Thermodynamics (Ideal Gas) (Charles's Law)

(Boyle’s Law)
3. A gas occupies a volume of 1000 ml at
a temperature of 30°C. What is the
1. A helium balloon has a volume of 740 ml at
volume at 134°C?
ground level. The balloon is transported to
an elevation of 6 km, where the pressure is Given:
0.9 atm. At this altitude, the gas occupies a
volume of 1300 ml. Assuming that the T1 = 30°C + 273 = 303 K V1 = 1,000 ml
temperature is constant, what was the T2 = 134°C + 273 = 407 K
ground level pressure? Solution:

Given: (𝑉1)
=
(𝑉2)
V2 =
(𝑉1)(𝑇1)
(𝑇1) (𝑇2) (𝑇2)
V1 = 740 ml P2 = 0.9 atm
V2 = 1,300 ml V2 =
(303 𝐾) (1,000𝑚𝑙)
(134𝐾)

Solution: V2 = 1,343 ml

(P1) (V1) = (P2) (V2)

4. A 3,000 ml balloon is filled with air of
28°C. If the temperature is increased to
(𝑃1) (𝑉1) (𝑃2) (𝑉2)
= 50°C, what is the new volume of the
(𝑉1) (𝑉1)
balloon?
(𝑃2) (𝑉2) (0.9𝑎𝑡𝑚) (1,300𝑚𝑙)
P1 = P1 = Given:
(𝑉1) (740𝑚𝑙)

T1 = 28°C + 273 = 303 K V1 = 3,000 ml

P1 = 1.58 atm
T2 = 50°C + 273 = 407 K

Solution:
2. Convert 78.0 L at 19.0 mm Hg to its new
volume at standard pressure. (𝑉1) (𝑉2) (𝑉1)(𝑇1)
(𝑇1)
= (𝑇2)
V2 = (𝑇2)
Given:
(303 𝐾) (1,000𝑚𝑙)
V2 =
P1 = 18.0 mm Hg V1 = 78 L (134𝐾)
P2 = 760 mm Hg
V2 = 331.89 ml

Solution:
(Gay Lussac's Law)
(𝑃1) (𝑉1) (𝑃2) (𝑉2)
(P1) (V1) = (P2) (V2) (𝑃2)
= (𝑃2) 5. If a gas in a closed container is
pressurized from 15 atm to 30 atm and
(𝑃1) (𝑉1) (78.0 𝐿) (19.0𝑚𝑚 𝐻𝑔) its original temperature was 35°C, what
V2 = (𝑃2)
V2 = (760𝑚𝑚 𝐻𝑔) would the final temperature be?

V2 = 1.95 L Given:
 P1 = 15 atm T1 = 35°C + 273 = 308 K 8. Compute the mass of a 3 m3 propane at
P2 = 30 atm 290 kPa and 50°C.

Solution: Given:
(𝑃1)
=
(𝑃2)
T2 =
(𝑃2)(𝑇1) P = 290 kPa T = 50°C + 273 = 373 K
(𝑇1) (𝑇2) (𝑃1) V = 3 m3
𝑘𝐽
R = 8. 3145 𝑘𝑔−𝐾
(30 𝑎𝑡𝑚) (308 𝐾)
T2 = (15 𝑎𝑡𝑚)
Solution:
T2 = 616 K
PV = mRT
𝑘𝐽
30𝑁 8.3145 𝑘𝑔−𝐾
6. If a gas is cooled from 240 K to 350 K ( 2 ) (3m3) =m( 44.01
)(373 K)
𝑚
and the volume is kept constant. What
final pressure would result if the original
pressure was 630 mm Hg? m = 14.25 kg

Given: Process of Ideal Gas

T1 = 240 K P1 = 630 mm Hg (Isometric process) (V = C)

T2 = 350 K
9. A 20ft3 of hydrogen at a pressure of 306
Solution: psia is vigorously stirred by paddles until
the pressure becomes 500 psia.
(𝑃1) (𝑃2) (𝑇2)(𝑃1) Determine a.) ΔU and b.) W. No heat is
(𝑇1)
= (𝑇2)
P2 = (𝑇2)
𝐵𝑇𝑈
transferred. Cv = 2.314 𝑙𝑏−𝑅

(350 𝐾) (630 𝑚𝑚 𝐻𝑔)

P2 = Given:
(240 𝐾)

V = 20ft3 Q=0
P2 = 918.75 mm Hg P1 = 306 psia
P2 = 500 psia
(Combined Ideal Gas Equation) Solution:
7. Find the mass of carbon dioxide having 𝑃𝑉
a pressure of 30 psia at 300°F with 20ft3 ΔU = mCvΔT PV = mRT T= 𝑚𝑅
volume. 𝑃2𝑉2 𝑃1𝑉1
ΔU = mCv( 𝑚𝑅
- 𝑚𝑅
)
𝑃2𝑉2 𝑃1𝑉1 𝑉
Given: ΔU = mCv( 𝑚𝑅 - ) = Cv( 𝑅 )(P1- P2)
𝑚𝑅

P = 30 psia T = 300°F + 460 = 760°R

V = 20ft3 (20𝑓𝑡3)(
144𝑖𝑛
2
)(500
𝑙𝑏
− 300
𝑙𝑏
)
2 2 2

ΔU = (2.314 𝐵𝑇𝑈
)
1𝑓𝑡
𝐵𝑇𝑈
𝑖𝑛
778 𝑓𝑡−𝑙𝑏
𝑖𝑛

Solution: 𝑙𝑏−°𝑅 (0.985 𝑙𝑏−°𝑅

)( 1 𝐵𝑇𝑈
)

PV = mRT
2 𝑓𝑡−𝑙𝑏
1544.74 𝑙𝑏𝑚−𝑅
ΔU = 1,774.59 BTU
30𝑙𝑏 144𝑖𝑛
( 2 )( 2 )(20ft3) =m( 44.01
)(760°R)
𝑖𝑛 1𝑓𝑡
ΔU = Q - Wn Q=0 ΔU = - Wn
m = 3.24 lb Wn = -1,774.59 BTU
 d.)
(Isobaric process) (P = C)

10. Four pounds of a perfect gas with R = Δs = mCpln( 𝑇2

𝑇1
)
𝑓𝑡−𝑙𝑏
38. 8 𝑙𝑏−°𝑅 and k = 1.667 have 400 BTU of
𝐵𝑇𝑈 1019.67°𝑅
heat added during the reversible non Δs = 4 lb(0.122 𝑙𝑏−°𝑅
) ln( 660 °𝑅
)
flow constant pressure change of state.
𝐵𝑇𝑈
The initial temperature is 200°F. Δs = 0.39 °𝑅
Determine the: a.) Final temperature, b.)
ΔH, c.) W, and d.) ΔS.
(Isothermal process) (T = C)
Given:
11. Nitrogen at an initial state of 400K,
m = 4 lb k = 1.667 160kPa and 0.3m3 is compressed slowly
𝑓𝑡−𝑙𝑏
R =38. 8 𝑙𝑏−°𝑅 Q = 400 BTU in an isothermal process to a final
T1 = 200°F + 460 = 660°R pressure of 900kPa. Determine the work
done during this process.
Solution:
Given:
a.)
P1 = 160 kPa V1 = 0.3m3
𝑘𝑅
𝑓𝑡−𝑙𝑏
1.667(38 𝑙𝑏−°𝑅 ) 𝐵𝑇𝑈 𝐵𝑇𝑈
P2 = 900 kPa T2 = 400K
Cp= 𝑘−1
= 1.667−1
( 778 𝑓𝑡−𝑙𝑏 ) = 0.122 𝑙𝑏−°𝑅
Solution:
Q = mCp(T2 - T2) T2 = 𝑄 +𝑚𝐶𝑝
𝑚𝐶𝑝𝑇1

W = P1V1ln( 𝑃1
𝑃2
)
𝐵𝑇𝑈
400 𝐵𝑇𝑈 + (4 𝑙𝑏)(0.122 𝑙𝑏−°𝑅 )(660°𝑅)
T2 = 𝐵𝑇𝑈 𝑘𝑁
(4 𝑙𝑏)(0.122 𝑙𝑏−°𝑅 ) 160
𝑘𝑁 3
2

W = (160 2 )(0.3m ) ln ( 𝑚
𝑘𝑁 )
𝑚 900
T2 = 1019.67°𝐹 𝑚
2

W = -82.906 kJ
b.)

ΔH = mCp(T2 - T1) = Q (Isentropic process)

ΔH = Q 12. How much work is necessary to
compress air in an insulated cylinder
ΔH = 400 BTU from 0.30m3 to 0.03m3. Use P1 = 200kPa
and T1 = 30°C.
c.) Given:
W = PV(V2 - V2) = mRT W = mR(T2 - T1) V1 = 0.30m3 P1 = 200kPa3
V2 = 0.03m3 T1 = 30°C
𝑓𝑡−𝑙𝑏
4𝑙𝑏(38 𝑙𝑏𝑚−𝑅 )(1479.67°𝑅 − 660°𝑅)
k (air) = 1.4
W= 778 𝑓𝑡−𝑙𝑏
1 𝐵𝑇𝑈
Solution:
W = 160.14 BTU
P1V1k = P2V2k
 (200
𝑘𝑁
2 )(0.3m3)1.4 = P2(0.03m3)1.4 Q = mCnΔT
𝑚
𝐵𝑇𝑈
Q = (0.32 lbm)(-0.171 )(960.06 °𝑅 - 536°𝑅)
P2 = 5, 023.77 kPa 𝑙𝑏−°𝑅

Q = -23.20 BTU
𝑃1𝑉1 − 𝑃2𝑉2
W= 𝑚𝑅(𝑇2−𝑇1)
𝑘−1 Wnf = 1−𝑛
𝑘𝑁 3 𝑘𝑁 3
(200 2 )(0.3𝑚 ) − (5, 023.77 2 )(0.03𝑚 ) 𝑓𝑡−𝑙𝑏
(0.32 𝑙𝑏)(53.34 𝑙𝑏−°𝑅 )(960.06 °𝑅 − 536°𝑅)
W= Wnf =
𝑚 𝑚
1.4−1 1−1.2

Wnf = -36,190.97 ft-lb

W = 226.78 kJ

(Polytropic process)

13. Four cubic ft of air is compressed

slowly in a cylinder from 16 psia to 200
psia. The initial temperature is 76°F and
n = 1.3. Calculate the final temperature,
heat added, and work done.

Given:

V = 4ft3 P1 = 16 psia
n = 1.3 P2 = 200 psia
T1 = 76°𝐹 + 460 = 536°𝑅

Solution:
𝑙𝑏
16
𝑃1 𝑃1 𝑛−1 536°𝑅 2

𝑃2
=( )
𝑃2 ^ 𝑛
= 𝑇2
=( 𝑖𝑛
𝑙𝑏 )^ 1.3−1
1.3
20 2
𝑖𝑛

T2 = 960.06 °𝑅
Q = mCnΔT

P1V1 = mRT1

2
𝑙𝑏 144𝑖𝑛 𝑓𝑡−𝑙𝑏
(16 2 )( 2 )(4ft3) = m(53. 34 𝑙𝑏−°𝑅
)(536°𝑅
𝑖𝑛 1𝑓𝑡
)

m = 0.32 lbm
𝑘−𝑛 𝐵𝑇𝑈 1.4−1.2
Cn = Cv( ) = (0. 171 𝑙𝑏−°𝑅
)( 1−1.2
)
1−𝑛

𝐵𝑇𝑈
Cn = -0.171 𝑙𝑏−°𝑅