The Bohr Model

• Niels Bohr (1885-1962) was a Danish physicist

and a student of Rutherford’s.

• In 1913, Bohr introduced his atomic model based

on the simplest atom, hydrogen (only 1 electron)
• Bohr proposed that an electron is found only in
specific circular paths, or orbits, around the
nucleus.

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 The Bohr Model
• Each electron has a fixed energy = an
energy level.
• Electrons can jump from one energy level to
another.
• Electrons can not be or exist between energy
levels.
• A quantum of energy is the amount of energy
needed to move an electron from one energy
level to another energy level.

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 Bohr Model
• To move from one level to another, the electron must
gain or lose the right amount of energy.
• The higher the energy level, the farther it is from
the nucleus.
• Gain energy to move to higher energy levels (away
from nucleus)
• Lose energy to move to lower energy levels (closer
to nucleus)

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 ATOMIC ORBITAL
• s-orbital – SPHERICAL – 1 orbital
 ATOMIC ORBITAL
• p-orbital – BOWTIE – 3 orbitals
 ATOMIC ORBITAL
• d-orbital – CLOVERLEAF – 5 orbitals
 ATOMIC ORBITAL
• f-orbital – 7 orbitals
 Energy Levels, Sublevels, and Orbitals
1. Principal energy levels – n, assigned values 1-7
(Like floors in a hotel)
2. Energy sublevels- s, p, d, f (Type of suite in a hotel)
▪ s sublevel – 1 orbital
▪ p sublevel – 3 orbitals (Orbitals are like the
▪ d sublevel – 5 orbitals number of rooms in a
▪ f sublevel – 7 orbitals suite)
3. Orbitals – Two electrons per orbital (Two people
per room)
• Orbitals
• Each sublevel (s, p, d, f) contains orbitals.
• Remember, orbitals are electron-clouds that
hold the electrons 90% of the time.
• Each orbital can hold TWO electrons, so
• s - 2 electrons, 1 orbital
• p – 6 electrons, 3 orbitals
• d – 10 electrons, 5 orbitals
• f – 14 electrons, 7 orbitals
• Different energy levels have
different types of orbitals.
• 1st energy level - s orbital
• 2nd energy level – s & p orbitals
• 3rd energy level – s, p, & d orbitals
• 4th energy level – s, p, d, & f orbitals
 ATOMIC ORBITAL
Energy # of Letter of # of orbitals # of Total
Level, n sublevels sublevels per electrons in electrons in
sublevel each orbital energy level
1 1 s 1 2 2
s 1 2
2 2 8
p 3 6
s 1 2
3 3 p 3 6 18
d 5 10
s 1 2
4 p 3 6
4 32
d 5 10
f 7 14
The electron configuration of an element
describes how electrons are distributed in its
atomic orbitals. Electron configurations of atoms
follow a standard notation in which all electron-
containing atomic subshells (with the number of
electrons they hold written in superscript) are
placed in a sequence.
 Electron Configurations
• The ways in which electrons are arranged in various
orbitals around the nuclei of atoms are called electron
configurations.

• Three rules—the aufbau principle, the Pauli exclusion

principle, and Hund’s rule—tell you how to find the electron
configurations of atoms.
• Electron configuration – the arrangement of
electrons in an atom.
• Example Sodium (Na) – 1s22s22p63s1
• Three rules determine electron configurations
• the Aufbau Principle,
• the Pauli Exclusion Principle
• Hund’s rule
• Aufbau Principle
According to the aufbau principle, electrons occupy
the orbitals of lowest energy first. In the aufbau
diagram below, each box represents an atomic orbital.
• Pauli Exclusion Principle
According to the Pauli exclusion principle, an atomic
orbital may describe at most two electrons. To occupy
the same orbital, two electrons must have opposite
spins; that is, the electron spins must be paired.
• Hund’s Rule
Hund’s rule states that electrons occupy orbitals of
the same energy in a way that makes the number of
electrons with the same spin direction as large as
possible.
Filling Diagram for Sublevels

Aufbau Principle
 Electron Configuration
• The Pauli exclusion principle states that
a maximum of two electrons can occupy a
single orbital, but only if the electrons
have opposite spins.
• We symbolize this as two arrows pointing in
opposite directions.
• Pauli Exclusion Principle
• Each orbital can hold TWO
electrons with opposite spins.
Pauli Exclusion Principle
• A maximum of two electrons may
occupy a single orbital, but only
if the electrons have opposite
spins.
• Spin -- Electrons has an
associated “spin,” either one
way or the other, like a top.
• These spins are called “spin
up” and “spin down.”
• See example on board.
Box = orbital
Arrow = electron
 Electron Configuration
• Hund’s rule states that single electrons
must occupy each equal-energy orbital
before additional electrons with can
occupy the same energy level orbitals.
• All electrons in singly occupied orbitals must
have the same spin.
• School bus rule
 • Hund’s Rule
• Within a sublevel, place one e-
per orbital before pairing them.
• “Empty Bus Seat Rule”
WRONG RIGHT
• Single electrons with
the same spin must
Ex. Nitrogen:

occupy each equal- •1s2 2s2 2p3

energy orbital before

additional electrons
with opposite spins can 1s2 2s2 2p3

occupy the same NOT

orbitals.
• Electrons are
UNFRIENDLY 1s2 2s2 2p3

• Why?
• Np1 • Electrons, being
unfriendly, fill up the
• Np2
empty orbitals before
• Np3
sharing orbitals.
• Similar to seats on a
• Np4 bus – on a bus, you sit
alone, rather than with
• Np5 a stranger, if there is
an option.
• Np6
 Electron Configuration
1s 1
group #
row # # valence e-
shell # possibilities are:
possibilities are 1-7 s: 1 or 2
7 rows p: 1-6
subshell d: 1-10
possibilities are f: 1-14
What element has an electron s, p, d, or f Total e- should equal
configuration of 1s1? 4 subshells Atomic #
• The electron configuration of an atom is a
shorthand method of writing the location of
electrons by sublevel.
• The sublevel is written followed by a superscript
with the number of electrons in the sublevel.
• If the 2p sublevel contains 2 electrons, it is written 2p2
 Writing Electron Configurations
• First, determine how many electrons are in the atom.
Iron has 26 electrons.
• Arrange the energy sublevels according to increasing
energy:
• 1s 2s 2p 3s 3p 4s 3d …
• Fill each sublevel with electrons until you have used
all the electrons in the atom:
• Fe: 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d 6
• The sum of the superscripts equals the atomic
number of iron (26)
Valence Electrons
• The electrons found in the
outermost shell or level
S 16e- 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p4

Core Electrons Valence Electrons

•Orbital Diagram

O
8e- 1s 2s 2p
Electron Configuration
2
1s 2s 2p2 4
Electron number: 6
Electron configuration:
1s 2s 2p
2 2 2
Electron number: 15
Electron configuration:
1s 2s 2p 3s 3p
2 2 6 2 3
Electron number: 23
Electron configuration:
1s 2s 2p 3s 3p 4s 3d
2 2 6 2 6 2 3
Electron number: ___
Electron configuration:
______________
Electron number: 4
Electron configuration:
1s 2s
2 2
Electron number: ___
Electron configuration:
______________
Electron number: 25
Electron configuration:
1s 2s 2p 3s 3p 4s 3d
2 2 6 2 6 2 5