Shri Ram College, Muzaffarnagar

LAB MANUAL
For
DBMS (BCA-505)

Prepared by
Department of Computer Application
Session – 2021-22
Course Objectives:

This course will enable students to

1. Foundation knowledge in database concepts, technology and practice to

groom students into well informed database application developers.
2. Strong practice in SQL programming through a variety of database
problems.
3. Develop database applications using front-end tools and back-end DBMS.

Course Outcomes:
The students should be able to:

1. Demonstrate the working of different concepts of DBMS

2. Design database schema for a given application and apply normalization
3. Acquire skills in using SQL commands for data definition and data
manipulation.
4. Create, Update and query on the database.
5. Implement, analyze and evaluate the project developed for an application.
6. Develop solutions for database applications using procedures, cursors and
triggers.
 Experiment List

Lab Page Remarks

Name of Experiment /Practical
No. No.

Write the queries for Data Definition Language

01
and Data Manipulation Language.

02 Write SQL queries using logical operations and

operators.

03
Write SQL query using group by function.

04
Write SQL queries for group functions.

05
Write SQL queries for sub queries, nested queries.

06
Write SQL queries to create views.

07
Write an SQL query to implement JOINS.

08 Write a query for extracting data from more than

one table.

09
Write program by the use of PL/SQL

10 Write a query to understand the concepts for

ROLL BACK, COMMIT & CHECK POINTS.
Experiment No. - 1

AIM:
Write the queries for Data Definition Language and Data Manipulation Language.

Explanation:

DDL:

A data definition language or data description language (DDL) is syntax similar to a

computer programming language for defining data structures, especially database schemas.-

Commands in DDL are:

a. CREATE

b. DROP

c. TRUNCATE

d. RENAME

e. ALTER

DDL COMMANDS:

SYNTAX:

CREATE Statement: Create table tablename (column_name1 data_ type constraints,

column_name2 data_ type constraints);

DROP Statement: DROP TABLE table_name;

TRUNCATE Statement: TRUNCATE TABLE table_name;

RENAME Statement: RENAME TABLE {tbl_name} TO {new_tbl_name};

ALTER Statement:

Add column to Table: ALTER TABLE table_name ADD column_name column-definition;

Modify column in Table: ALTER TABLE table_name MODIFY column_namecolumn_type;

Drop column in Table: ALTER TABLE table_name DROP COLUMN column_name;

DML:
A data manipulation language (DML) is a family of syntax elements similar to a computer
programming language used for selecting, inserting, deleting and updating data in a database. Performing
read-only queries of data is sometimes also considered a component of DML.

Commands in DML are:

a. INSERT

b. UPDATE

c. DELETE

d. SELECT

DML COMMANDS:

SYNTAX:

INSERT Statement:

 Single Row into a Table: INSERT INTO table–name [column- identifier-comma-list)]

VALUES (column-value comma-list);

 Multiple Row into a Table: insert into <table name> values (&col1, &col2, ….);

UPDATE Statement: UPDATE table-name SET update-column-list [WHERE search-

condition];

DELETE Statement: DELETE FROM table-name [WHERE search- condition];

SELECT Statement: SELECT * FROM table-name [WHERE search- condition];

DDL QUERIES:

Q1. Write a query to create a table employee with empno, ename, designation, and salary.

SQL>CREATE TABLE EMP (EMPNO NUMBER (4), ENAME VARCHAR2 (10),

DESIGNATIN VARCHAR2 (10), SALARY NUMBER (8,2));

Table created.

Q2. Write a query for create a from an existing table with all the fields.

SQL> CREATE TABLE EMP1 AS SELECT * FROM EMP;

Table created.

SQL> DESC EMP1;

Name Null? Type

----------------------------------------- --------
EMPNO NUMBER (4)

ENAME VARCHAR2 (10)

DESIGNATIN VARCHAR2 (10)

SALARY NUMBER (8, 2)

Q3. Write a Query to Alter the column EMPNO NUMBER (4) TO EMPNO NUMBER (6).

SQL>ALTER TABLE EMP MODIFY EMPNO NUMBER (6);

Table altered.

Q4. Write a query to add a new column into employee table.

SQL> ALTER TABLE EMP ADD QUALIFICATION VARCHAR2 (6);

Table altered.

Q5. Write a query to drop a column from an existing table employee.

SQL> ALTER TABLE EMP DROP COLUMN DOJ;

Table altered.
Q6. Write a query to drop an existing table employee.

SQL> DROP table employee;

Table deleted.

DML QUERIES:

Q1. Write a query to insert the records in to employee.

SQL>INSERT INTO EMP VALUES (103, 'Saurabh', 'ASST_PROF', 25000);

1 row created.

Q2. Write a query to display the records from employee.

SQL> SELECT * FROM EMP;

EMPNO ENAME DESIGNATIN SALARY

---------- ------------ ---------- ----------

103 SAURABH ASST_PROF 25000

Q3. Write a query to insert the records in to employee using substitution method.

SQL> INSERT INTO EMP VALUES (&EMPNO,'&ENAME','&DESIGNATIN','&SALARY');

Enter value for empno: 102

Enter value for ename: DHAJVEER

Enter value for designatin: ASST_PROF

Enter value for salary: 35000

old 1: INSERT INTO EMP VALUES(&EMPNO,'&ENAME','&DESIGNATIN','&SALARY')

new 1: INSERT INTO EMP VALUES(102,'DHAJVEER','ASST_PROF','35000')

1 row created.

SQL> /
Enter value for empno: 101

Enter value for ename: ABHILASHA

Enter value for designatin: ASST_PROF

Enter value for salary: 40000

old 1: INSERT INTO EMP VALUES(&EMPNO,'&ENAME','&DESIGNATIN','&SALARY')

new 1: INSERT INTO EMP VALUES(101,'ABHILASHA','ASST_PROF','40000')

1 row created.

Q4. Write a query to update the records from employee.

SQL> UPDATE EMP SET SALARY=45000 WHERE EMPNO=101;

1 row updated.

SQL> SELECT * FROM EMP;

EMPNO ENAME DESIGNATIN SALARY

---------- ------------ ---------- ----------
101 ABHILASHA ASST_PROF 45000

102 DHAJVEER ASST_PROF 35000

103 SAURABH ASST_PROF 30000

Outcome:

To understand the basic commands of DML and DDL and their use in database.
Experiment No. – 2
AIM:

Write SQL queries using logical operations and operators.

Explanation:

An operator is a reserved word or a character used primarily in an SQL statement's

WHERE clause to perform operation(s), such as comparisons and arithmetic operations. These
Operators are used to specify conditions in an SQL statement and to serve as conjunctions for
multiple conditions in a statement.

 Arithmetic operators

 Comparison operators

 Logical operators

 Operators used to negate conditions

Pre-Requisite Data: CUSTOMER TABLE

ID NAME AGE ADDRESS SALARY

1 Akshay 25 Delhi 30000

2 Manish 27 Mumbai 35000

3 Kushagra 26 Kolkata 30000

4 Mukesh 31 Hyderabad 32000

5 Himanshu 29 Chennai 40000

6 Neeraj 30 Noida 36000

7 Nishant 32 Delhi 30000

Queries:

Q1. Write a query to find the salary of a person where age is <= 26 and salary >= 25000 from
customer table.

SQL>SELECT * FROM CUSTOMERS WHERE AGE <= 26 AND SALARY >= 25000;

Output:

ID NAME AGE ADDSS SALAY

1 Akshay 25 Delhi 30000

3 Kushagra 26 Kolkata 30000

2rows selected

Q2. Write a query to find the salary of a person where age is <= 26 or salary > =33000 from
customer table.
SQL>SELECT * FROM CUSTOMERS WHERE AGE <= 26 or SALARY > =33000;

Output:

ID NAME AGE ADDRESS SALARY

1 Akshay 25 Delhi 30000

2 Manish 27 Mumbai 35000

3 Kushagra 26 Kolkata 30000

5 Himanshu 29 Chennai 40000

6 Neeraj 30 Noida 36000

5 rows selected
Q3.Write a query to find the name of customer whose name is like “Ku%”.

SQL>SELECT * FROM CUSTOMERS WHERE NAME LIKE 'Ku%';

Output:

ID NAME AGE ADDRESS SALARY

3 Kushagra 26 Kolkata 30000

1 row selected

Q4. Write a query to find the customer details using “IN” and “Between” operator where age can
be 25 or 27.

SQL>SELECT * FROM CUSTOMERS WHERE AGE IN ( 25, 27 );

SQL>SELECT * FROM CUSTOMERS WHERE AGE BETWEEN 25 AND 27;

Output:

ID NAME AGE ADDRESS SALARY

1 Akshay 25 Delhi 30000

3 Kushagra 26 Kolkata 30000

2 rows selected

Outcome:

To understand the implementation of SQL queries using logical operations and operators.
Experiment No. – 3
AIM:

Write SQL query using group by function.

Explanation:

The GROUP BY statement is often used with aggregate functions (COUNT, MAX, MIN,
SUM, AVG) to group the result-set by one or more columns.

GROUP BY Syntax:

SELECT column_name(s) FROM table_name WHERE condition GROUP BY column_name(s)

ORDER BY column_name(s);

QUERY:

SELECT COUNT (ID), Address FROM Customers GROUP BY address;

Output:

COUNT(ID) ADDRESS

2 Delhi

1 Mumbai

1 Kolkata

1 Hyderabad

1 Chennai

1 Noida

6 rows selected

Outcome:

To understand the SQL query using group by function.

Experiment No. – 4
AIM:

Write SQL queries for group functions.

Explanation:

An SQL group function or aggregate functions performs an operation on a group of rows

and returns a single result. You may want retrieve group of item-prices and return total- price.
This type of scenario is where you would use a group functions. The following table is summary
of some SQL group function & query examples.

Function Description Query Example

AVG(fieldname) Returns average value of a SELECT avg(price) FROM

column inventory;

COUNT(fieldname) Returns number of items in SELECT count(product_id)

Table or queried items
FROM Product;

MAX (fieldname) Returns maximum value of SELECT max(price) FROM

Column inventory;

MIN(fieldname) Returns minimum value of SELECT min(price) FROM

Column inventory;

SUM(fieldname) Returns total value of SELECT sum(price) FROM

Column inventory;

To use a group function in a SQL query, list the function name followed by numeric column
name within parentheses. AVG averages the column, COUNT counts the number of items, MAX
returns maximum number of the column, and MIN returns minimum number of the column .The
following is query to retrieve total price, average price, maximum price, and minimum price
from the table “product” assuming the product table has the following values.
QUERY:

PRODUCT TABLE

Product ID Name Description Price Colour

100000000 Printer Inkjet 300 120 80

colour Printer

100000001 Printer 1220XI Inkjet 200 130

Printer

100000002 Printer Photo 890 250 200

Inkjet Printer

100000003 Printer Photo 890 300 270

Inkjet Printer

Q1. Write a query find the total price of the product.

SQL>SELECT sum(price) FROM product;

SUM (PRICE)

870

This statement will returns the total amount for the column price which is 870.

Q2. Write a query find the average price of the product.

SQL>SELECT avg(price) FROM product;

Avg (price)

217.50

This statement will returns the average amount for the column price which is 870/4 or

217.50.
Q3. Write a query find the max price of the product.

SELECT max(price) FROM product;

Max (price)

300

This statement will returns the maximum amount for the column price which is 300.

Outcome:

To understand the implementation of SQL queries for group functions.

Experiment No. – 5
AIM:
Write SQL queries for sub queries, nested queries.
Explanation:
Nested Queries: Nesting of queries one within another is known as a nested queries.
Sub Queries: The query within another is known as a sub query. A statement containing sub
query is called parent statement. The rows returned by sub query are used by the parent
statement.
Types:
1. Sub queries that return several values Sub queries can also return more than one value. Such
results should be made use along with the operators in and any.
2. Multiple queries Here more than one sub query is used. These multiple sub queries are
combined by means of „and‟ & „or‟ keywords
3. Correlated sub query A sub query is evaluated once for the entire parent statement whereas a
correlated Sub query is evaluated once per row processed by the parent statement.
Relating Data through Join Concept
The purpose of a join concept is to combine data spread across tables. A join is actually
performed by the „where‟ clause which combines specified rows of tables.
Syntax: select columns from table1, table2 where logical expression;
Types of Joins: 1.Simple Join 2.Self Join 3. Outer Join 4. Inner Join
1. Simple Join
a) Equi-Join: A join, which is based on equalities, is called equi-join.
b) Non Equi-Join: It specifies the relationship between
Table Aliases: Table aliases are used to make multiple table queries shorted and more readable.
We give an alias name to the table in the „from‟ clause and use it instead of the name throughout
the query.
2. Self Join: Joining of a table to itself is known as self-join. It joins one row in a table to
another. It can compare each row of the table to itself and also with other rows of the same table.

3. Outer Join: It extends the result of a simple join. An outer join returns all the rows returned
by simple join as well as those rows from one table that do not match any row from the table.
The symbol (+) represents outer joins.
4. Inner Join: Inner join returns the matching rows from the tables that are being joined

Queries: EMPLOYEE TABLE

EMPNO ENAME JOB DEPTNO SALARY

1 Mathi AP 1 30000

2 Arjun ASP 2 32000

3 Gugan ASP 2 40000

4 Karthik AP 1 35000

Q1. Display all employee names and salary whose salary is greater than minimum salary of the
company and job title starts with „A‟.

SQL>select ename, sal from emp where sal > (select min(sal) from emp where job like 'A%');

Output:

ENAME SALARY

Arjun 32000

Gugan 40000

Karthik 35000

3 rows selected.

Outcome:

To understand the SQL queries for sub queries, nested queries.

Experiment No. – 6
AIM:
Write SQL queries to create views.
Explanation:
A view is nothing more than a SQL statement that is stored in the database with an
associated name. A view is actually a composition of a table in the form of a predefined SQL
query.
A view can contain all rows of a table or select rows from a table. A view can be created from
one or many tables which depends on the written SQL query to create a view.
Views, which are a type of virtual tables allow users to do the following -
 Structure data in a way that users or classes of users find natural or intuitive.
 Restrict access to the data in such a way that a user can see and (sometimes) modify
exactly what they need and no more.
 Summarize data from various tables which can be used to generate reports.
Syntax: CREATE VIEW view_name AS SELECT column1,column2,.. FROM table_name
WHERE condition;
Query:
Q1. Write a SQL query to create a view of customer table created in PRACTICAL No 2.
SQL>CREATE VIEW CUST as Select ID, Name, Address From Customer;
Output:
ID NAME ADDRESS
1 Akshay Delhi
2 Manish Mumbai
3 Kushagra Kolkata
4 Mukesh Hyderabad
5 Himanshu Chennai
6 Neeraj Noida
7 Nishant Delhi
Outcome:
To understand the implementation of SQL queries to create views
Experiment No. – 7
AIM:
Write an SQL query to implement JOINS.
Explanation:
A SQL join clause combines columns from one or more tables in a relational database. It
creates a set that can be saved as a table or used as it is. A JOIN is a means for combining
columns from one (self-table) or more tables by using values common to each. ANSI-standard
SQL specifies five types of JOIN: INNER, LEFT OUTER, RIGHT OUTER, FULL OUTER and
CROSS. As a special case, a table (base table, view, or joined table) can JOIN to itself in a self-
join.
A programmer declares a JOIN statement to identify rows for joining. If the evaluated predicate
is true, the combined row is then produced in the expected format, a row set or a temporary table.

QUERIES:
EMPLOYEE TABLE

EMPNO ENAME JOB DEPTNO SALARY

1 Mathi AP 1 30000
2 Arjun ASP 2 32000
3 Gugan ASP 2 40000
4 Karthik AP 1 35000

DEPARTMENT TABLE

DEPTNO DNAME LOCATION

1 ACCOUNTING NEW YORK
2 RESEARCH DALLAS
30 SALES CHICAGO
40 OPERATIONS BOSTON
Q1. Display the employee details, departments that the departments are same in both the emp
and dept.
SQL>select * from emp,dept where emp.deptno=dept.deptno;

Output:

EMPNO ENAME JOB DEPTNO SALARY DEPTNO DNAME LOCATION

1 Mathi AP 1 30000 1 ACCOUNTING NEW YORK

2 Arjun ASP 2 32000 2 RESEARCH DALLAS

3 Gugan ASP 2 40000 2 RESEARCH DALLAS

4 Karthik AP 1 35000 1 ACCOUNTING NEW YORK

4 rows selected

Outcome:
To understand the implementation of JOINS using SQL.
Experiment No. – 8
AIM:
Write a query for extracting data from more than one table.
Query:
EMPLOYEE TABLE

EMPNO ENAME JOB DEPTNO SALARY

1 Mathi AP 1 30000
2 Arjun ASP 2 32000
3 Gugan ASP 2 40000
4 Karthik AP 1 35000

DEPARTMENT TABLE

DEPTNO DNAME LOCATION

1 ACCOUNTING NEW YORK
2 RESEARCH DALLAS
30 SALES CHICAGO
40 OPERATIONS BOSTON

Q1. Write a query to extract empno, ename, salary, dname and location from employee and
department table where empno = deptno without using joins.

SQL> select employee.empno, employee.ename, employee.salary, department.dname,

department.location

From department, employee

Where department.deptno = employee.empno;

Output:

EMPNO ENAME SALARY DNAME LOCATION

1 Mathi 30000 ACCOUNTING NEW YORK
2 Arjun 32000 RESEARCH DALLAS

2 rows selected

Q2. Write a query to extract ename, salary and location from employee and department table
where is like 30, 40.
SQL> select employee.ename, employee.salary, department.location
From department, employee
Where department.deptno IN (30, 40);

Output:
No rows Selected.

Outcome:
To understand the queryfor extracting data from more than one table.
Experiment No. – 9
AIM:
Write programme by the use of PL/SQL.
Explanation:
The PL/SQL programming language was developed by Oracle Corporation in the late
1980s as procedural extension language for SQL and the Oracle relational database. PL/SQL has
the following features −
 PL/SQL is tightly integrated with SQL.

 It offers extensive error checking.

 It offers numerous data types.

 It offers a variety of programming structures.

 It supports structured programming through functions and procedures.

 It supports object-oriented programming.

 It supports the development of web applications and server pages.

Query:
DECLARE
a number (2) := 21;
b number (2) := 10;
BEGIN
IF (a = b) then
dbms_output.put_line('Line 1 - a is equal to b');
ELSE
dbms_output.put_line('Line 1 - a is not equal to b');
END IF;
IF (a < b) then
dbms_output.put_line('Line 2 - a is less than b');
ELSE
 dbms_output.put_line('Line 2 - a is not less than b');
END IF;
IF ( a> b ) THEN
dbms_output.put_line('Line 3 - a is greater than b');

ELSE
dbms_output.put_line('Line 3 - a is not greater than b');
END IF;
END;

Output:
Line 1 - a is not equal to b
Line 2 - a is not less than b
Line 3 - a is greater than b

Outcome:
To learn the programming using PL/SQL.
Experiment No. – 10
AIM:
Write a query to understand the concepts for ROLL BACK, COMMIT & CHECK
POINTS.
Explanation:
Transaction Control Language (TCL) commands are used to manage transactions in
database. These are used to manage the changes made by DML statements. It also allows
statements to be grouped together into logical transactions.

Commit Command
Commit command is used to permanently save any transaction into database.
Following is Commit command's syntax:
SQL> COMMIT;

Rollback Command
This command restores the database to last committed state. It is also use with savepoint
command to jump to a savepoint in a transaction.
Following is Rollback command's syntax:
SQL> rollback to savepoint-name;

Savepoint command
Savepoint command is used to temporarily save a transaction so that you can rollback to that
point whenever necessary.
Following is savepoint command's syntax:
SQL> savepoint savepoint-name;

QUERY:
Q1. Write a query to implement the save point.
SQL> select employee.empno, employee.ename, employee.salary, department.dname,
department.location
From department, employee
Where department.deptno = employee.empno;
SQL> SAVEPOINT S1;
Savepoint Created.

Q2. Write a query to implement the Rollback.

SQL>ROLL BACK S1;
Rollback Complete.

Outcome:

To understand the concept of rollback, save-points and commit statements.

 Emp

Column Name Type Constraint

Not null and

Empno Number(5)
unique
Varchar2(30
Empname Not null
)

Date_of_join Date

Varchar2(30
Designation
)

Salary Number(9,2)

Reference
Deptno Number(2)
key

Deptt

Column Name Type Constraint

Deptno Number(2)

Varchar2(30
Dname Not null
)
Varchar2(30
Dloc
)

LAB 1
create table neetu11(empno number(5), empname varchar2(30), date_of_join date, designation
varchar(30), salary number(9,2), deptno number(2));

LAB 3
Alter table neetu11 add(mobno number(10))

Alter table neetu11 rename column date_of_join to doj

LAB 4

Desc neetu11

alter table neetu11 drop column mobno

lab 5

alter table neetu11 add primary key(empno)

lab 6

alter table neetu11 add unique(name)