NCERT Solutions Class 12 Maths Chapter 11

Exercise 11.2
Question 1:

Show that the three lines with direction cosines are mutually
perpendicular.

Solution:
Two lines with direction cosines and are perpendicular to each other, if

For the lines with direction cosines, and , we get

Hence, the lines are perpendicular.

For the lines with direction cosines, and , we get

Hence, the lines are perpendicular.

For the lines with direction cosines, and , we get

Hence, the lines are perpendicular.

Question 2:
Show that the line through the points is perpendicular to the line through the
points and .

Solution:
Let AB be the line joining the points and ; and CD be the line through the
points and
Hence,

If, ;

Here,

Hence, AB and CD are perpendicular to each other.

Question 3:
Show that the line through the points is parallel to the line through the points
.

Solution:
Let AB be the line through the points and ; CD be the line through the points
and .
Hence,
If, ;

Here,

Hence, AB is parallel to CD.

Question 4:
Find the equation of the line which passes through point and is parallel to the vector
.

Solution:
It is given that the line passes through the point .
Therefore, the position vector through is

So, line passes through point and parallel to is given by , where θ is a

Hence,
This is the required equation of the line.

Question 5:
Find the equation of the line in vector and in Cartesian form that passes through the point with
positive vector and is in the direction

Solution:
It is given that

Since, the vector equation of the line is given by , where is some real number.
Hence,

Since, is the position vector of any point on the line

Eliminating θ , we get the Cartesian form equation as

Thus, the equation of the line in vector form is and

cartesian form is

Question 6:
Find the Cartesian equation of the line which passes through the point and parallel

to the line given by .

Solution:
It is given that the required line passes through the point and is parallel to
Therefore, its direction ratios are and , where

It is known that the equation of the line through the point and with direction ratios

is given by

Hence, the equation of the required line is

Thus, the cartesian equation of the line is .

Question 7:

The Cartesian equation of a line is . Write its vector form.

Solution:

It is given that the Cartesian equation of the line is

Hence,
The given line passes through the point

Therefoe,
The position vector of the point is

Also, the direction ratios of the given line are and

As we known that the line through positive vector and in the direction of the vector is
given by the equation,

Hence,
This is the required equation of the given line in vector form.

Question 8:
Find the vector and the Cartesian equation of the lines that passes through the origin and
.

Solution:
The required line passes through the origin.
Therefore, its position vector is

The direction ratios of the line passing through origin and are

Hence, the line is parallel to the vector given by the equation,

The equation of the line in vector form through a point with position vector and parallel to
is,

The equation of the line through the point , and direction ratios is given by,

Hence, the equation of the required line in the Cartesian form is

Question 9:
Find the vector and the cartesian equations of the line that passes through the points
.
Solution:
Let the line passing through the points, and be PQ. Since PQ passes
through , its position vector is given by

The direction ratios of PQ are given by

The equation of the vector in the direction of PQ is

The equation of PQ in vector form is given by,

The equation of PQ in Cartesian form is

Question 10:
Find the angle between the following pairs of lines:

(i) and

(ii) and

Solution:
Let θ be the angle between the given lines.
Then the angle between the given pairs of lines is given by
(i) The given lines are parallel to the vectors, and ,
respectively.
Therefore,

Hence,

(ii) The given lines are parallel to the vectors, and , respectively.
Therefore,

Hence,
Question 11:
Find the angle between the following pair of lines:

(i) and

(ii) and

Solution:

(i) Let and be the vectors parallel to the line pair of lines and

respectively.

Hence, and

Therefore,

The angle θ between the given pair of lines is given by the relation,
(ii) Let and be the vectors parallel to the given pair of lines and

, respectively.
Hence, and

Therefore,

If θ is the angle between the pair of lines, then

Question 12:

Find the values of p so the line and are at right

The given equations can be written in the standard form as and

The direction ratios of the lines are given by

and

and

Since, both the lines are perpendicular to each other,

Therefore,

Hence the value of

Question 13:

Show that the lines and are perpendicular to each other.

Solution:

The equations of the given lines are and

Since,

Hence, the given lines are perpendicular to each other.

Question 14:
Find the shortest distance between the lines

and

Solution:

Given lines are and

and

and

Shortest distance between the lines and is given by,

Here,
Putting all the values in equation (1), we get

Hence, the shortest distance between the two lines is units.

Question 15:

Find the shortest distance between the lines and .

Solution:

The given lines are and

The shortest distance between the two lines,

and is given by,

Here,
and
and

Hence,
Also,

Putting all the values in equation (1), we get

Therefore, the distance between the given lines is units.

Question 16:
Find the shortest distance between the lines whose vector equations are

and .

Solution:

The given lines are and

Hence,

and

and

Shortest distance between the lines and is given by,

Here,
Putting all the values in equation (1), we get

Hence, the shortest distance between the two lines is units.

Question 17:
Find the shortest distance between the lines whose vector equations are
and .

Solution:
The given lines are and

i.e., and
Hence,
 and

and

Shortest distance between the lines and is given by,

Here,

Putting all the values in equation (1), we get

Hence, the shortest distance between the lines is units.