Affiliation No.

1720992

Session: 2023-2024

INVESTIGATORY PROJECT

REPORT

ON
“To investigate the relation between the ratio of: 1.Output and
Input Voltage 2.Number of turns in the secondary coil and the
primary coil of a self-designed transformer.”

Submitted To:- Submitted By:-

MR. DEEPAK KR. SHARMA PIYUSH SHARMA
DEPARTMENT OF PHYSICS CLASS: XII-A
AIS, JAIPUR, ROLL NO.: 11665601

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 DEPARTMENT OF PHYSICS, AIS,
JAIPUR (RAJ.)

CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that Piyush Sharma bearing Roll Number
11665601 is a student of Class XII-A. He has successfully
completed his Physics Investigatory project titled “To
investigate the relation between the ratio of: 1.Output and Input
Voltage 2.Number of turns in the secondary coil and the
primary coil of a self-designed transformer .” as per the
guidelines of Central Board of Secondary Education for the
academic year 2023-2024.

It is further certified that this project is the individual and

bonafide work of the candidate.

Signature of Physics Teacher : ______________

Signature of External Examiner: ______________

Signature of Principal : ______________

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 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

It gives me immense pleasure to present the Project on To

investigate the relation between the ratio of : 1.Output and Input
Voltage 2.Number of turns in the secondary coil and the primary
coil of a self-designed transformer .”
” I would like to express my gratitude towards my I express my
special gratitude to my principal, Ms. Karuna Nagpal for allowing
me to do this project.

I give my special thanks to my Physics Teacher Mr. Deepak

Kumar Sharma for helping me in every regard. Under whose
guidance and constant Supervision the project has been completed.
The instruction and Suggestions given by him have been a major
contributor forwards the completion of the project.

At the same time, I am very thankful to my parents who provided

all necessary things and my friends helping me a lot. I am thankful
to CBSE for giving me this opportunity.

Overall, without the support of all these people this project could
not be successful.

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 TABLE OF CONTENTS
CERTIFICATE ................................................................................ 2
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ................................................................ 3
1. INTRODUCTION ........................................................................ 5
2. PRACTICAL ANALYSIS ........................................................... 6
2.1 OBJECTIVE ............................................................................ 6
2.2 APPARATUS REQUIRED ..................................................... 6
2.3 Circuit Diagram........................................................................ 7
2.4 THEORY ................................................................................. 7
2.4.1 EFFICIENCY ................................................................... 11
2.4.2 ENERGY LOSSES ........................................................... 12
2.5 PROCEDURE ........................................................................ 12
2.6 SOURCES OF ERROR ......................................................... 14
2.7 CONCLUSION ...................................................................... 14
2.8 PRECAUTIONS .................................................................... 14
3. BIBLIOGRAPHY ...................................................................... 15

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1. INTRODUCTION
The transformer is a device used for converting a low alternating
voltage to a high alternating voltage or vice-versa.

A Transformer based on the Principle of mutual induction

according to this principle, the amount of magnetic flux linked with
a coil changing, an e.m.f is induced in the neighboring coil.

A transformer is an electrical device which is used for changing

the A.C. voltages. A transformer is most widely used device in both
low and high current circuit. As such transformers are built in an
amazing strength of sizes. In electronic, measurement and control
circuits, transformer size may be so small that it weight only a few
tens of grams whereas in high voltage power circuits, it may weight
hundred of tones.

In a transformer, the electrical energy transfer from one circuit to

another circuit takes place without the use of moving parts.

A transformer which increases the voltages is called a step- up

transformer. A transformer which decreases the A.C. voltages is
called a step-down transformer.

Transformer is, therefore, an essential piece of apparatus both for

high and low current circuits.

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2. PRACTICAL ANALYSIS
2.1 OBJECTIVE
To investigate the relation between the ratio of:

1. Output and Input Voltage

2. Number of turns in the secondary coil and the primary coil of a

self-designed transformer.

2.2 APPARATUS REQUIRED

IRON ROD

COPPER WIRE VOLTMETER

AMMETER

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2.3 Circuit Diagram

2.4 THEORY
When an altering e.m.f. is supplied to the primary coil p1p2, an
alternating current starts falling in it. The altering current in the
primary produces a changing magnetic flux, which induces altering
voltage in the primary as well as in the secondary.

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In a good transformer, whole of the magnetic flux linked with
primary is also linked with the secondary, and then the induced
e.m.f. induced in each turn of the secondary is equal to that induced
in each turn of the primary. Thus if Ep and Es be the instantaneous
values of the e.m.f.’s induced in the primary and the secondary and
Np and Ns are the no. of turns of the primary secondary coils of the
transformer and

dф / dt = rate of change of flux in each turn off the coil at

this instant,

we have,

Ep = -Np dф/dt _______________ (1)

and

Es = -Ns dф/dt _______________ (2)

Since the above relations are true at every instant, so by dividing 2

by 1, we get

Es / Ep = - Ns / Np ______________ (3)

As Ep is the instantaneous value of back e.m.f induced in the

primary coil p1, so the instantaneous current in primary coil is due
to the difference (E – Ep ) in the instantaneous values of the applied
and back

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e.m.f. further if Rp is the resistance o, p1p2 coil, then the
instantaneous current Ip in the primary coil is given by

Ip = E – Ep / Rp

E – Ep = Ip Rp

When the resistance of the primary is small, Rp Ip can be neglected

so therefore

E – Ep = 0 or Ep = E

Thus back e.m.f = input e.m.f

Hence equation 3 can be written as

Es / Ep = Es / E

= output e.m.f / input e.m.f

= Ns / Np = K

Where K is constant, called turn or transformation ratio.

IN A STEP-DOWN TRANSFORMER

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If Ip =value of primary current at the same instant And

Is =alue of secondary current at this instant, then

Input power at the instant=Ep Ipand Output power at the same

instant=Es Is

If there are no losses of power in the transformer, then

Input power = output power

Or Ep Ip = Es Is

Or

Es / Ep = Ip / Is = K

IN A STEP-UP TRANSFORMER

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Es > E so K > 1, hence Ns > Np As, k > 1, so Ip > Is or Is < Ip

i.e. current in secondary is weaker when secondary voltage is

higher. Hence, whatever we gain in voltage, we lose in current in
the same ratio. Similarly it can be shown, that in a step down
transformer, whatever we lose in voltage, we gain in current in the
same ratio.

Thus a step up transformer in reality steps down the current & a

step down transformer steps up the current.

2.4.1 EFFICIENCY
Efficiency of a transformer is defined as the ratio of output power
to the input power.

i.e.

η = output power / input power = Es Is / Ep Ip

Thus in an ideal transformer, where there is no power losses, η = 1.

But in actual practice, there are many power losses; therefore
the efficiency of transformer is less than one.

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2.4.2 ENERGY LOSSES
Following are the major sources of energy loss in a transformer:

Copper loss is the energy loss in the form of heat in the copper coils
of a transformer. This is due to joule heating of conducting wires.

Iron loss is the energy loss in the form of heat in the iron core of the
transformer. This is due to formation of eddy currents in iron core.
It is minimized by taking laminated cores.

Leakage of magnetic flux occurs in spite of best insulations.

Therefore, rate of change of magnetic flux linked with each turn of
S1S2 is less than the rate of change of magnetic flux linked with
each turn of P1P2.

Hysteresis loss is the loss of energy due to repeated magnetization

and demagnetization of the iron core when A.C. is fed to it.

Magneto striation i.e. humming noise of a transformer.

2.5 PROCEDURE
 Take thick iron rod and cover it with a thick paper and wind a
large number of turns of thin Cu wire on thick paper (say 60).
This constitutes primary coil of the transformer.

 Cover the primary coil with a sheet of paper and wound

relatively smaller number of turns (say 20) of thick copper

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 wire on it.
 This constitutes the secondary coil. It is a step down
transformer.
 Connect p1, p2 to A.C main and measure the input voltage and
current using A.C voltmeter and ammeter respectively.
 Similarly, measure the output voltage and current through
s1and s2.
 Now connect s1and s2to A.C main and again measure voltage
and current through primary and secondary coil of step
 up transformer.
 Repeat all steps for other self-made transformers by changing
number of turns in primary and secondary coil.
USES OF TRANSFORMER

 A transformer is used in almost all a.c. operations-

 In voltage regulator for T.V., refrigerator, computer, air
conditioner, etc.
 A step down transformer is used for welding purposes.
 A step down transformer is used for obtaining large current.
 A step up transformer is used for the production of X-Rays
and NEON advertisement.
 Transformers are used in voltage regulators and stabilized

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 power supplies.
 Transformers are used in the transmissions of a.c. over long
distances.
 Small transformers are used in Radio sets, telephones, loud
speakers and electric bells etc.

2.6 SOURCES OF ERROR

Values of current can be changed due to heating effect.

Eddy current can change the readings.

2.7 CONCLUSION
The output voltage of the transformer across the secondary coil
depends upon the ratio (Ns/Np) with respect to the input voltage

The output voltage of the transformer across the secondary coil

depends upon the ratio (Ns/N p) with respect to the input voltage

There is a loss of power between input and output coil of a

transformer.

2.8 PRECAUTIONS
 Keep safe yourself from high voltage.
 While taking the readings of current and voltage the A.C
should remain constant.

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3. BIBLIOGRAPHY

o NCERT physics class XII

o Charles M. Alexander, Matthew N.O. Sadiku. (2014).
"Fundamentals of Electric Circuits."
o Edward Hughes. (2006). "Electrical and Electronic
Technology."
o William H. Hayt, Jack E. Kemmerly, Steven M. Durbin.
(2011). "Engineering Circuit Analysis."
o https://www.electronicshub.org/introduction-to-
transformers/
o https://www.academia.edu/

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