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Assignment 1

1. The document contains problems involving power series, solving differential equations using power series, Legendre polynomials, Bessel functions. 2. For Legendre polynomials, it asks to show various properties like Rodrigues formula, parity, orthogonality, recurrence relations. 3. For Bessel functions, it asks to prove relations between different orders, properties under differentiation, parity properties for integer orders, and generating functions.

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Arpan Sahu
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
36 views

Assignment 1

1. The document contains problems involving power series, solving differential equations using power series, Legendre polynomials, Bessel functions. 2. For Legendre polynomials, it asks to show various properties like Rodrigues formula, parity, orthogonality, recurrence relations. 3. For Bessel functions, it asks to prove relations between different orders, properties under differentiation, parity properties for integer orders, and generating functions.

Uploaded by

Arpan Sahu
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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1.

Power Series

Determine the radius and interval of convergence of the given power series.
∞ ∞ ∞ ∞ ∞
X
n
X n n X x2n X 1 n X (2x + 1)n
(1) (x−2) , (2) x , (3) , (4) x− , (5) ,
n=0 n=0
2n n=0
n! n=1
3 n=1
n2
∞ ∞
X (−1)n n2 (x + 1)n X n!xn
(6) , (7) .
n=1
4n n=1
nn

2. Series Solutions (around ordinary point)

Solve the following ODEs by power series (around x0 ) method.


1. y 00 + 4y = 0, around x0 = 0.
2. y 00 − 9y = 0, around x0 = 0.
3. y 00 − xy 0 − y = 0, around x0 = 1.
4. (1 − x)y 00 + y = 0, around x0 = 0.
5. (2 + x2 )y 00 − xy 0 + 4y = 0, around x0 = 0.
6. xy 00 + y 0 + xy = 0, around x0 = 1.

3. The Legendre Equation

1. Show that for n = 0, 1, 2, · · · the Legendre polynomial (Rodrigues for-


mula) is given by
1 dn 2
Pn (x) = n n
(x − 1)n .
2 n! dx
(Hint: Show that Pn (x) satisfy the Legendre equation and Pn (1) = 1)
2. Prove that
n(n+1)
(a) Pn (−x) = (−1)n Pn (x), (c) Pn0 (1) = 2
.
3. Show that
Z 1 
0 if n 6= m
Pn (x)Pm (x)dx = 2
−1 2n+1
if n = m.

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4. Show that
Mn
1 X (2n − 2k)!
Pn (x) = n (−1)k xn−2k ,
2 n=0 k!(n − k)!(n − 2k)!

where  n
 2
if n is even
Mn =
n−1
if n is odd.

2

(Hint: Use Rodrigues formula and expand (x2 − 1)n )

5. Show that the generating function for Legendre polynomial is given by


∞
1 X
√ = Pn (x)tn .
1 − 2xt + t2 n=0

6. Prove the following relations

(a) (n + 1)Pn+1 (x) = (2n + 1)xPn (x) − nPn−1 (x)

(b) nPn (x) = xPn0 (x) − Pn−1


0
(x)

0 0
(c) (2n + 1)Pn+1 (x) = Pn+1 (x) − Pn−1 (x)

0 0
(d) Pn+1 (x) = xPn−1 (x) − nPn−1 (x)

(e) (1 − x2 )Pn0 (x) = n[Pn−1 (x) − xPn (x)]

7. Z 1 
0 if n ≤ m and n − m is even
x m
Pn0 (x)dx =
−1 2 if m ≤ n and n − m is odd.
n
2n (n!)2
X
n
8. Prove that x = ak Pk (x) where an = (2n)!
.
k=0
R1 2n(n+1)
9. Prove that −1
(1 − x2 )[Pn0 (x)]2 dx = 2n+1
.

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3. The Bessel’s Equation

1. Prove that
J−p (x) = (−1)p Jp (x), p ∈ N.

2. Prove the following relation

(a) (xp Jp (x))0 = xp Jp−1 (x)

(b) (x−p Jp (x))0 = −x−p Jp+1 (x)


2p
(c) Jp+1 (x) + Jp−1 (x) = x p
J (x)

(d) Jp+1 (x) − Jp−1 (x) = 2Jp (x)0

3. When n is an integer show that (i) Jn (x) is an even function if n is


even, (ii) Jn (x) is an odd function if n is odd.

4. Show that between any two consecutive positive zeros of Jn (x) there is
precisely one zero of Jn+1 (x) and one zero of Jn−1 (x).

5. Show that the generating function for Bessel functions is given by


∞
x
(t−t−1 )
X
e 2 = Jn (x)tn , t 6= 0, n ∈ Z.
n=−∞

Use above formula to show that


∞
X
J02 + 2 Jn2 = 1.
n=1

Deduce that |J0 (x)| ≤ 1 and |Jn (x)| ≤ √1 .


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