Coseta and Lagrange’ pe | Ct es Cosets ub- feof Let Gi be a gop oo a be a A wht ue neg tae Fah 1 in cata te daft caet of OH i & . ight ~The ost Wa = fa | ren? cold te wth cot oof oH ih Ge ' ti 4+ Te clement ah Glled coset opserenta ve at by Hal Remark - TE Gis a geup onder addition “hen cost of 3H on G Ts at We { ath \ fel} and height Coset Oot bot Rae eee an tae ein H3 (eft yp lt a GP lek He 2z = Penny 6-H 210) 244)6, --- 4 p Sind deft covet of Hina, © scanned with OKEN ScannerES'SC oO Otte fore, ~Girl 2) 0, 26-7 7 4 deny £222, 53h ty ao 24h = f---, 7% 7 Oe: f= 4 athe 4th. ee oe qo Gye itl 2h FLL, BG “Ug, OM? -H in G Namely > Treve exels only 2 costs ob # Wand ith. aa S: FT, Cha), C19), (23), C129) ,CI3aF we of 1 C292 Then Right cocels 7 ur: fT, (393 way = Frc), (904 > fey C1399 Hag = fT 9) 23) C13)? > $0419, 123? has + § 1Q% , 29023} » Flr) 13 © scanned with OKEN ScannerWoes) fx Cig, (3) C23)? foes jaa? = HOI? Hay 2 frig, (12) C132)4 = HCl) There axe Ahyee different Right toe Hy Hd), Has). TH =4 C= E12), C3) Ca) W = fa), (132)? (3) H = fea), 17 =H C23) = £1), cia? = CDH Gey = £ C132) cae = col Obsewatlong ) Wo moy rot be equal ta in general - Ci3)H# HCI) 3 Ha = Hh — even though ath a Hus) = HO23) bot a) C123) J Wh G = Dye ER, Reo, Rigs 1 Revo» Ronee His DD? He of Rigo? 12 2 22S Y © scanned with OKEN Scanner4234 L&T ead i 3 4 f i 23] (is eae ee o : ; : 7 4237 jo Tobe 3 [ jezial : ) _v_, it L ! ' ; 2 a 2897 3 p’ a ae fey 74 “a _ + ‘ J 1224 — ee i4 2 3 2 1 2 Gl {Bo , Piso} = H - {qaRe Reon Ree! £Rgo 1 Bare Ras 4 Rig = fRipake, Rite Reed = Eh Rel = # 19 © scanned with OKEN ScannerRete Me } Rare Ro, Rigo Rare} z § Ra Pol” Kool” fan} . £ WRe, Weicte fH? - AW fut = SUH, Veg = ROME } Son} = SdH, PRicod * fp,04 Ne pe Examble-) G= Zq under by = £0, 121814 5611 EF £05316 OWN = £0136? 14,4 = {17h 26, H = £2)5193 3Q@ n= £3/6,03 H yay = thal 16 5 OH . £5,8)24 ] 244 6 8,4 $6,013) a 1 i 1,4} 4 egy > 8,252 ae Theosern Tad be & subgroup of Gand gi £4. i) oe au i) ah= 4k t ae ay (He CBM) and HG) = (db © scanned with OKEN Scanneree wo aH= bh eb $ vy Eihes = aH=bH ot Hin bil vw) aH = bh it hed vil) ofa) = obi) MM ah= te tHe ata" ; ei ah {a Subgroup of & im en Boh ) We have a= ae ean ON ech p ee ct) = To Pouve * ae _ Gece ach Cby 8 and a= HJ Convexsel i 1 te show = a= al lot x € ae > each foe Some HER. Sina, aeH, he ard HH ie a gubgtour & ah eH oy ecu > ah cu Now, — Bet £ eH Ase, ael y» ath eH [me Wik a gubgtoup of G] y he ek tana ence © scanned with OKEN Scanner= alah = a(ath) € aH eo * aH =H Hi) Te shaw (a= aH) Proofs Let «a e Cab)H pa 1 = (ah , fel : (bh € a “ol (oH te subgioh #9) (aby ca ba) let oy ¢€ albh) > y= atch), hel = @b)h € (abt > albl) © (yl fab)H= acbh) w a= by tft 6a e BH lot aH =bH To show! a eb : Sine, aeak by ty) We have, a ¢ HH © scanned with OKEN ScannerLevees, let Now, ») Now, Then rf ee lek ae by > ash, vee ~e al ? u=ah, hell = (bhJh . wee é bH a ¢ bi Net = ¥ GLH > ye bh, fell =Car) = a(h*h) Ea 7 bh oad bu ¢ ah ain by =>, then we ave done Net a LH F swme ve alin bt > se ah, rebh > rays az=bho 5%, bs CH ae ahi! = (bha)hi! = bthahi’) qh = o¢hahi" Jh = behyhi #) © scanned with OKEN Scannera, baht CH Cby-H oe oy iff ata) = art bH) iff (wth = (WH iff eH = (otb)H if H = («dH te ose cu Cby-2) aW-H iff aeH (uli, a= Ha iff (ah) a? > (Hajat iff gla? = Ha) iff at =H. tet eH The, ade Chy 2) Sinn = HsaG we hae ak as eh = * cH - aeél. (vii) To show ofan) = 0 CoH) Case 1 When Ho ts Finite. © scanned with OKEN Scannerae Now, Let He ff, hyp bed Ten, alt= fah, abn? Suppose ahj = ahj fossome 44 [fy Cancellation fous] 2 hem FOF A contradidlian , all elementi ware distinct. ofa) = otf o(bH) = o(H) Sinlasty. ofan) = otbl) Qe T When Ho is 4inite- Define gb: ate bH by dtd) = bh let ah) = ahs > bh = ha ¢ By Cancellat'on Jaw. é> — vm= the > on) = €ahs) h tx woldefined — and one-one th ebb 9 ahe aH blah) = bh \ 2 6 B — ofto 2 d wm g_ bifedtion of) > o (bi) fos any vy - © scanned with OKEN ScannerSea Gi= uta) an | fea Eee 24, 25,21,29,21} We f1159 Ter, tye Says? = He 5H B= Sad dust = $3.183 = 18H SH= {5.013 = a= fag = the fiat = 3H \QH= faa 990 = 29H tw = falj27g = 2TH O3H= £23,257 = 25H Fxample-2) let G =Z a He 22 fue tre allowing coves Same & ) @ Uath and 4H ltt and 5th 9) ath ond 23 tH Say ot = Cte +H = Wt (OW) oth [By Pash 3)] th ake Hy cet] © scanned with OKEN ScannerSt PAE ee oe Coie = <1 + 6HH > -Ith J mt y= (Wott) + = T4(\tHH) = Lag sange 'y Theovem let G be a Stott gxoup and H ke & subgroup of G then odes of ) GS ahualu--- U Gull Ake, ay UGH U--- Udall £4 QH Ul U --- Uanl = 4 Also, aw, Gl, --7 aml being AtsHoct We disjoint . > (a) = oad) + ota) 4---t 0. Cam) ay) + oC) = moth) » oth) | 0(G) CopoMbory 1 The number of distinct deft [os Right] coset of hi G Bb 0 (4) “oh) Braeh Fsom —Theosern, oh) = yn. CH) 7 ol) 2 m = No ob distinet left coset oth) © scanned with OKEN ScannerDefns- of a Ib gou, let G be a gsoh and H bo a # p Tie inter of H tw dened GIN | th the no. oP distinct Left Cos wight cosete Win G. L 4 hol “> Conveste gf Laguange's Theasern doesnt tn general eee © scanned with OKEN Scanneral of Lagrange!» theowerm holds foe fii Cyclic guovp- Coste any 2 '= th = fit grap, te exter of a the gpoup divides the odes gm 3 Bosh’ Let be a file gh a Jet WEG let H = 407 = fa" | neZ7 Sine How qydic [oH gered 2] alt) = ofa) By — Lageange 'sThesver, atv) | of) x ofa) | oC&) Lot G be a fins — guoup and a eG Te, ie foal’ We Know & aed , then ata) | oC) © scanned with OKEN Scanner0 al OI SE RARE 1 2? >omeg > ; o(@) = m. ofa) y al amo . (“)” sq ola? ] = em =e aa a te arse Coullany4t —f gyouh of rine oder He Proot'= Lok Gr be a gyoup With ota) =P, Prine let ae be uth thot BE “Then ola) | oCG) tet H= dar Then tH) = ola) > OCH) loch) > OW = 4 ov otW= p Now, ate > ola) #4 - DO ot 0ce) > OlG)= ol G = Dg 0 (up) Ye aeg then ac uP » QQ 7 { ou" f-l D> a =4 = Vomedh = att 1 (med?) G= Whol my : = eed Cmeal m) fo, = alimedp) 5» QP = almodp) ate ={btd)mnedes ES - Bc bs Ga oJ © scanned with OKEN Scanner— ———— = 7 “ia © Meovem + . ee Let and b i two finite Cubsrou Then ocyy - otH) -otk) Toh Es srk Livep acHnk) = let Ne HK . Then. oN te a Gubgroup of & and NZH. es, vs! Can be unitten an unin of deft cosets of NIh H, 5 = DNGD IN Wece: UtyNow, Where FiN ave distin Left 7. . OW) ME epi be OChyN) + --- + OCfyN) ee ~ ON) + ocn +--- tOCN) © scorn) Se ri OCN) us = 2 Hk= fink u FaNk ou tyNkK U~-- UbyNk Claire = Nk =k _ tet Kek , ten f+ ek € Nk 2» k C Nk Let ER We Now, DENCK > we Dkeemk iNkec k £. iNBek From -@ = Hk = fk Ufk U--- U Bk Now , duppase, tik = fyls fos Some ej > Fit ek Cr aw=bH fp arth EH) Al, #7, f;€H ond pea 3 fi hy EH =) fell RyH, a contradich’on an fyH are distinct corey. > The left —conete «ik ave all distinc. 5 othk) = offik) 4 olhgk) t--- + OChyk) = otk) + otk) +--- + otk) = m0) = OCH) -oCk) Chy J o(N) (Hk) = ot) -ok) ocHNk) © scanned with OKEN Scanner——eEe_lttt Deane te (4) = 35. Show “het G have atmast One eubpyoup of order 95. Le Hand k be pac diitnet Subyroop of of Over 35. Now, Hak eH. By Langyange's Theovem, oC Hk) | OCW) =25 > OCHNk) = 4,5,25 TE OtHOK) = 4 | Then oCHky= ol) -OCk) = 26-25 o(Hnk) 4 otHnk) = 65 > 0G) Cconttadh'ction) HY othokd =5 Then otk) = _ocdlh 2159S 5 Jas 7006) . ochnk) S HY othiny) =25 and HOk.CH (centred id) > HNkeH Also, Hoke and ofHDE)= 36, we hae HO =k D Mek a captvaditten, ea la Gbe a grup of order 6 and H&K be tuo diatin’d re of orders 2 cach Show that = Hk Can't a — eubgioup of G, Let Hand k he uo dustinet aubgroup & G. Given, OtH)=9, lk ~2, Gee. Now, Hik= otk) | ocH= 3. > oOlHNk) = 4 ova, OtHnk) =a, then Hk =H Stoilaly, nk = Hek, — & Cotttadlch's, le ott) = 4 3 ochk) gtk) =h2 sy Since 4 doen not divide ¢ ze \y Langsange's TNeorem HK bua Let ihe YW Not Q Subgree} % 4. an element of order S- find all the deft — cases of $05> tn cay, | err © scanned with OKEN Scanner' t lst G - G= = fe am, 2. Va? \ H: Moe Bo (asf - If G=<0? Fs Bde then 0(G)- OY 3 ate’) > 2.2, _ atw > dle) =3. jen 0G) off ; enema , Now, ane at eH fe, a5, "J atte feds anager 4 He al Or, = ga = 4 aye aH a’y - tt aly satiate tau av- — faa’, al e ay =a" @H= farsa", a? $= a'He: a’ ade Bf subqoou) of H at d oa) = 42 | Quer ld ok be oO proper gp ockd= ¥2 a” pcp anton Oh a ; thot ate he penile owes oF % Sing k Bo aubgpnrb a We otk) | 22 oth) te multiple ok K ts pee Ns, oct) # 42 Resp all 0 a gubgneup of a. » oth) [els oct) we Pomible divisor of “2° a) gt st a te ow NSG From and 6 oth) = so odo. Quon Prove — that eer, oF HO) Be even where N22 We Know, tnd) ¢ Ut) fie, (nel)? = (na) tne) ent-ant = nnd! ae e Oot el = identity of ut») by cored ok Langeange' Theorem. ofn-)} oC vin) C2 oln-1) =2) otuln)) = 9K f ke zt y whith Been, © scanned with OKEN ScannerOO __L——=—=—_— i. pe Gun Let in be an integer greater hon d+ Let ge fo, td, St fd ab Ue coset” of Hin 2: Sol We have He WB Ode —_ rE © scanned with OKEN Scanner tataf = almodp) , when qi ie 4- aided by 4 Paw By Fevmet 's Litthe Theorem > we divided by P , the scomaindex >») find the Yemainder when a? oy git = \ (mod 19) é 1x9 46 Go= 18346 PS ah a “(a"p a! = 48 28 Cod 19) oh = 64 Mod\T 2) 42% givded by Vt 4 = \¢mod 1) ate (yep ay? = ee ed 11) gists Gute ant = PPA CMT Tg ig.a (red 17) \ee Ulnod 11) = \3 3.yt. 4 bined i) —py §'8(med1) 6 = \ Cmned 1) eS eee (55? . 1M 426 (med) ah. —p 7! = 4 Cedi) 48. 910.718 modll 4-843 moll 22 © scanned with OKEN Scannereet Hernemoxspion_ Womemesim’- Lat (Gar) and 0, -) we we STE mobbing F2GaG" te cated a georb heme morphi'cm » HH flarb) = fr -fuy ¥ ab es # $f on eating. chen qi aalled home merpnc. Image of G. | Keened_of _Homoorosphiim 2 Let $2G9Q bea home-mosphist” + Then, Ker} GHAtZIEC Lo alee Grane“) ler fs es $a) = Se nal aoa auHg) ae aye Sen rgyp 24 Yromo -motpnlism. Ker} = frez | flo =0} 7 _ ae eee eR AARAAR > fuew [Sr O1 = {rez Jazo3 2) ft GLOIR) RF ftp) = det CP) cap) = de (RB) : = [det plaer8) = fen) $8) veg fp eaucesm) 1 4? 245 fre tLtoik | Set a3 SsLCa) © scanned with OKEN Scannerb U , , , ' ' ' , ‘ ' ' ' ' ' ' 1 i ' ' ' ' \ ' i ' ' ' ' ' B) ft IR it by 400 = bal Flay) = ay! = \xlly) = FW-4l) Kerf: fae me | $0) = 33 s fae We jv y tires Py 1 4uy) = 2 fe eh yf 2 ttyl) Ven, f & \poanarnex phils? « ert = Aten nae 3 {a ck jn See. yard Now, 4 = 4 bus % 4 Ceoso + isino) ee as] cos OKT it aT) i Ke OWy2.° kerf = oe) By isin(t) { ah (Opnats isinod } ke 20)\y2y3S i I © scanned with OKEN Scanner5) Leto: IR defined by bw = 2 bly) = ey) = yy? = $0 dy) 27d te homomesbhy'an. Keb = fa el | bq) = 43 > fae en? = firdl ) let >: ROR by dw = ae dtvay) = GAY" = ty 4 OY aay = he by) > ob te nt a homo mos phism | = oe i all ~) tt Ge RL 2 Pi > & fount a group under additive. Define g. RED > eid by Ue Ff? a(4ta) * tg)! = {tg = (4) + 49) polynomial in x with > dt _ homomorphitm. Kes Pf eR] 1 (prot -f geet | 41-9} ae or AN tonstant function © scanned with OKEN Scanner4) lt bs 252, te defined by dtm) = m(mod n) Femainder when ny divided byn gO (44) mot n = [Kameda + grtodn) med n fez | g=0) > fez | mlmeds)=03 = fez | a=nk /KEZP = el = dle) CRy Grcelation J 2) 42 n=0 then a5 dlel=e we hove, Cg) = (dt))” > Resudhs “holds. Ye ned , then foe n=d, the vesutt ig true 2k let verult be tue fer ty a) = (ory) for ne kt Ba) 6 (Gt-9) “ momo re, alg pig (Eb ommend ih gu@ oy Key - © scanned with OKEN Scanner. = (b(gyk 4) = acy) => lg) - ay? ex, oy tive YH np rege yer» shen (rn) Wh positi Now yO, fe UC iz $09" 9” € = gt"): 6) Hs [oa us sve] > $lgr) (06) 2 AGIs mee ti cgn) & Given o(g)- n eae iaare 2 dtg) = dle) > GG =e Cty 6 20) - > ” d Jen And aXe oC bt I» C al ‘the ta nits ) ® dea = cb) © (hen)? df =e! = Ot) bta)= Cby 9) > obra) = e Cd tt hom) & bla e€ keg ® akerd- bkerd CvaH=bH iff a/b eH) © hen tq) = 9! Ws, Gg) = fre@ | dedeg!? To shows gC) = gkexd. tte Ly! > dy = 9! = 49) © scanned with OKEN Scanner=> (4q)" la) =e! > Oly) dw) =e a Atgta) = el D> gtr e kerd > xe g kext > dg!) c gkexd a) let -4€ gkex 4 > yege , ke ket. Now, k & kevd > otk) =e ) e die = Now, ly) = tok) = big) ack) ;.- ea) > 4 € Oy) > gkest © dg) -w F ri a from (1) ond tty ,we 94, Fa). geet evorern’ let be a Group homamoxpbiom ftom Gy -to Gi ne Kesh is @ Moxmal Avbguarh of &, “hen Ruwokt We fisst chow that Kes§ & a aubgroup of G. Sina te) ee’ > e & Kesh > kerd tk mon - empl. let wy € Ker. > by ce, Oyre © scanned with OKEN ScannerThen, buy) Ps € i bo) = $00: ty) = ee =e kev. Cent yt -=¢ a 17 © Kexd ! © scanned with OKEN ScannerTheowern Let be a homomonphism foom Gto G'. Then hed = fe eb meme. Pron: let kes = fe} let dtd) = dey) > dWey))? =e > 6m) 4cy) ary > Stayt) = e > aye Kexd = fe? =) ay! =@ > XY > o tk One -one. (Converse - Let be one - one. let ve Kesd > dt =e = ble) Dh hae Cay o & one -one) Theoeem let bd bw a homomorphism from 4G toG'. let H be a dubgrovb of G. Then ) Homomosbhe (mage of avbgtoup is & dubgroup: pot wh, OCH) = OCA) [ REH] bb a — subyNoup of 4’: 2) Homamoxphic mage of a tyclic dubgroup Ws cy tle. re. OCW) iB tychle th 4 fH te Oye tng. nic mage of @ abligan Subgeoup 8B abelian . re iy toe in GF H & abadlan Ing, © scanned with OKEN ScannerCOON EEE UM ) HW 18 oval in § . Then cH) [s rosmel I” ay) , 3 HY olkesd)=0 then 6 B nv 4 mapping from GF 6) Hot en then of bit). 3) Hornomosphic pre Image of & aubgseep ya@ | s) Homomorphie pe inn age of a normal gubgroup Normal subg wup- 1 fsoof2-1) Let H be Subgroup of G. Ten ech > dee oH 3 ee $ch) Then OCH) iB non-empty: LA aye gt . To show! 4) ate 4cH) | ee aub ytoup Now ye Oth) > bch) $,%eH ye oth j ” = bth) Os) : 3 co co ee homo mot phige) > e oH (an Fyfe and HE4, So Ayfret) g's Ch)? = othr) € oct} (as het & Me Go, Ry! eH 2D OCH te a dubgroup of Gi’ 2) led H be tychtt. H= let ve OCH) Sy Seo an nen © scanned with OKEN Scanner| Riko, a” he = a ee D xs OC = beat) = (4¢a)* > re < bla) > > OCH) © edtay> As, ieligagn> ado, 2 EH > ata) € OCH) Algo, ay tH) tka dubgnou of G’ > doar ¢ dct) > ow = aH + aeG and denoted by 4G © scanned with OKEN ScannerEE ——_ y [Sen « A subgroup Hof Gd namal ii tat SH hap wetted Powot of y) | Let H be nosmaf In G. pt) TB shows CH) 1% —owrnal Im gC) - (6 fox this, we read fe show tha ggg” < gw ¥ged | Now, gic day > gin OQ)» 960- ld, Cela) aie aa gi ghd” 5 > ve dg) och (Cal) > r= dQ)ace og = (9h97) 5 Me we ge Het and > Fog! c dew oscar | 5 Oth) 4 nosmal in 404) py aifact lt g eG’ be any element. Then gig) = gkex 4 » (artg) = olgkerd) eT Ceerayen — Crotai=0ci) =) The clement GEG — te (mage of 1 elements fe > bb nte 4 mapping. 6) Reatriction Map! let fs AXB be @ function , lot xCA. Then ft X98 auth thet Ay.) 240) ¥xex © scanned with OKEN Scanner‘To show: oC pcu) divides of H) Define dt HO gc by (6) = CH) 4 eH Now, 4,04) = by) ray eH = 960 oly) Cro hom) > 0 oy) cinay eb) 2 te honomosphitm. Mao, dy onfs Can any olement of 40H) the form OCH) where feo) Let olkex 64) = 4 > bt a 4 to4, mapping — Cby 5) D> ot) = t odcy)) > oCdth)) — dives oH) J let ok be a subgroup of G'. To show G'Ck) fe a aubgvoup . of 4. Sine K ddek ee te) =e!) D> ec ow QU tk pen empty. let omy € vk. Te show: ay x! € OK) > boo, omek — «COW = EEG L OcreK?) let Gd = R, , OCRY) = Re » fo, Reek. > 403) = body = RR Ek — Cahh ek 3 % e Oth) and K<6 and gta) = (cu)? = eg Yt ie bel » OW 8G. © scanned with OKEN ScannerEE Q) tet kK be a nema awhgroup % To show Ok) 4G eG Ye Te Show 9 pin) gi ¢ otk) v4 @ je To shows- ay Ch) Gia © otk) a 9179" Now, — gh'erigt = O76) oe GG) = bi egy oh) 409") = O* (yRg'*) wgegh RK) e ack) ge ain ek > atk) 44 at , Que — fet 2494! be a homo mosephise Show th = r:go¢ & @ homomoaphin Bis ef! &l Te ere oroy) = oe) gy) Neg fo Show * ets OCU) = Ge ance ajbeG, Then, y= gta) dts) == Hab) ) (xy) = ab S Oiey ie, Fa) fed 1GaG' be 4 hom. and HG then 4 0 . shearers : ape and We H is Gyelie then ocd) tk yche. Kr at be tue Bot comenze may _Example®- (2H ee Mae :. : axe matsutcos vsith entries from 2 under additian. Define G:G> 2 by [ 4]) =a vey ae Bom © scanned with OKEN ScannerPt otf ay)e eget) ~ early @ tt onto: Now, 2 te eye om 2+ S17; but G Ie not Yel, Re x YY H tk abebion , then by @, baw ie abeDion bet Converse moy nol hold, let Ge TOC. = 4? = GR) +) $:44q by 4a SI) 2 ad-be tf ca ay - b(AR) = \pe) = Imigr ~ 4cn)-4¢8) cy Clearly & Wk onto- Here G) ie alelian «= bt Gon aban © scanned with OKEN Scanner