Power system Protection Part – 5

Power System Protection

Overcurrent Protective Relays

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 Power system Protection

Power system protection

Overcurrent Protective Relays

Overcurrent relays
Overcurrent relaying is the simplest and cheapest type of protection used
for protection of lines, transformers, generators and motor.

Overcurrent relays Types

Based on operating time characteristics, normally defined by the time vs.
current curve (or T-I curve), there are three main types of overcurrent
relays:
 Instantaneous
 Time-dependent Definite time or Inverse
time
 Mixed Definite time + Inverse time

1. Instantaneous Overcurrent Relays(50,50N)

These relays operate without time delay, so they are called instantaneous
units(operating time= 0.1 second). The simplest form of these relays is
the magnetic attraction types shown in Fig.1. Solid - State, digital and
numerical overcurrent relays also available.

Fig.1

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 The pickup current (threshold) is adjustable and the user can

choose the setting from a relatively large range.

 Pickup Current Setting

� Taps in the Relay Current Coil
� Air-Gap Adjustment
� Spring Adjustment

 Features of Electromechanical 50 Elements

� Suitable for AC and DC Systems
� Operation Time Less Than 3 Cycles

Instantaneous Curve (50)

50 (ANSI)

Only current is adjustable - Time tins < 3 Cycles

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2. Time Overcurrent Relays

Time overcurrent relays operate with a time delay. The time
delay is adjustable. The minimum current at which the relay
operates (pick up current) is also adjustable.

There are five different types of time over-current relays. Their

time-current characteristic curves are:
 Definite time
 Inverse-time:
 Moderately inverse
 Inverse (Normal)
 Very inverse
 Extremely inverse
2.1 Definite-Time Overcurrent Relays
The definite-time relay operates with some delay. This delay
is adjustable (as well as the current threshold).
Definite - Time Curve (50)

Time

Adjustable

tset

Current
In Iset = xIn

Definite – Time Curve (50 ).

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2.2 Inverses-Time Overcurrent Relays

This type of relay have an operating time depending on the value of the
current, generally with an inverse characteristic, the operation time of the
relay is smaller as the current gets larger.

These relays also have two settings: the pick-up current and the curve
level. In early electromechanical relays the curve is set by means of a
dial. Thus, the setting is called the “time dial setting - TDS”.

Inverse - Time Curve (51)

Time

t1 Adjustable

tins

10In Current
In 2 In

Inverse time curve (51)

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Degrees of Inverse Curves

The most common three types of curves used are,

Normal inverse (NI), Very inverse (VI) and Extremely
inverse (EI).

IEEE does not specify coefficients in the standard curve equation. Thus,
each manufacturer’s curve is similar. But different IEC curves are
standardized

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Typical Inverse-Time Overcurrent Relay Elements

1. Induction disc overcurrent relay.

2. Shaded-Pole Induction 51 Element

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Overcurrent Relay Setting

 50 Elements: Pickup Setting
 51 Elements Pickup setting
 Time delay setting
 definite time: time setting
 inverse time: curve selection

Selecting an Overcurrent Relay Time Curve

According to American Standrd

Time-overcurrent relays (ANSI 51 relays) have two basic

settings:
the pickup current and the time delay settings.
The process for determining the time delay setting involves:
(1) Calculation of a time delay value in definite-time
overcurrent elements
(2) Selection in inverse-time overcurrent elements of a time-
current curve from a family of curves.

Note: Instantaneous over current (50) elements have only one

setting: the pickup current.

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2.3 Mixed Curves Overcurrent Relays

Mixed curves have all the advantages of the different types of overcurrent
relays. As the OC elements are built as separate units, we may implement
the overcurrent protection principles using:
 a combination of instantaneous and definite-time elements or
 a combination of instantaneous and inverse-time elements.
 a combination of instantaneous, definite-time and inverse-time
elements.
 a combination of definite-time and inverse-time elements(IDMT).

2.3.1 Mixed Curves (Inverse-Time + Instantaneous)

Inverse time (TD)

t

Instantaneous

tins

In nIn I

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2.3.2 Mixed Curves (Inverse-Time +Definite -Time +

Instantaneous)

Inverse time (TD)

t

Definite - Time

Instantaneous

tins

In nIn I

Note: This type of characteristic is mainly used in digital

relays.

1.3.3 Mixed Curves (Inverse-Time +Definite -Time) IDMT –

Characteristics

The most commonly used type of relay is the inverse definite with
minimum time lag relay (IDMT) in which inverse characteristic plus
definite time characteristic are used.
In this relay, the operating time is approximately inversely proportional to
the fault current near pickup value and become substantially constant
slightly above the pick up value of the relay. This characteristic is shown
in the following figure.

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Inverse time (TD)

t

Definite - Time

tins

In nIn I

 This characteristic can be achieved using a core of electromagnet

which gets saturated for currents slightly greater than the pickup
current.
 Wattmetric and shaded pole relays of induction type can be used to
obtain this characteristic.

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Standard Time and Inverse definite minimum time

(IDMT) Relay Characteristics
1. American Standard

 In American standard there are five different types of time

overcurrent relay. Their time-current characteristic curves
are:
 Definite minimum, CO-6
 Moderately inverse, CO-7
 Inverse, CO-8
 Very inverse, CO-9
 Extremely inverse, CO-11
These time-current characteristics are compared in Figure
below. The time lever settings are selected so that all relays
operate in 0.2 sec at 20 times the tap setting.

Typical time curves for CO-8 American overcurrent

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Typical time curves for CO-8 American overcurrent

relay (normal inverse).

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Typical time curves for CO-7 American overcurrent

relay (moderate inverse).

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2. IEC and British Standards

In IEC and BS Standards, we have three curves that one can
use:

(a) The typical time curves for standard British Standard

(BS142) and IEC Standard overcurrent relay (normal
inverse). For: TMS= 0.1- to -1.0. shown below:

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(b) The typical time curves for standard BS and IEC

overcurrent relay(normal inverse).TMS=1.

Figure- 1A
(c ) OR the above figure can be given as:

Figure – 1B

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Curve Equations
1. The typical time curves for CO-8 American overcurrent
relay(normal inverse) characteristics can be approximated
by the following equation.

Where TD = Time delay

2. The typical time curves for IEC and BS standards

overcurrent relay(normal inverse) characteristics can be
approximated by the following equation.

0.14  TMS
trelay  0.02
 IF 
  1
 CTR  PS 

Where : TMS = Time multiplier setting

CTR = Current transformer ratio
PS = Plug setting
IF = Fault primary current

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Notes on IEC and BS Standards

 Meaning of the Plug Setting (PS) and Time
multiplier Setting (TMS) in Overcurrent Relays.

The working principle of an inverse time overcurrent relay is

depicted in figure below.
 The current to be controlled feeds a coil with multiple taps
which allow the pick up current setting - Plug setting (PS).

 The generated magnetic field makes the disc rotate with a

speed proportional to the current.

 A timing dial allows the adjustment between contacts and

hence sets the operating time –Time dial setting.

 The braking magnet lessens the rotating speed and acts as an

opposing force to the rotation. Varying the magnetization,
different tripping curves can be achieved.

Timing 246
dial


Lagging
coil
Current
Taps Braking
or

Plug
Settings 1 2
Induction
(PS)
disk

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The following Table gives the equivalent names for overcurrent

relay setting in both IEC and American Standards

IEC & BS standard American Standard

Plug Setting (PS) Current Tap Setting (CTS)
Time Multiplier Setting (TMS) Time Dial Setting (TDS)

Example: Calculate the plug setting and time multiplier setting for an IDMTL relay
on the following network so that it will trip in 2.4 s (see Figure 1).The relay
characteristic is shown in Figure2.The C.T. setting is 100/5 A and the fault current is
1000 A.

Figure 1

Figure 2 (Figure – 1A given previously)

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Answer:
Fault current = 1000 A
CT ratio = 100/5 A
Hence expected current into relay under fault conditions,

Ir = (1000 x 5/100) = 50 A

Choose plug setting of 5 A (100%). Therefore, current into relay as a multiple of plug
setting during fault: 50 / 5 = 10

 We require the relay to operate after 2.4 s as soon as this much current starts
flowing in the circuit. Referring to characteristic curves given in Figure 2
above, read time multiplier setting where 10 times plug setting current and 2.4
s cross, which is about 0.8. Accordingly, relay settings = current plug tap 5 A
(100%) and time multiplier 0.8.
 Alternatively, if the current plug setting is chosen as 125% (6.25 A), the fault
current through the relay will be 50/6.25 = 8 A. The graph shows that eight
times plug setting to operate in 2.4 s, the time multiplier should be about 0.7.
This technique is fine if the required setting falls exactly on the TM curve.
However, if the desired setting falls between the curves, it is not easy to
estimate the intermediate setting accurately as the scales of the graph are
log/log. The following procedure is therefore recommended (see Figure 3).
 Go to the multiple of plug setting current and read the second value
corresponding to the 1.0 time multiplier curve. Then divide the desired time
setting by this figure. This will give the exact time multiplier setting:
 Second value at 10 times = 3
 ( at 8 times it is about 3.3s)
Desired setting = 2.4s.

Figure 3
(Figure – 1B previously)

Logarithmic scale for I.D.M.T. relay

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Examples :
Example1: Determine the PSM (plug setting multiplier) of a 5A, 2.2 sec over
current relay having a plug setting Ps=200%. The supply CT is rated 400:5A
and the fault current is 12000A.

Solution:
I p  12000 A
5
I s  12000   150 A
400
On PS of 200%:
200
The relay current  5   10 A
100
150
Hence PSM   15
10

Example 2: Determine the time of operation of an IDMTL relay rating 5A,

2.2sec and having a plug setting PS= 125% , and TMS=0.6. It is connected to
a supply circuit through a C.T of 400/5 ratio. The fault current is 4000A.
Solution:
Since Ps =125% = 1.25
Then the operating current of the relay: 5×1.25=6.25A
I p  4000 A
5
I s  4000   50 A
400
sec ondary  current 50
PSM   8
relay.operating .current 6.25

Now we can find the operating time of the relay in 3 methods:

1) Directly from characteristics of the relay as shown in Fig. EX2-1(if

available)

Fig. EX2-1

The operating time

of the relay top from
figure:
top= 1.9 (approx.)

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2) From the curve of TMS=1(Fig. EX.2-2) , the operating time top for PSM=8
0.6
is 3.3sec (TMS=1) and for TMS=0.6 is 1.92sec (  3.3 .)
1.0
This comes from:

TMS top
1 3.3
0.6 ?

0.6
?=  3.3 .=1.92 sec
1.0

Fig. EX.2-2

3) Or from Fig. EX.2-3

Fig. EX.2-3
For PSM = 8 , top = 3.3 sec. for TMS =1. Now convert top to TMS =0.6 as above:

TMS top
1 3.3
0.6 ?

0.6
?=  3.3 .=1.92 sec
1.0

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Example3: If the rated current (pick up current) of a relay is 3A, and the time dial
setting is 1. (a) How long does it take the relay to trip if the supply C.T is rated at
400:5 A, and the fault current is 480A? The type of the OC relay is CO-8.
(b) Solve using the standard curve equation and compare the results.

Solution:

(a) I p  480 A

5
I s  480   6A
400
Tap value of current=3A
Multiple of tap value current
I 6
 s  2
I tap 3
From the CO-8 characteristic curves (see Figure
below) :
Operating time=2.1 sec.

(b) Using the curve equation:

 5.95 
t relay  TD 2  0.18
 M 1 
TD  1  TDS
Is I 6
M  s  2
I pickup I tap 3
 5.95 
t relay  1   2  0.18
 (2)  1 
 2.16 sec (Same result)

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Example4: For the relay R1 in the system shown determine the current tap setting
CTS. If the maximum three-phase fault current is 2400A and the TDS=2.0 find the
operating time if the relay type is CO-8 (inverse type).

Solution:

 Load current at the busbar1

S 4.5  10 6
I L1    196.82 A
3V 3  13.2  10 3
5
The relay current I R  196.82   3.28 A
300
Since the current tap setting (CTS) of CO-8 relay available are 4,5,6,7,8,10 and 12

Hence we choose CTS=4

 Fault current I f  2400 A

5
Relay current during fault  2400   40 A
300
40
As multiple of selected CTS   10
4

From the CO-8 ch/s curve:

Operating time  0.3105 sec

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