, 4 7, 1 you fldaong the dtd ns and on the points with the same letters then you wil A form this cube, 1 You should ty this our and ook stwhich dee adsand vicarage (points or corners) join up Cardboard bows start out as fit shape. The cade is then folded & carefully chosen which become he edges of the bor | unfolding a box's see how it wastExercise 7. ‘The diagram shows a cuboid. Draw a net for the cuboid. 2. Thediagram shows the net of a solid. ‘ a Describe the solid in as much detail as you can, b Which two points will join with point Mf when the net is folded? R u ¢ Which edges are equal in length to PQ? pe Low ° x N y a z A teacher asked her class to draw the net of a cuboid cereal box. These are the diagrams that three students drew. Which of them is correct? b < If you find it difficult to visualise the solution to problems like this, you can build models to help you. 4 How could you make a cardboard model of this numbered octahedron? Draw labelled sketches to show your solution.id. he net of 3 cubO! ows t 5 Thediagram sho [Bem tae E Find the surface area ofthe cuboid in cm 'b Find the volume of the cuboid in m’. lids 7.3 Surface areas and volumes of so! called faces. You can ‘The Mat, two-dimensional surfaces on the outside of a ca “aaa find the area of each face using te techniques from earl area of all the faces isthe surface area ofthe solid. : ‘The lume isthe amount of space contained inside the slid. Ifthe lengths are given in centimetres, then the volume is measured in cubic centimetres (cm’) and so on. ‘We measure the amount of water flowing over a waterfall in cubic metres per srcroee natimum flow of water over the Iguazu Falls in South Amerie ens tb mets per second, on 9 lune 2014, This is the equivalent Wate an 18 standard Olympic swimming pools being « i waterfall every second! ae mesiemptied over the Cuboids A cuboid has six rectangular faces, tye I the length, width find the surface an It can be hel draw the net os solid when ty find its suracNotice that the surface area is exactly the same as th. ‘Surface area of cuboid = 2a + a0 + be) The volume of a cuboid is its length x width > height. Volume of cuboid = a b ¢ Prisms A prism isa solid whose cross-section is the same all along its length. (A cross-section is the surface formed when you cut parallel to a face.) Prisms are often named according to the shape of their cross-section. For example, 4 triangular prism has a triangle cross-section, a pentagonal prism has a pentagon. cross-section and so on.puree yi s | eneth a ysectio | a a area of eae £002 and e iI area. eee: king out! ao jam by WoFKiDE he FOSS SCT oro I late the surface area of apn sequal 10 Re || ism eaten Sion resi - | the cross-section multiplied by the | : + perimeter | sctice sie ord prima = ea Coa 3 | | | ‘You can calculate the volume ofa pris by worn nu multiplying this y the eat. | Nona r= of wen | | | Cylinders a | s. The eross section | Cylinders a eau tne tae Tet in| A east esaeamgis erg och | €oO <= Deep sea divers carry tanks filled wih compressed air on their backs. These tanks are usually shaped like cylindes, making it easy to calculate the volume and to work out how A cylinder can be ‘unwrapped! to produce its net. The surface of the solid consists of much air is left. ‘o creular faces anda curved surface that can be fattened 1 make a rectangle ‘Curved surface area ofa eylind and Volume of aeylinder = meh If questions ask for exact answers to surface area and volume calculations where 7 is part formula, you must give your answer? multiple of =Exercise 7.6 1. Find the volume and surface area of the solid with the net shown in the diagran, 3em| sem Sen] Som 2 Find () the volume and (i) the surface area of the euboids with the following dimensions a length ~ Sem, width = Sem, height « 18m b length = 1.2mm, width = 2.4mm, height = 4.8mm. Cola SSA en The diagram shows a pencil case in the shape of a triangular prism, Calculate its @ volume b surface area.'A.32 em long cardboard cylinder has @ radius of 2.5¢™. a What is the exact volume of the cylinder? re rolled inside the cylinder and bot the sealed tube? ids are sealed b Some papers a th ent What is the surface area of 7 The diagram shows the solid glass case for a clock. The case IS & cuboid tha euinder removed (to fit the clock mechanism). Calculate the volume of glass required to make the clock case. 8 A storage comps and 2.8m high a can fitinte b What on this storage room? "SIONS 1m x 0.5m x 2.5m isthe surface ar When the tt€® 18a of each cardboard box 0x € maximun a m num| © of empty g ber of cardboard b 0) PACE islet in the roan ore Stored,