Transformer Description

What is Tertiary Winding? What is Three Winding

Transformer?
In some high rating transformer, one winding in
addition to its primary and secondary winding is
used. This additional winding, apart from primary
and secondary windings, is known as Tertiary
winding of transformer. Because of this third
winding, the transformer is called three winding
transformer or 3 winding transformer.

Advantages of Using Tertiary Winding in

Transformer
Tertiary winding is provided in electrical power
transformer to meet one or more of the following
requirements-

It reduces the unbalancing in the primary due to

unbalancing in three phase load.
 Transformer Description

It redistributes the flow of fault current.

Sometime it is required to supply an auxiliary load
in different voltage level in addition to its main
secondary load. This secondary load can be taken
from tertiary winding of three winding transformer.
As the tertiary winding is connected in delta
formation in 3 winding transformer, it assists in
limitation of fault current in the event of a short
circuit from line to neutral.
Stabilization by Tertiary Winding of Transformer
In star-star transformer comprising three single
units or a single unit with 5 limb core offers high
impedance to the flow of unbalanced load between
the line and neutral. This is because, in both of
these transformers, there is very low reluctance
return path of unbalanced flux.

If any transformer has N turns in winding and

reluctance of the magnetic path is RL, then,
 Transformer Description

Where, I and Φ are current and flux in the

transformer.

Now, from equation (1) and (2), it can be rewritten

as,
From this above mathematical expression it is found
that, impedance is inversely proportional to
reluctance. The impedance offered by the return
path of unbalanced load current is very high where
very low reluctance return path is provided for
unbalanced flux.
tertiary winding of transformer
In other words, very high impedance to the flow of
unbalanced current in 3 phase system is offered
between line and neutral. Any unbalanced current
in three phase system can be divided into three sets
of components likewise positive sequence, negative
sequence and zero sequence components. The zero
 Transformer Description

sequence current is actually co-phasial current in

three lines. If value of co-phasial current in each line
is Io, then total current flows through the neutral of
secondary side of transformer is In = 3.Io. This
current cannot be balanced by primary current as
the zero sequence current cannot flow through the
isolated neutral star connected primary. Hence the
said current in the secondary side set up a magnetic
flux in the core. As we discussed earlier in this
chapter, low reluctance path is available for the
zero sequence flux in a bank of single phase units
and in the 5 limb core consequently; the impedance
offered to the zero sequence current is very high.
The delta connected tertiary winding of transformer
permits the circulation of zero sequence current in
it. This circulating current in this delta winding
balances the zero sequence component of
unbalance load, hence prevents unnecessary
development of unbalance zero sequence flux in
the transformer core. In few words it can be said
that, placement of tertiary winding in star-star-
 Transformer Description

neutral transformer considerably reduces the zero

sequence impedance of transformer.
Rating of Tertiary Winding of Transformer
Rating of tertiary winding of transformer depends
upon its use. If it has to supply additional load, its
winding cross – section and design philosophy is
decided as per load, and three phase dead short
circuit on its terminal with power flow from both
sides of HV and MV.
In case it is to be provided for stabilizing purpose
only, its cross-section and design has to be decided
from thermal and mechanical consideration for the
short duration fault currents during various fault
conditions single line to ground fault being the most
onerous.
 Transformer Description

Voltage Transformer or Potential Transformer

Theory
What Is A Voltage Transformer
Potential Transformer Definition
Potential transformer or voltage transformer gets
used in electrical power system for stepping down
the system voltage to a safe value which can be fed
to low ratings meters and relays. Commercially
available relays and meters used for protection and
metering, are designed for low voltage. This is a
simplest form of potential transformer definition.

Voltage Transformer or Potential Transformer

Theory
A voltage transformer theory or potential
transformer theory is just like a theory of general
purpose step down transformer. Primary of this
transformer is connected across the phase and
ground. Just like the transformer used for stepping
 Transformer Description

down purpose, potential transformer i.e. PT has

lower turns winding at its secondary.

The system voltage is applied across the terminals

of primary winding of that transformer, and then
proportionate secondary voltage appears across the
secondary terminals of the PT.
potential transformer voltage transformer
The secondary voltage of the PT is generally 110 V.
In an ideal potential transformer or voltage
transformer, when rated burden gets connected
across the secondary; the ratio of primary and
secondary voltages of transformer is equal to the
turns ratio and furthermore, the two terminal
voltages are in precise phase opposite to each
other. But in actual transformer, there must be an
error in the voltage ratio as well as in the phase
angle between primary and secondary voltages.
 Transformer Description

The errors in potential transformer or voltage

transformer can be best explained by phasor
diagram, and this is the main part of potential
transformer theory.

Error in PT or Potential Transformer or VT or

Voltage Transformer
phasor diagram of Voltage Transformer
Is – Secondary current.
Es – Secondary induced emf.
Vs – Secondary terminal voltage.
Rs – Secondary winding resistance.

Xs – Secondary winding reactance.

Ip – Primary current.
Ep – Primary induced emf.
Vp – Primary terminal voltage.
 Transformer Description

Rp – Primary winding resistance.

Xp – Primary winding reactance.
KT – Turns ratio = Numbers of primary
turns/number of secondary turns.
I0 – Excitation current.
Im – Magnetizing component of I0.
Iw – Core loss component of I0.
Φm – Main flux.
β – Phase angle error.

Ezoic
As in the case of current transformer and other
purpose electrical power transformer, total primary
current Ip is the vector sum of excitation current
and the current equal to reversal of secondary
current multiplied by the ratio 1/KT.
 Transformer Description

If Vp is the system voltage applied to the primary of

the PT, then voltage drops due to resistance and
reactance of primary winding due to primary
current Ip will come into picture. After subtracting
this voltage drop from Vp, Ep will appear across the
primary terminals. This Ep is equal to primary
induced emf. This primary emf will transform to the
secondary winding by mutual induction and
transformed emf is Es. Again this Es will be dropped
by secondary winding resistance and reactance, and
resultant will actually appear across the burden
terminals and it is denoted as Vs.
So, if system voltage is Vp, ideally Vp/KT should be
the secondary voltage of PT, but in reality; actual
secondary voltage of PT is Vs.

Voltage Error or Ratio Error in Potential

Transformer (PT) or Voltage Transformer (VT)
 Transformer Description

The difference between the ideal value Vp/KT and

actual value Vs is the voltage error or ratio error in a
potential transformer, it can be expressed as,

Phase Error or Phase Angle Error in Potential or

Voltage Transformer
The angle ′β′ between the primary system voltage
Vp and the reversed secondary voltage vectors
KT.Vs is the phase error.

Cause of Error in Potential Transformer

The voltage applied to the primary of the potential
transformer first drops due to the internal
impedance of the primary. Then it appears across
the primary winding and then transformed
proportionally to its turns ratio, to the secondary
winding. This transformed voltage across the
 Transformer Description

secondary winding will again drop due to the

internal impedance of the secondary, before
appearing across burden terminals. This is the
reason of errors in potential transformer.

What is a Transformer (And How Doe...

allows for electrical energy to
be transferred between circuits.
Pause

What Is A Current Transformer

Ezoic
Definition of Instrument Transformer
 Transformer Description

Instrument transformers means current

transformer and voltage transformer are used in
electrical power system for stepping down currents
and voltages of the system for metering and
protection purpose. Actually relays and meters used
for protection and metering, are not designed for
high currents and voltages.

High currents or voltages of electrical power system

can not be directly fed to relays and meters. Current
transformer steps down rated system current to 1
Amp or 5 Amp similarly voltage transformer steps
down system voltages to 110 V. The relays and
meters are generally designed for 1 Amp, 5 Amp
and 110 V.

What is a Current Transformer?

 Transformer Description

A current transformer (CT) is an instrument

transformer in which the secondary current is
substantially proportional to primary current and
differs in phase from it by ideally zero degree.

CT Accuracy Class or Current Transformer Class

A current transformer is similar to a electrical power
transformer to some extent, but there are some
difference in construction and operation principle.
For metering and indication purpose, accuracy of
ratio, between primary and secondary currents are
essential within normal working range. Normally
accuracy of current transformer required up to
125% of rated current; as because allowable system
current must be below 125% of rated current.

Rather it is desirable the current transformer core

to be saturated after this limit since the
unnecessary electrical stresses due to system over
 Transformer Description

current can be prevented from the metering

instrument connected to the secondary of the
current transformer as secondary current does not
go above a desired limit even primary current of the
current transformer rises to a very high value than
its ratings. So accuracy within working range is main
criteria of a current transformer used for metering
purpose. The degree of accuracy of a metering
current transformer is expressed by current
transformer accuracy class or simply current
transformer class or CT class.

Ezoic
But in the case of protection, the current
transformer may not have the accuracy level as
good as metering current transformer although it is
desired not to be saturated during high fault current
passes through primary.
 Transformer Description

So core of protection current transformer is so

designed that it would not be saturated for long
range of currents. If saturation of the core comes at
lower level of primary current the proper reflection
of primary current will not come to secondary,
hence relays connected to the secondary may not
function properly and protection system losses its
reliability.
current transformer
Suppose, you have one current transformer with
current ratio 400/1 A and its protection core is
situated at 500 A. If the primary current of the
current transformer becomes 1000 A the secondary
current will still be 1.25 A as because the secondary
current will not increase after 1.25 A because of
saturation. If actuating current of the relay
connected the secondary circuit of the CT is 1.5 A, it
will not be operated at all even fault level of the
power circuit is 1000 A.
 Transformer Description

The degree of accuracy of a protection current

transformer may not be as fine as metering current
transformer but it is also expressed by current
transformer accuracy class or simply current
transformer class or CT class as in the case of
metering current transformer but in little bit
different manner.
33 kv current transformer

Theory of Current Transformer or CT

A CT functions with the same basic working
principle of electrical power transformer, as we
discussed earlier, but here is some difference. If a
electrical power transformer or other general
purpose transformer, primary current varies with
load or secondary current. In case of CT, primary
current is the system current and this primary
current or system current transforms to the CT
 Transformer Description

secondary, hence secondary current or burden

current depends upon primary current of the
current transformer.

In a power transformer, if load is disconnected,

there will be only magnetizing current flows in the
primary. The primary of the power transformer
takes current from the source proportional to the
load connected with secondary. But in case of CT,
the primary is connected in series with power line.
So current through its primary is nothing but the
current flows through that power line.

The primary current of the CT, hence does not

depend upon whether the load or burden is
connected to the secondary or not or what is the
impedance value of burden. Generally CT has very
few turns in primary where as secondary turns is
large in number. Say Np is number of turns in CT
 Transformer Description

primary and Ip is the current through primary.

Hence, the primary AT is equal to NpIp AT.

f number of turns in secondary and secondary

current in that current transformer are Ns and Is
respectively then Secondary AT is equal to NsIs AT.

In an ideal CT the primary AT is exactly is equal in

magnitude to secondary AT.

Ezoic
So, from the above statement it is clear that if a CT
has one turn in primary and 400 turns in secondary
winding, if it has 400 A current in primary then it
will have 1 A in secondary burden.

Thus the turn ratio of the CT is 400/1 A

 Transformer Description

Current Transformer Error

But in an actual Current Transformer (CT), errors
with which we are connected can best be
considered through a study of phasor diagram for a
CT,
current transformer
Is – Secondary current.
Es – Secondary induced emf.
Ip – Primary current.
Ep – Primary induced emf.
KT – Turns ratio = Numbers of secondary
turns/number of primary turns.
I0 – Excitation current.
Im – Magnetizing component of I0.
Iw – Core loss component of I0.
Φm – Main flux.
 Transformer Description

Let us take flux as reference. EMF Es and Ep lags

behind the flux by 90°. The magnitude of the
passers Es and Ep are proportional to secondary and
primary turns. The excitation current Io which is
made up of two components Im and Iw.
The secondary current I0 lags behind the secondary
induced emf Es by an angle Φ s. The secondary
current is now transferred to the primary side by
reversing Is and multiplied by the turns ratio KT. The
total current flows through the primary Ip is then
vector sum of KT Is and I0.

The Current Error or Ratio Error in Current

Transformer or CT
From above passer diagram it is clear that primary
current Ip is not exactly equal to the secondary
current multiplied by turns ratio, i.e. KTIs. This
difference is due to the primary current is
contributed by the core excitation current. The
 Transformer Description

error in current transformer introduced due to this

difference is called current error of CT or some
times ratio error in current transformer.

Phase Error or Phase Angle Error in Current

Transformer
132 kv current transformer
For a ideal CT the angle between the primary and
reversed secondary current vector is zero. But for
an actual CT there is always a difference in phase
between two due to the fact that primary current
has to supply the component of the exiting current.
The angle between the above two phases in termed
as phase angle error in current transformer or CT.
Here in the pharos diagram it is β the phase angle
error is usually expressed in minutes.
 Transformer Description

Cause of Error in Current Transformer

Ezoic
The total primary current is not actually
transformed in CT. One part of the primary current
is consumed for core excitation and remaining is
actually transformers with turns ratio of CT so there
is error in current transformer means there are
both ratio error in current transformer as well as a
phase angle error in current transformer.

How to Reduce Error in Current Transformer

It is desirable to reduce these errors, for better
performance. For achieving minimum error in
current transformer, one can follow the following,

Using a core of high permeability and low hysteresis

loss magnetic materials.
 Transformer Description

Keeping the rated burden to the nearer value of the

actual burden.
Ensuring minimum length of flux path and
increasing cross-sectional area of the core,
minimizing joint of the core.
Lowering the secondary internal impedance.

Ezoic
Contents
A power transformer is a static device that transfers
electrical energy from one circuit to another
without changing the frequency. It works on the
principle of electromagnetic induction and can step
up or step down the voltage level of an alternating
current (AC) supply. Power transformers are
essential for the transmission, distribution, and
utilization of electrical power in various sectors.
 Transformer Description

What is a Power Transformer?

A power transformer is defined as a transformer
that operates with high voltages and currents in the
power system network. It is mainly used to increase
or decrease the voltage level between the
generator and the distribution circuits. A power
transformer has two or more windings that are
magnetically coupled through a core. A varying
current in one winding creates a varying magnetic
flux in the core, which induces a varying voltage in
the other windings. The ratio of the voltages in the
primary and secondary windings depends on the
number of turns in each winding.

Power transformers are classified as static devices

because they have no moving or rotating parts.
They are also passive devices because they do not
generate or consume electrical energy, but only
 Transformer Description

transfer it from one circuit to another. Power

transformers can operate with high efficiency and
reliability for long periods of time.

Why are Power Transformers Used?

 Power transformers are used for several
reasons in the electrical power system. Some of
them are:

To reduce power loss in transmission lines:

Electrical power is generated at low voltage
levels, which results in high current and high
line losses due to ohmic heating. By using a
step-up transformer at the generating station,
the voltage level can be increased, and the
current can be reduced, which reduces the line
losses and improves the power factor. Similarly,
at the receiving end, a step-down transformer
 Transformer Description

can be used to lower the voltage level to a

suitable value for distribution and consumption.
To provide galvanic isolation between circuits:
Power transformers can provide electrical
isolation between two or more circuits that
have different potentials or frequencies. This
can prevent short circuits, ground faults,
interference, and damage to sensitive
equipment.
To match the load impedance with the source
impedance: Power transformers can adjust the
voltage and current levels of a circuit to match
the load impedance with the source impedance.
This can improve the power transfer and
efficiency of the circuit.
To provide multiple voltage levels for different
applications: Power transformers can provide
different voltage levels for various purposes,
such as lighting, heating, cooling,
communication, etc. For example, a three-
phase transformer can provide three-phase
 Transformer Description

power for industrial applications, as well as

single-phase power for domestic applications.
Types of Power Transformers
Power transformers can be categorized based on
different criteria, such as their construction,
function, application, etc. Some of the common
types of power transformers are:

Step-up and step-down transformers: These

transformers are used to increase or decrease the
voltage level of an AC supply. A step-up transformer
has more turns in the secondary winding than in the
primary winding, while a step-down transformer
has fewer turns in the secondary winding than in
the primary winding.
Single-phase and three-phase transformers: These
transformers are used to handle single-phase or
three-phase AC supplies. A single-phase
transformer has one primary winding and one
 Transformer Description

secondary winding, while a three-phase

transformer has three primary windings and three
secondary windings that are connected in star or
delta configuration.
Two-winding and autotransformers: These
transformers have either two separate windings or
one common winding for both primary and
secondary circuits. A two-winding transformer is
used when the voltage ratio is greater than 2, while
an autotransformer is used when the voltage ratio
is less than 2.
Distribution and power transformers: These
transformers are used for different purposes in the
power system network. A distribution transformer
is used to step down the voltage for distribution to
domestic or commercial users. It has good voltage
regulation and operates at full load or near full load
most of the time. A power transformer is used to
step up or step down the voltage for transmission
between generating stations and substations. It has
 Transformer Description

poor voltage regulation and operates at variable

loads depending on the demand.
Instrument transformers: These transformers are
used to measure high voltages and currents in a
circuit by stepping them down to lower values that
can be measured by conventional instruments. They
include current transformers (CT) and potential
transformers (PT).
Oil-cooled and dry-type transformers: These
transformers differ in their cooling methods. Oil-
cooled transformers use mineral oil as a cooling
medium that circulates through radiators or heat
exchangers. Dry-type transformers use air as a
cooling medium that flows through vents or fans.
Core type and shell type transformers: These
transformers differ in their core shapes and winding
arrangements. A core-type transformer has a
rectangular core with two vertical limbs and a
horizontal yoke. The windings are cylindrical and
concentric and are placed on both limbs. A shell-
 Transformer Description

type transformer has a central limb and two outer

limbs that form a shell around the windings. The
windings are sandwiched between the limbs and
have multiple layers.
Outdoor and indoor transformers: These
transformers differ in their installation locations and
protection levels. Outdoor transformers are
designed to withstand harsh weather conditions
and are usually oil-cooled and enclosed in metal
tanks. Indoor transformers are designed to operate
in controlled environments and are usually dry-type
and enclosed in metal cabinets.
Power Transformer Specifications

Ezoic
Power transformers have various specifications that
describe their characteristics and performance.
Some of the common specifications are:
 Transformer Description

Rated voltage: This is the nominal voltage that the

transformer is designed to operate at. It is usually
expressed in kilovolts (kV) or volts (V).
Rated power: This is the maximum apparent power
that the transformer can deliver at its rated voltage
and frequency. It is usually expressed in kilovolt-
amperes (kVA) or megavolt-amperes (MVA).
Rated current: This is the maximum current that the
transformer can carry at its rated voltage and
frequency. It is usually expressed in amperes (A) or
kiloamperes (kA).
Voltage ratio: This is the ratio of the secondary
voltage to the primary voltage of the transformer. It
indicates how much the transformer steps up or
steps down the voltage.
Turns ratio: This is the ratio of the number of turns
in the secondary winding to the number of turns in
the primary winding of the transformer. It is related
to the voltage ratio by the equation:
 Transformer Description

image 75
where Vs and Vp are the secondary and primary
voltages, and Ns and Np are the secondary and
primary turns.

Impedance: This is the opposition to the flow of

current in the transformer. It is usually expressed as
a percentage of the rated voltage divided by the
rated current, or as an ohmic value.
Efficiency: This is the ratio of the output power to
the input power of the transformer. It indicates how
well the transformer converts electrical energy from
one circuit to another.
Regulation: This is the change in secondary voltage
when the load changes from full load to no load,
expressed as a percentage of the no-load voltage. It
indicates how well the transformer maintains a
constant output voltage.
Power Transformer Applications
 Transformer Description

Power transformers are widely used in various

sectors, such as:

Power generation: Power transformers are used to

step up the voltage generated by power plants for
transmission to substations.
Power transmission: Power transformers are used
to step up or step down the voltage at different
points of the transmission network for efficient
power delivery.
Power distribution: Power transformers are used to
step down the voltage for distribution to domestic
or commercial users. It operates at variable loads
depending on the demand and has good voltage
regulation.
Power generation: Power transformers are used to
step up the voltage of the electricity generated by
power plants before it is sent to the grid. This
 Transformer Description

reduces the current and the line losses during

transmission.
Power transmission: Power transformers are used
to step up or step down the voltage at different
points of the transmission network for efficient
power delivery. They also provide galvanic isolation
and impedance matching between different circuits.
Power distribution: Power transformers are used to
step down the voltage for distribution to various
consumers. They also provide multiple voltage
levels for different applications, such as lighting,
heating, cooling, communication, etc.
Lighting: Power transformers are used to provide
low voltage and high currents for lighting systems,
such as fluorescent lamps, neon signs, etc.
Audio systems: Power transformers are used to
isolate and amplify audio signals in speakers,
amplifiers, microphones, etc.
 Transformer Description

Electronic equipment: Power transformers are used

to provide low voltage and regulated power supply
for electronic devices, such as computers,
televisions, radios, etc.
Summary
Power transformers are static devices that transfer
electrical energy from one circuit to another
without changing the frequency. They work on the
principle of electromagnetic induction and can step
up or step down the voltage level of an AC supply.
Power transformers are essential for the
transmission, distribution, and utilization of
electrical power in various sectors. They have
various types, specifications, and applications
depending on their design, function, and purpose.

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 Transformer Description

What is Earthing Transformer or Grounding

Transformer
Ezoic
Stability on External Earth Fault(E/F) on Delta Side
of Star-Delta Power Transformer
If the earthing transformer on the Delta Side is
outsides the Zone of protection the Earth Fault(E/F)
in the delta system outside Current Transformer
(CT) locations would produce current distributions
as shown which circulate within the differential CT
secondaries and is kept out of operating coils.
Zig-Zag or inter connected star grounding
transformer has normal magnetising impedance of
high value but for E/F, currents flow in windings of
the same – core in such a manner that the ampere
turn cancel and hence offer lower impedance.
 Transformer Description

In cases where the neutral point of three phase

system is not accessible like the system connected
to the delta connected side of a electrical power
transformer, an artificial neutral point may be
created with help of a zigzag connected earthing
transformer.
This is a core type transformer with three limbs.
Every phase winding in zigzag connection is divided
into two equal halves. One half of which is wound
on one limb and other half is wound on another
limb of the core of transformer.
zigzag star connected earthing transformer
1st half of Red phase winding is wound on the 1st
limb of the core and 2nd half of same Red phase is
wound on 3rd limb.
 Transformer Description

1st half of Yellow phase winding is wound on the

2nd limb of the core and 2nd half of same Yellow
phase is wound on 1st limb.
1st half of Blue phase winding is wound on the 3rd
limb of the core and 2nd half of same Blue phase is
wound on 2nd limb.
End point of all three winding ultimately connected
together and forms a common neutral point. Now if
any fault occurs at any of the phases in delta
connected system, the zero sequence fault current
has close path of circulating through earth as shown
in the figure.
earthing transformer
In normal condition of the system, the voltage
across the winding of the earthing transformer is
1/√3 times of rated per phase voltage of the
system.
 Transformer Description

But when single line to ground fault occurs on any

phase of the system, as shown in the figure, zero
sequence component of the earth fault current
flows in the earth and returns to the electrical
power system by way of earth star point of the
earthing transformer. It gets divided equally in all
the three phases. Hence, as shown in the figure, the
currents in the two different halves of two windings
in the same limb of the core flow in opposite
directions. And therefore the magnetic flux set up
by these two currents will oppose and neutralize
each other. As there is no increase in flux due to
fault current, there is no change of dφ/dt means no
choking effect occurs to impede the flow of fault
current. So it can be concluded like that, the zigzag
type earthing or grounding transformer maintains
the rated supply voltage at normal current as well
as when a solid single line to ground fault current
flows through it.
 Transformer Description

The rated voltage of an earthing or grounding

transformer is the line to line voltage on which it is
intended to be used. Current rating of this
transformer is the maximum neutral current in
Amperes that the transformer is designed to carry
in fault condition for a specific time. Generally the
time interval, for which transformer designed to
carry the maximum fault current through it safely, is
taken as 30 second.

What is a Transformer (And How Doe...

If another winding is brought close to this
winding, some portion of this alternating
Pause

What is a Transformer?
 Transformer Description

A transformer is defined as a passive electrical

device that transfers electrical energy from one
circuit to another through the process of
electromagnetic induction. It is most commonly
used to increase (‘step up’) or decrease (‘step
down’) voltage levels between circuits.
Working Principle of Transformer
The working principle of a transformer is very
simple. Mutual induction between two or more
windings (also known as coils) allows for electrical
energy to be transferred between circuits. This
principle is explained in further detail below.

Transformer Theory
Say you have one winding (also known as a coil)
which is supplied by an alternating electrical source.
The alternating current through the winding
produces a continually changing and alternating flux
that surrounds the winding.
 Transformer Description

If another winding is brought close to this winding,

some portion of this alternating flux will link with
the second winding. As this flux is continually
changing in its amplitude and direction, there must
be a changing flux linkage in the second winding or
coil.

According to Faraday’s law of electromagnetic

induction, there will be an EMF induced in the
second winding. If the circuit of this secondary
winding is closed, then a current will flow through
it. This is the basic working principle of a
transformer.

Let us use electrical symbols to help visualize this.

The winding which receives electrical power from
the source is known as the ‘primary winding’. In the
diagram below this is the ‘First Coil’.
 Transformer Description

The winding which gives the desired output voltage

due to mutual induction is commonly known as the
‘secondary winding’. This is the ‘Second Coil’ in the
diagram above.

A transformer that increases voltage between the

primary to secondary windings is defined as a step-
up transformer. Conversely, a transformer that
decreases voltage between the primary to
secondary windings is defined as a step-down
transformer.

Whether the transformer increases or decreases

the voltage level depends on the relative number of
turns between the primary and secondary side of
the transformer.
 Transformer Description

If there are more turns on the primary coil than the

secondary coil than the voltage will decrease (step
down).

If there are less turns on the primary coil than the

secondary coil than the voltage will increase (step
up).

While the diagram of the transformer above is

theoretically possible in an ideal transformer – it is
not very practical. This is because in the open air
only a very tiny portion of the flux produced from
the first coil will link with the second coil. So the
current that flows through the closed circuit
connected to the secondary winding will be
extremely small (and difficult to measure).
 Transformer Description

The rate of change of flux linkage depends upon the

amount of linked flux with the second winding. So
ideally almost all of the flux of primary winding
should link to the secondary winding. This is
effectively and efficiently done by using a core type
transformer. This provides a low reluctance path
common to both of the windings.

The purpose of the transformer core is to provide a

low reluctance path, through which the maximum
amount of flux produced by the primary winding is
passed through and linked with the secondary
winding.

The current that initially passes through the

transformer when it is switched on is known as the
transformer inrush current.
 Transformer Description

If you would prefer an animated explanation, below

is a video explaining exactly how a transformer
works:

Transformer Parts And Construction

The three main parts of a transformer:

Primary Winding of Transformer

Magnetic Core of Transformer
Secondary Winding of Transformer
Primary Winding of Transformer
Which produces magnetic flux when it is connected
to an electrical source.

Magnetic Core of Transformer

 Transformer Description

The magnetic flux produced by the primary winding,

that will pass through this low reluctance path
linked with secondary winding and create a closed
magnetic circuit.

Secondary Winding of Transformer

The flux, produced by primary winding, passes
through the core, will link with the secondary
winding. This winding also wounds on the same
core and gives the desired output of the
transformer.

Want To Learn Faster? 🎓

Conservator Tank of Transformer

 Transformer Description

October 26, 2020 by Electrical4U

Ezoic
What Is Conservator Tank Of Transformer
Conservator Tank of a Transformer
This is a cylindrical tank mounted on supporting
structure on the roof the transformer main tank.
The main function of conservator tank of
transformer is to provide adequate space for
expansion of oil inside the transformer.

The working principle of a

transformer is very simple.

What is a Transformer (And How Does it Work)? |

Electrical4U
The working principle of a
 Transformer Description

transformer is very simple.Play Video

Function of Conservator Tank of a Transformer
When transformer is loaded and when ambient
temperature rises, the volume of oil inside
transformer increases. A conservator tank of
transformer provides adequate space to this
expanded transformer oil. It also acts as a reservoir
for transformer insulating oil.

Construction of Conservator Tank

This is a cylindrical shaped oil container closed from

both ends. One large inspection cover is provided
on either side of the container to facilitate
maintenance and cleaning inside of the
conservator.
 Transformer Description

Conservator pipe, i.e. pipe comes from main

transformer tank, is projected inside the
conservator from bottom portion. Head of the
conservator pipe inside the conservator is provided
with a cap. This pipe is projected as well as provided
with a cap because this design prevent oil sludge
and sediment to enter into main tank from
conservator. Generally silica gel breather fixing pipe
enters into the conservator from top. If it enters
from bottom, it should be projected well above the
level of oil inside the conservator. This arrangement
ensure that oil does not enter the silica gel breather
even at highest operating level.
conservator

Working of Conservator Tank

When volume of transformer insulating oil increases
due to load and ambient temperature, the vacant
space above the oil level inside the conservator is
 Transformer Description

partially occupied by the expanded oil.

Consequently, corresponding quantity of air of that
space is pushed away through breather. On other
hand, when load of transformer decreases, the
transformer is switched off and when the ambient
temperature decreases, the oil inside the
transformer contracts. This causes outside air to
enter in the conservator tank of transformer
through silica gel breather.

Atmoseal Type Conservator

Ezoic
In this type conservator of transformer, an air cell
made of NBR material is fitted inside the
conservator reservoir. The silica gel breather is
connected at the top of this air cell. The oil level in
the power transformer rises and falls according to
this air cell deflated and inflated. When the air cell
gets deflated the air inside the air cell comes out via
 Transformer Description

breather and on the other hand if the cell is inflated

the outside air comes in through breather.

This arrangement prevents direct contact of oil with

air, thereby reduces ageing affect of oil.

air cell conservator Atmoseal Type Conservator

The space available outside the cell in conservator
tank is totally filled by oil. Air vents are provided on
the top of the conservator for venting accumulated
air outside the air cell.
The pressure inside the air cell must be maintained
1.0 PSI.

Diaphragm Sealed Conservator

Here diaphragm is used as a barrier between
transformer oil and atmospheric air. In this case the
 Transformer Description

conservator of transformer is made of tow

semicircular halves as shown below.
diaphragm conservator
The diphram is held between the the two halves
and bolted. As oil expands it pushes up the
diaphragm. The position of the diaphragm is
indicated by the oil level indicator i.e. magnetic oil
gauge (Here MOG is not shown in the figure above)
as the rod of this MOG is connected to the
diaphragm. When the oil level falls down in the
conservator, the diaphragm deflects and the
atmospheric air fills the vacant place. This air is
sucked through silica gel breather which is
connected to the top middle of conservator tank of
transformer. (Here silica gel breather is not shown
in the figure above)
This type of conservator has one advantage over air
cell conservator. If gas is pressurized to a high level,
it gets dissolved in oil. Over a period of time the
amount of gas in oil reaches the saturation point. If
 Transformer Description

at this stage, the load of transformer is suddenly

dropped or the ambient temperature falls severely,
the pressure falls, oil becomes supersaturated and
the gas bubbles will be evolved. If there is a pimp
connected in the cooling circuit, it will help
generating bubbles. These bubbles may cause
insulation failure in the region of strong fields. (Here
silica gel breather, MOG, Drain Valves, Air Pockets,
Conservator to main tank connections are not
shown in the figure above.)

Ezoic

Ezoic
Temperature Indicator of Transformer
These are generally precision instruments. A
temperature indicator of power transformer is
 Transformer Description

specially designed for protection of transformer in

addition to its temperature indication and cooling
control features. That means, this device performs
three functions.

These instruments indicate instantaneous

temperature of oil and windings of transformer.
These also record maximum temperature rise of oil
and windings.
These instruments operate high temperature alarm
at a predetermined value of allowable temperature
limit.
Temperature indicators of transformer can also trip
the circuit breakers associated with the power
transformer when the temperature of oil or winding
reaches a predetermined limit.
These devices also control the cooling system of
transformer. Switch on the cooling equipment when
the winding attains a preset high temperature and
 Transformer Description

switch it off when the temperature drops by an

established differential.
Types of Temperature Indicator of Transformer
There are mainly two types of temperature
indicators used in transformer. Principally both of
the instruments are the same but, one is used for
oil temperature and the other is used for winding
temperature. There is another type of temperature
indicator often used in power transformer, which is
little bit different principally and this is remote
temperature indicator.

The types of temperature indicator of transformer

are-

Oil temperature indicator (OTI)

Winding temperature indicator (WTI)
 Transformer Description

Remote temperature indicator (RTI)

Construction of Temperature Indicator of
Transformer
These indicators are provided with a sensing bulb.
This sensing bulb is placed in a pocket on the roof of
transformer tank. The pocket is filled with
transformer oil. The bulb is connected to the
instrument housing by means of flexible connecting
tubing consisting of two capillary tubes. One
capillary tube is connected to the operating bellow
of the instrument and other to a compensating
bellow. Compensating bellow compensates
variation of ambient temperature. The pointer is
fixed with a steel carriage on which normally four
mercury switches are mounted. The make and
break temperature of these mercury switches can
be adjusted separately. One mercury switch is use
to operate cooling fans, one mercury switch is used
to switch on oil pumps, one mercury switch is for
high temperature alarm and last switch is used to
 Transformer Description

inter trip the transformer in extremely high

temperature condition.

In addition to these the dial of oil temperature

indicator is also provided with dummy pointer
which is pushed by main pointer when temperature
rises. When main pointer moves back due to
decreasing temperature, the dummy pointer stays
at maximum temperature position of the main
pointer. This indicates maximum temperature rise
of transformer during a preset period of time.
temperature indicator

Oil Temperature Indicator or OTI

Ezoic
This device is used to measure the top oil
temperature. An oil temperature indicator or OTI is
also used for protection of transformer.
 Transformer Description

Operating Principle of Oil Temperature Indicator

This device measures top oil temperature with the
help of sensing bulb immersed in the pocket by
using liquid expansion in the bulb through a
capillary line to operating mechanism. A link and
lever mechanism amplifies this movement to the
disc carrying pointer and mercury switches. When
volume of the liquid in operating mechanism
changes, the bellow attached to end of capillary
tube expands and contracts. This movement of
bellow is transmitted to the pointer in temperature
indicator of transformer through a lever linkage
mechanism.

Winding Temperature Indicator or WTI

This device measures the LV and HV winding
temperature. A winding temperature indicator or
WTI is also used as protection of transformer.
 Transformer Description

winding temperature indicator

Operating Principle of Winding Temperature

Indicator
The basic operating principle of WTI is same as OTI.
But only difference is that the sensing bulb pocket
on transformer top cover is heated by a heater coil
surrounded it. This heater coil is fed by secondary of
current transformers associated with transformer
winding. Hence the current through the heater coil
is directly proportional to the current flowing
through transformer winding. This is because there
is no scope of direct measuring of temperature
inside a winding. When load of transformer
increases, the winding temperature is also
increased and this increased temperature is sensed
by sensing bulb as the heater coil surrounds it. Rest
of the working principle of winding temperature
indicator is same as principle of oil temperature
indicator.
 Transformer Description

Remote Temperature Indicator

A precision potentiometer mounted inside the
instrument case functions as a transmitter and
operates an electrical repeater for remote reading
of measured temperature. In one scheme the
transmitter is directly connected to the repeaters
and alternative scheme is to connect the
transmitter to a resistance transducer, which will
supply direct current for operating repeater.

Ezoic

What Is Transformer Cooling System

Ezoic
The main source of heat generation in transformer
is its copper loss or I2R loss. Although there are
 Transformer Description

other factors contribute heat in transformer such as

hysteresis and eddy current losses but contribution
of I2R loss dominate them. If this heat is not
dissipated properly, the temperature of the
transformer will rise continually which may cause
damages in paper insulation and liquid insulation
medium of transformer. So it is essential to control
the temperature with in permissible limit to ensure
the long life of transformer by reducing thermal
degradation of its insulation system. In electrical
power transformer we use external transformer
cooling system to accelerate the dissipation rate of
heat of transformer. There are different
transformer cooling methods available for trans
former, we will now explain one by one.

Different Transformer Cooling Methods

For accelerating cooling different transformer
cooling methods are used depending upon their size
 Transformer Description

and ratings. We will discuss these one by one

below,
natural cooling

ONAN Cooling of Transformer

This is the simplest transformer cooling system. The
full form of ONAN is “Oil Natural Air Natural”. Here
natural convectional flow of hot oil is utilized for
cooling. In convectional circulation of oil, the hot oil
flows to the upper portion of the transformer tank
and the vacant place is occupied by cold oil. This hot
oil which comes to upper side, will dissipate heat in
the atmosphere by natural conduction, convection
and radiation in air and will become cold. In this
way the oil in the transformer tank continually
circulate when the transformer put into load.

As the rate of dissipation of heat in air depends

upon dissipating surface of the oil tank, it is
 Transformer Description

essential to increase the effective surface area of

the tank. So additional dissipating surface in the
form of tubes or radiators connected to the
transformer tank. This is known as radiator of
transformer or radiator bank of transformer. We
have shown below a simplest form on natural
cooling or ONAN cooling arrangement of an
earthing transformer below.
onaf cooling

ONAF Cooling of Transformer

Heat dissipation can obviously be increased, if
dissipating surface is increased but it can be make
further faster by applying forced air flow on that
dissipating surface. Fans blowing air on cooling
surface is employed. Forced air takes away the heat
from the surface of radiator and provides better
cooling than natural air. The full form of ONAF is
“Oil Natural Air Forced”. As the heat dissipation rate
 Transformer Description

is faster and more in ONAF transformer cooling

method than ONAN cooling system, electrical
power transformer can be put into more load
without crossing the permissible temperature
limits.

OFAF Cooling of Transformer

Ezoic
In oil forced air natural cooling system of
transformer, the heat dissipation is accelerated by
using forced air on the dissipating surface but
circulation of the hot oil in transformer tank is
natural convectional flow.
ofaf cooling

The heat dissipation rate can be still increased

further if this oil circulation is accelerated by
applying some force. In OFAF cooling system the oil
 Transformer Description

is forced to circulate within the closed loop of

transformer tank by means of oil pumps. OFAF
means “Oil Forced Air Forced” cooling methods of
transformer. The main advantage of this system is
that it is compact system and for same cooling
capacity OFAF occupies much less space than
farmer two systems of transformer cooling. Actually
in oil natural cooling system, the heat comes out
from conducting part of the transformer is
displaced from its position, in slower rate due to
convectional flow of oil but in forced oil cooling
system the heat is displaced from its origin as soon
as it comes out in the oil, hence rate of cooling
becomes faster.

OFWF Cooling of Transformer

We know that ambient temperature of water is
much less than the atmospheric air in same weather
condition. So water may be used as better heat
exchanger media than air. In OFWF cooling system
 Transformer Description

of transformer, the hot oil is sent to a oil to water

heat exchanger by means of oil pump and there the
oil is cooled by applying sowers of cold water on the
heat exchanger’s oil pipes. OFWF means “Oil Forced
Water Forced” cooling in transformer.

ODAF Cooling of Transformer

ODAF or oil directed air forced cooling of
transformer can be considered as the improved
version of OFAF. Here forced circulation of oil
directed to flow through predetermined paths in
transformer winding. The cool oil entering the
transformer tank from cooler or radiator is passed
through the winding where gaps for oil flow or pre-
decided oil flowing paths between insulated
conductor are provided for ensuring faster rate of
heat transfer. ODAF or oil directed air forced
cooling of transformer is generally used in very high
rating transformer.
 Transformer Description

ODWF Cooling of Transformer

ODAF or oil directed water forced cooling of
transformer is just like ODAF only difference is that
here the hot oil is cooled in cooler by means of
forced water instead of air. Both of these
transformer cooling methods are called forced
directed oil cooling of transformer.

Ezoic

Maintenance of Transformers (A Detailed Checklist)

What Is The Maintenance Of Transformers
A power transformer is the most costly and
essential equipment piece of equipment within an
 Transformer Description

electrical substation. As such it is desirable to

perform various preventative maintenance
activities to ensure the transformer maintains a
high level of performance and a long functional life.

A power transformer requires various routine

maintenance tasks including measurement and
testing of different parameters of the transformer.
There are two main types of maintenance of
transformer. We perform one group on a routine
basis (known as preventative maintenance), and the
second group on an ad-hoc basis (i.e. as required).

That means for getting smooth performance from a

transformer we have to perform some maintenance
actions on a regular basis.
 Transformer Description

Transformer Maintenance
A group of electrical workers performing routine
maintenance on a transformer
Some other types of maintenance for a transformer
we perform only as they are required – known as
emergency or breakdown transformer
maintenance. But if one performs regular
maintenance properly, this significantly reduces the
chances of needing to perform such emergency
maintenance. The regular checking and
maintenance of transformer is also known as
condition maintenance.

Hence by proper condition maintenance, one can

avoid emergency and breakdown maintenance.
That is why technical personnel should mainly
concentrate on condition maintenance. As 100% of
condition maintenance causes 0% breakdown of
equipment.
 Transformer Description

Ezoic
There are many different preventative maintenance
actions to be performed on a power transformer.
They can be on a daily, monthly, yearly, quarterly,
half-yearly, or yearly basis. Some transformer
maintenance activities only need to be performed
once in a 3 to 4 years interval.

Monthly Basis Maintenance of Transformer

Let us first discuss about the action to be taken on
power transformer in monthly basis.

The oil level in oil cap under silica gel breather must
be checked in a one-month interval. If it is found
the transformer oil inside the cup comes below the
specified level, oil to be top up as per specified
level.
 Transformer Description

Breathing holes in silica gel breather should also be

checked monthly and properly cleaned if required,
for proper breathing action.
If the transformer has oil filled bushing the oil level
of transformer oil inside the bushing must be
vidually checked in the oil gage attached to those
bushing. This action also to be done monthly basis.
If it is required, the oil to be filled in the bushing
upto correct level. Oil filling to be done under
shutdown condition.

Daily Basis Maintenance and Checking

There are three main things which to be checked on
a power transformer on a daily basis:

Reading of MOG (Magnetic Oil Gauge) of main tank

and conservator tank.
Color of silica gel in breather.
 Transformer Description

Leakage of oil from any point of a transformer.

In case of unsatisfactory oil level in the MOG, oil to
be filled in transformer and also the transformer
tank to be checked for oil leakage. If oil leakage is
found take required action to plug the leakage. If
silica gel becomes pinkish, it should be replaced.

Yearly Basis Transformer Maintenance Schedule

The auto, remote, manual function of cooling
system that means, oil pumps, air fans, and other
items engaged in cooling system of transformer,
along with their control circuit to be checked in the
interval of one year. In the case of trouble,
investigate control circuit and physical condition of
pumps and fans.
All the bushings of the transformer to be cleaned by
soft cotton cloths yearly. During cleaning the
bushing should be checked for cracking.
 Transformer Description

Oil condition of OLTC to be examined in every year.

For that, oil sample to be taken from drain valve of
divertor tank, and this collected oil sample to be
tested for dielectric strength (BDV) and moisture
content (PPM). If BDV is low and PPM for moisture
is found high compared to recommended values,
the oil inside the OLTC to be replaced or filtered.
Mechanical inspection of Buchholz relays to be
carried out on yearly basis.
All marshalling boxes to be cleaned from inside at
least once in a year. All illumination, space heaters,
to be checked whether they are functioning
properly or not. If not, required maintenance action
to be taken. All the terminal connections of control
and relay wiring to be checked an tighten at least
once in a year.
All the relays, alarms and control switches along
with their circuit, in R&C panel (Relay and Control
Panel) and RTCC (Remote Tap Changer Control
Panel) to be cleaned by appropriate cleaning agent.
 Transformer Description

The pockets for OTI, WTI (Oil Temperature Indicator

& Winding Temperature Indicator) on the
transformer top cover to be checked and if required
oil to be replenished.
The proper function of Pressure Release Device and
Buchholz relay must be checked annually. For that,
trip contacts and alarm contacts of the said devices
are shorted by a small piece of wire, and observe
whether the concerned relays in remote panel are
properly working or not.
Insulation resistance and polarization index of
transformer must be checked with battery operated
megger of 5 KV range.
Resistive value of earth connection and rizer must
be measured annually with clamp on earth
resistance meter.
DGA or Dissolve Gas Analysis of transformer Oil
should be performed, annually for 132 KV
transformer, once in 2 years for the transformer
 Transformer Description

below 132 KV transformer and in 2 years interval

for the transformer above 132 KV transformer.
The Action to be taken once in 2 years:

The calibration of OTI and WTI must be carried once

in two years.
Tan & delta; measurement of bushings of
transformer also to be done once in two years.
Maintenance of Transformer on Half Yearly Basis
The transformer oil must be checked half yearly
basis that means once in 6 months, for dielectric
strength, water content, acidity, sludge content,
flash point, DDA, IFT, resistivity for transformer oil.

In the case of a distribution transformer, as they are

operating light load condition all the time of day
remaining peak hours, so there are no maintenance
required.
 Transformer Description

Maintenance of Current Transformer

Ezoic
A Current Transformer or CT is very essential
equipment installed in an electrical substation for
electrical measurement and protection purpose. If a
current transformer does not perform properly,
there may be a huge disturbance in the system due
to malfunctioning of protection relays. So far
accurate measurement and smooth operation of an
electrical power system, CTs must be properly
maintained. A schedule of such maintenance of
current transformer is preferred below for ready
reference. Let us first discuss the maintenance of CT
which to be performed in a one-year interval.

Insulation resistance of the CT must be checked in

yearly basis. During insulation resistance
measurement, it must be remembered that, in
 Transformer Description

current transformer there are two level of

insulation. The insulation level of primary of CT is
quite high as it has to withstand full system voltage.
But the secondary of the CT has low insulation level
generally 1.1 KV. So primary to secondary and
primary to earth of a current transformer are
measured with 2.5 or 5 KV megger. But this high
voltage megger can not be used for secondary
measurement, as here insulation level is quite low
in the view of economy of the design. So secondary
insulation is measured with 500 V megger. Hence,
primary terminals to earth, primary terminals to
secondary measuring core, primary terminals to
secondary protection cores are measured by 2.5 or
5 KV megger. In between secondary cores and
secondary to earth resistances are measured by
500V megger.
Thermo vision scanning of primary terminals and
top dome of a live CT should be performed at least
 Transformer Description

once in a year. This scanning can be done with help

of infra-red Thermo-vision Camera.
All the CT secondary connections in CT secondary
box and CT junction box must be checked, cleaned
and tighten every year to ensure maximum possible
low resistance path for CT secondary currents. It
should also be ensured that CT junction box is
properly cleaned.
There are some other maintenance of Current
Transformer which to be performed in half yearly
basis, such as,

The porcelain housing of CTs should be checked for

hire crack if any crack is observed on insulator,
necessary advice to be obtained from
manufacturer.
The porcelain insulator housing of current
transformer, to be cleaned properly by cotton
clothes.
 Transformer Description

Now we will discuss about monthly basis

maintenance of current transformer.

Oil leakage from any joint should be visually

inspected if leakage found, it must be plugged by
taking shutdown.
The secondary terminals are also checked for oil
leakage, if leakage found, immediate action to be
taken to plug the leakage.
In addition to these, tans or loss factor
measurement to be performed on a current
transformer, preferably above 66 KV class, once in
two years.

Dissolve Gas Analysis of oil also to be done

preferably once in 4 years. If the results are found
unsatisfactory as per standard, the insulating oil
must be replaced.
 Transformer Description

Maintenance of Voltage Transformer and Capacitor

Voltage Transformer

Ezoic
Construction wise a voltage transformer and a
capacitor voltage transformer are same. Hence
basis scheme of maintenance of both voltage
transformer and capacitor voltage transformer are
more or less same. As heavy current does not flow
through PT and CVT, the defect and fault generally
very low.

That is why monthly maintenance of voltage

transformer and maintenance of capacitor voltage
transformer may not be required. Moreover very
frequent maintenance of bus PT or CVT may not
also be possible as far taking shutdown of such PT
or CVT total bus section would be out of protection
 Transformer Description

and metering. Only yearly maintenance of such

equipments are sufficient.

Yearly Maintenance of Voltage Transformer or

Capacitor Voltage Transformer
The porcelain housing must be cleaned with cotton
clothes.
The spark gap assembly to be checked on yearly
basis. Remove the moveable part of spark gap as
assembly, clean the braes electrode with emery
paper and fix it back in position.
The high frequency earthing point should be visually
checked yearly in the case, the point is not used for
PLCC.
Thermo vision camera to be used for checking any
hot spots in the capacitor stacks to ensure pro
action of rectification.
 Transformer Description

The terminal connections PT junction box including

earth connections to be checked for tightness once
in a year. In addition to that, the PT junction box
also to be cleaned properly once in a year.
The health of all gasket joint also to be visually
checked and replaced if any damaged gasket found.
Note that in addition all yearly basis maintenance of
potential transformer or capacitor voltage
transformer must also be checked for tan δ once in
3 years. An increase in the value of tan δ indicates
deterioration of insulation whereas both increases
in tan δ and capacitance indicate the entry of
moisture into the insulation.