Chapter 3 worked solutions – Complex numbers II: de Moivre and Euler

Solutions to Exercise 3A Foundation questions

1a (cos 𝜃 + 𝑖 sin 𝜃 )5
= (cis 𝜃)5
= cis 5𝜃

1b (cos 𝜃 + 𝑖 sin 𝜃 )−3

= (cis 𝜃)−3
= cis(−3𝜃)

1c (cos 2𝜃 + 𝑖 sin 2𝜃 )4
= (cis 2𝜃)4
= cis(4 × 2𝜃)
= cis 8𝜃

1d cos 𝜃 − 𝑖 sin 𝜃
= cos(−𝜃) + 𝑖 sin(−𝜃)
= cis(−𝜃)

1e (cos 𝜃 − 𝑖 sin 𝜃)−7

−7
= (cis(−𝜃))

= cis(−7 × −𝜃)
= cis 7𝜃

1f (cos 3𝜃 − 𝑖 sin 3𝜃)2

2
= (cis(−3𝜃))

= cis(2 × −3𝜃)
= cis(−6𝜃)

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Chapter 3 worked solutions – Complex numbers II: de Moivre and Euler

2a
(cos 𝜃 + 𝑖 sin 𝜃)6 (cos 𝜃 + 𝑖 sin 𝜃)−3
(cos 𝜃 − 𝑖 sin 𝜃)4
(cis 𝜃) (cis 𝜃)−3
6
= 4
(cis(−𝜃))
cis 6𝜃 × cis(−3𝜃)
=
cis(−4𝜃)
cis(6𝜃 − 3𝜃)
=
cis(−4𝜃)
cis 3𝜃
=
cis(−4𝜃)
= cis(3𝜃 − (−4𝜃))
= cis 7𝜃

2b
(cos 3𝜃 + 𝑖 sin 3𝜃)5 (cos 2𝜃 − 𝑖 sin 2𝜃)−4
(cos 4𝜃 − 𝑖 sin 4𝜃)−7
−4
(cis 3𝜃)5 (cis(−2𝜃))
= −7
(cis(−4𝜃))
cis 15𝜃 × cis 8𝜃
=
cis 28𝜃
cis(15𝜃 + 8𝜃)
=
cis 28𝜃
cis 23𝜃
=
cis 28𝜃
= cis(23𝜃 − 28𝜃)
= cis(−5𝜃)

3a
𝜋 𝜋 4
(cos + 𝑖 sin )
4 4
𝜋 4
= (cis )
4
𝜋
= cis (4 × )
4
= cis 𝜋
= cos 𝜋 + 𝑖 sin 𝜋
= −1 + 0𝑖
= −1

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Chapter 3 worked solutions – Complex numbers II: de Moivre and Euler

3b
𝜋 𝜋 3
(cos + 𝑖 sin )
2 2
𝜋 3
= (cis )
2
𝜋
= cis (3 × )
2
3𝜋
= cis
2
3𝜋 3𝜋
= cos + 𝑖 sin
2 2
= 0 − 1𝑖
= −𝑖

3c
𝜋 𝜋 5
(cos + 𝑖 sin )
6 6
𝜋 5
= (cis )
6
𝜋
= cis (5 × )
6
5𝜋
= cis
6
5𝜋 5𝜋
= cos + 𝑖 sin
6 6
√3 1
=− + 𝑖
2 2

3d

2𝜋 2𝜋 −2
(cos + 𝑖 sin )
3 3
2𝜋 −2
= (cis )
3
2𝜋
= cis (−2 × )
3
−4𝜋
= cis ( )
3
4𝜋 4𝜋
= cos − 𝑖 sin
3 3
1 √3
=− + 𝑖
2 2

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Chapter 3 worked solutions – Complex numbers II: de Moivre and Euler

3e

3𝜋 3𝜋 −6
(cos − 𝑖 sin )
8 8
−6
−3𝜋
= (cis ( ))
8
−3𝜋
= cis (−6 × )
8
9𝜋
= cis
4
9𝜋 9𝜋
= cos + 𝑖 sin
4 4
1 1
= + 𝑖
√2 √2

3f

5𝜋 5𝜋 4
(cos − 𝑖 sin )
12 12
4
5𝜋
= (cis (− ))
12
5𝜋
= cis (− )
3
5𝜋 5𝜋
= cos − 𝑖 sin
3 3
1 √3
= + 𝑖
2 2

4a 1+𝑖
1
= √12 + 12 cis (tan−1 ( ))
1
𝜋
= √2cis
4

4b (1 + 𝑖)17
𝜋 17
= (√2 cis )
4
17 𝜋
= (√2) cis ( × 17)
4
17𝜋
= 256√2cis ( )
4

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Chapter 3 worked solutions – Complex numbers II: de Moivre and Euler

𝜋
= 256√2 cis
4
𝜋 𝜋
= 256√2 (cos + 𝑖 sin )
4 4
1 𝑖
= 256√2 ( + )
√2 √2
= 256 + 256𝑖

5a 𝑧 = 1 + 𝑖√3

2 √3
= √12 + (√3) cis (tan−1 )
1
𝜋
= 2cis
3

5b 𝑧11
𝜋 11
= (2cis )
3
11
𝜋
= 2 cis ( × 11)
3
11𝜋
= 2048 cis
3
5𝜋
= 2048 cis
3
5𝜋 5𝜋
= 2048 (cos + 𝑖 sin )
3 3
1 √3
= 2048 ( − 𝑖)
2 2
= 1024 − 1024√3𝑖

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Chapter 3 worked solutions – Complex numbers II: de Moivre and Euler

6a 𝑧 = −√3 + 𝑖
|𝑧|
2
= √(−√3) + 12
= √3 + 1
= √4
=2

Arg(𝑧)
1
= 𝜋 − tan−1
√3
𝜋
=𝜋−
6
5𝜋
=
6

6b 𝑧 7 + 64𝑧

5𝜋 7 5𝜋
= (2cis ) + 64 (2cis )
6 6
5𝜋 5𝜋
= 27 cis ( × 7) + 128cis ( )
6 6
35𝜋 5𝜋
= 128cis + 128cis
6 6
35𝜋 5𝜋
= 128 (cis + cis )
6 6
35𝜋 35𝜋 5𝜋 5𝜋
= 128 (cos + 𝑖 sin + cos + 𝑖 sin )
6 6 6 6
√3 1 √3 1
= 128 ( − 𝑖− + 𝑖)
2 2 2 2

=0

7a √3 − 𝑖
2 1
= √(√3) + 12 cis (tan−1(− ))
√3
𝜋
= 2cis (− )
6

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Chapter 3 worked solutions – Complex numbers II: de Moivre and Euler

7
7b (√3 − 𝑖)
7
𝜋
= (2cis (− ))
6
𝜋
= 27 cis (− × 7)
6
7𝜋
= 128cis (− )
6
5𝜋
= 128cis
6

7
7c (√3 − 𝑖)
5𝜋
= 128cis
6
5𝜋 5𝜋
= 128 (cos + 𝑖 sin )
6 6
√3 1
= 128 (− + 𝑖)
2 2

= −64√3 + 64𝑖

8a (−1 − 𝑖√3)

2 √3
= √12 + (√3) cis (−𝜋 + tan−1 )
1
2𝜋
= 2cis (− )
3

5
8b (−1 − 𝑖√3)
5
2𝜋
= (2cis (− ))
3
2𝜋
= 25 cis (− × 5)
3
10𝜋
= 32 cis (− )
3
2𝜋
= 32 cis
3

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Chapter 3 worked solutions – Complex numbers II: de Moivre and Euler

5
8c (−1 − 𝑖√3)
2𝜋
= 32 cis
3
2𝜋 2𝜋
= 32 (cos + 𝑖 sin )
3 3
1 𝑖√3
= 32 (− + )
2 2

= −16 + 16𝑖√3

9a √2 − 𝑖√2

2 2 √2
= √(√2) + (−√2) cis (tan−1 (− ))
√2
𝜋
= √2 + 2 cis (− )
4
𝜋
= 2cis (− )
4

9b 𝑧 22
22
𝜋
= (2cis (− ))
4
𝜋
= 222 cis (− × 22)
4
11𝜋
= 222 cis (− )
2
𝜋
= 222 cis
2
= 222 𝑖

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Chapter 3 worked solutions – Complex numbers II: de Moivre and Euler

Solutions to Exercise 3A Development questions

10a (1 + 𝑖)10 (1st quadrant)
10
𝜋
= (√2 cis ( ))
4
10 𝜋
= (√2) cis ( × 10)
4
5𝜋
= 25 cis ( )
2
5𝜋
= 25 cis ( − 2𝜋)
2
π
= 25 cis ( )
2
= 25 𝑖
which is purely imaginary

9
10b (1 − 𝑖√3) (4th quadrant)
9
𝜋
= (2 cis (− ))
3
𝜋
= 29 cis (− × 9)
3
= 29 cis(−3𝜋)
= 29 cis(−𝜋)
= −29
which is real

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Chapter 3 worked solutions – Complex numbers II: de Moivre and Euler

10c (−1 + 𝑖)4 (2nd quadrant)

4
3𝜋
= (√2 cis ( ))
4
4
= (√2) cis(3𝜋)

= 22 cis(𝜋)
= 4 cis(𝜋)
= −4
Hence −1 + 𝑖 is a fourth root of −4.

6
10d (−√3 − 𝑖) (3rd quadrant)
6
5𝜋
= (2 cis (− ))
6

= 26 cis(−5𝜋)
= 26 cis(−𝜋)
= −26
= −64

Hence −√3 − 𝑖 is a sixth root of −64.

11 If 𝑘 is a multiple of 4 then 𝑘 = 4𝑛 where 𝑛 is an integer. Thus,

(−1 + 𝑖)𝑘
= (−1 + 𝑖)4𝑛 (2nd quadrant)
4𝑛
3𝜋
= (√2 cis ( ))
4
𝑛
4
= ((√2) cis(3𝜋))

= (−22 )𝑛
= (−4)𝑛
which is real as required

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Chapter 3 worked solutions – Complex numbers II: de Moivre and Euler

𝑚
12a i (√3 + 𝑖) (1st quadrant)
𝑚
𝜋
= (2 cis ( ))
6
𝑚𝜋
= 2𝑚 cis ( )
6
𝑚𝜋
which is real when is a multiple of 𝜋. The lowest positive integer for which
6
this is true is when 𝑚 = 6.

𝑚
12a ii (√3 + 𝑖)
𝑚
𝜋
= (2 cis ( ))
6
𝑚𝜋
= 2𝑚 cis ( )
6
𝑚𝜋 𝜋
which is imaginary when is of the form 𝑛𝜋 ± 2 where 𝑛 is an integer. The
6
lowest positive integer for which this is true is when 𝑚 = 3.

6
12b i (√3 + 𝑖)
6𝜋
= 26 cis ( )
6
= −26
= −64

3
12b ii (√3 + 𝑖)
3𝜋
= 23 cis ( )
6
= 23 𝑖
= 8𝑖

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Chapter 3 worked solutions – Complex numbers II: de Moivre and Euler

13a (1 + 𝑖)𝑛 + (1 − 𝑖)𝑛 (1st and 4th quadrants)

𝑛 𝑛
𝜋 𝜋
= (√2 cis ( 4 )) + (√2 cis (− 4 ))

𝑛 𝑛𝜋 𝑛 𝑛𝜋
= (√2) cis ( ) + (√2) cis (− )
4 4
𝑛 𝑛𝜋 𝑛𝜋
= (√2) [cis ( ) + cis (− )]
4 4
𝑛 𝑛𝜋 𝑛𝜋 𝑛𝜋 𝑛𝜋
= (√2) [cos ( ) + 𝑖 sin ( ) + cos ( ) − 𝑖 sin ( )]
4 4 4 4
𝑛 𝑛𝜋
= (√2) (2 cos ( ))
4
𝑛 𝑛𝜋
= 2(√2) cos ( )
4
which is real

𝑛 𝑛𝜋
13b 2(√2) cos ( 4 ) = 0

This expression will be 0 when,

𝑛𝜋 𝜋
= 2𝑚𝜋 ± 2 (where m in an integer)
4

This gives,
𝑛 = 8𝑚 ± 2
Since 𝑛 is a positive integer, 𝑛 = 2, 6, 10, 14, 18…

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Chapter 3 worked solutions – Complex numbers II: de Moivre and Euler

𝑛 𝑛
14 (−√3 + 𝑖) − (−√3 − 𝑖) (2nd and 3rd quadrants)
𝑛 𝑛
5𝜋 5𝜋
= (2 cis ( )) − (2 cis (− ))
6 6

5𝑛𝜋 5𝑛𝜋
= 2𝑛 cis ( ) − 2𝑛 cis (− )
6 6
5𝑛𝜋 5𝑛𝜋
= 2𝑛 [cis ( ) − cis (− )]
6 6
5𝑛𝜋 5𝑛𝜋
= 2𝑛 [cis ( ) − cis (− )]
6 6
5𝑛𝜋 5𝑛𝜋 5𝑛𝜋 5𝑛𝜋
= 2𝑛 [cos ( ) + 𝑖 sin ( ) − (cos ( ) − 𝑖 sin ( ))]
6 6 6 6
5𝑛𝜋 5𝑛𝜋 5𝑛𝜋 5𝑛𝜋
= 2𝑛 [cos ( ) + 𝑖 sin ( ) − cos ( ) + 𝑖 sin ( )]
6 6 6 6
5𝑛𝜋
= 2𝑛 [2𝑖 sin ( )]
6
5𝑛𝜋
= 2𝑛+1 𝑖 sin ( )
6
5𝑛𝜋
= 2𝑛+1 sin ( )𝑖
6

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Chapter 3 worked solutions – Complex numbers II: de Moivre and Euler

2𝑛 2𝑛
15a (1 + √3𝑖) + (1 − √3𝑖) (1st and 4th quadrants)
2𝑛 2𝑛
𝜋 𝜋
= (2 cis ( )) + (2 cis (− ))
3 3
2𝑛𝜋 2𝑛𝜋
= 22𝑛 cis ( ) + 22𝑛 cis (− )
3 3
2𝑛𝜋 2𝑛𝜋
= 22𝑛 [cis ( ) + cis (− )]
3 3
2𝑛𝜋 2𝑛𝜋 2𝑛𝜋 2𝑛𝜋
= 22𝑛 [cos ( ) + 𝑖 sin ( ) + cos ( ) − 𝑖 sin ( )]
3 3 3 3
2𝑛𝜋
= 22𝑛 [2 cos ( )]
3
2𝑛𝜋
= 22𝑛+1 cos ( )
3
If 𝑛 is divisible by 3 then 𝑛 = 3𝑚 where 𝑚 is an integer. Hence
2𝑛 2𝑛
(1 + √3𝑖) + (1 − √3𝑖)

2(3𝑚)𝜋
= 22𝑛+1 cos ( )
3

= 22𝑛+1 cos(2𝜋𝑚)
= 22𝑛+1

2𝑛 2𝑛 2𝑛𝜋
15b (1 + √3𝑖) + (1 − √3𝑖) = 22𝑛+1 cos ( ) from part a.
3

Since 𝑛 is not divisible by 3,

2𝑛𝜋
22𝑛+1 cos ( )
3
2𝜋 4𝜋 8𝜋
= 22𝑛+1 cos (± ) , 22𝑛+1 cos (± ) , 22𝑛+1 cos (± ) …
3 3 3
Note that the terms above will always be in the first and third quadrants, since as
2𝜋
𝑛 increases, we always just add an extra 3 and exclude the origin. Hence,

1
= 22𝑛+1 (− )
2
= −22𝑛

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Chapter 3 worked solutions – Complex numbers II: de Moivre and Euler

16
1 + cos 2𝜃 + 𝑖 sin 2𝜃 𝑛
( )
1 + cos 2𝜃 − 𝑖 sin 2𝜃
𝑛
1 + cos2 𝜃 − sin2 𝜃 + 𝑖 sin 2𝜃
=( )
1 + cos2 𝜃 − sin2 𝜃 − 𝑖 sin 2𝜃
𝑛
cos 2 𝜃 + cos 2 𝜃 + 𝑖 sin 2𝜃
=( 2 )
cos 𝜃 + cos 2 𝜃 − 𝑖 sin 2𝜃
𝑛
2 cos 2 𝜃 + 𝑖 sin 2𝜃
=( )
2 cos 2 𝜃 − 𝑖 sin 2𝜃
𝑛
2 cos 2 𝜃 + 2𝑖 cos 𝜃 sin 𝜃
=( )
2 cos 2 𝜃 − 2𝑖 cos 𝜃 sin 𝜃

2 cos 𝜃 (cos 𝜃 + 𝑖 sin 𝜃) 𝑛

=( )
2 cos 𝜃 (cos 𝜃 − 𝑖 sin 𝜃)
𝑛
(cos 𝜃 + 𝑖 sin 𝜃)
=( )
(cos 𝜃 − 𝑖 sin 𝜃)

cis(𝜃) 𝑛
=( )
cis(−𝜃)
𝑛
= (cis(2𝜃))

= cis(2𝑛𝜃)

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Chapter 3 worked solutions – Complex numbers II: de Moivre and Euler

17 (1 + cos 𝛼 + 𝑖 sin 𝛼)𝑘 + (1 + cos 𝛼 − 𝑖 sin 𝛼)𝑘

𝑘 𝑘
1 2 2
1 2
1 2
1
= (1 + cos 𝛼 − sin 𝛼 + 𝑖 sin 𝛼) + (1 + cos 𝛼 − sin 𝛼 − 𝑖 sin 𝛼)
2 2 2 2
𝑘 𝑘
12 2
1 2
1 2
1
= (cos 𝛼 + 1 − sin 𝛼 + 𝑖 sin 𝛼) + (cos 𝛼 + 1 − sin 𝛼 − 𝑖 sin 𝛼)
2 2 2 2
𝑘 𝑘
1 2 2
1 2
1 2
1
= (cos 𝛼 + cos 𝛼 + 𝑖 sin 𝛼) + (cos 𝛼 + cos 𝛼 − 𝑖 sin 𝛼)
2 2 2 2
𝑘 𝑘
1 2 2
1
= (2 cos 𝛼 + 𝑖 sin 𝛼) + (2 cos 𝛼 − 𝑖 sin 𝛼)
2 2
1 1 1 𝑘 1 1 1 𝑘
= (2 cos2 𝛼 + 2𝑖 sin 𝛼 cos 𝛼) + (2 cos2 𝛼 − 2𝑖 sin 𝛼 cos 𝛼)
2 2 2 2 2 2
𝑘
1 1 1 𝑘 1 𝑘
1 1 𝑘
= (2 cos ( 𝛼)) (cos 𝛼 + 𝑖 sin 𝛼) + (2 cos ( 𝛼)) (cos 𝛼 − 𝑖 sin 𝛼)
2 2 2 2 2 2
𝑘
1 1 𝑘 1 𝑘
1 𝑘
= (2 cos ( 𝛼)) (cis 𝛼) + (2 cos ( 𝛼)) (cis (− 𝛼))
2 2 2 2
𝑘
1 1 𝑘 1 𝑘
= (2 cos ( 𝛼)) [(cis 𝛼) + (cis (− 𝛼)) ]
2 2 2
𝑘
1 1 1
= (2 cos ( 𝛼)) [cis ( 𝑘𝛼) + cis (− 𝑘𝛼)]
2 2 2
𝑘
1 1 1 1 1
= (2 cos ( 𝛼)) [cos ( 𝑘𝛼) + 𝑖 sin ( 𝑘𝛼) + cos ( 𝑘𝛼) − 𝑖 sin ( 𝑘𝛼)]
2 2 2 2 2
𝑘
1 1
= (2 cos ( 𝛼)) [2 cos ( 𝑘𝛼)]
2 2
1 1
= 2𝑘+1 cos𝑘 ( 𝛼) cos ( 𝑘𝛼)
2 2
1 1
= 2𝑘+1 cos ( 𝑘𝛼) cos𝑘 ( 𝛼)
2 2

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Chapter 3 worked solutions – Complex numbers II: de Moivre and Euler

Solutions to Exercise 3A Enrichment questions

18a 1 + 𝑧 + 𝑧 2 + … + 𝑧 2𝑛−1
𝑧 2𝑛 − 1
= (Geometric sum noting z ≠ 1, by definition)
𝑧−1
cis 2𝜋 − 1
= (de Moivre cis n θ = cos(nθ))
𝑧−1
1−1
=
𝑧−1
=0
Alternatively,
1 + 𝑧 + 𝑧 2 + … 𝑧 2𝑛−1
= 1 + 𝑧 + 𝑧 2 + … + 𝑧 𝑛−1 +𝑧 𝑛 +𝑧 𝑛+1 +𝑧 𝑛+2 + ⋯ + 𝑧 2𝑛−1
= (1 + 𝑧 + 𝑧 2 + ⋯ + 𝑧 𝑛−1 )+𝑧 𝑛 (1 + 𝑧+𝑧 2 + ⋯ + 𝑧 𝑛−1 )
= (1 + 𝑧 + 𝑧 2 + ⋯ + 𝑧 𝑛−1 )(1+𝑧 𝑛 )
But,
(1+𝑧 𝑛 )
𝜋 𝑛
= 1 + (cis )
𝑛
= 1 + cis 𝜋 (By de Moivre)
= 1−1
=0
Hence,
1 + 𝑧 + 𝑧 2 + … 𝑧 2𝑛−1
(= 1 + 𝑧 + 𝑧 2 + ⋯ + 𝑧 𝑛−1 ) × 0
=0

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Chapter 3 worked solutions – Complex numbers II: de Moivre and Euler

18b LHS
𝑧𝑛 − 1
= (Geometric sum noting z ≠ 1, by definition)
𝑧−1
−1 − 1
= (By De Moivre)
𝑧−1
2
=
1−𝑧
−𝜋
2 cis 2𝑛
= 𝜋 × −𝜋
1 − cis (𝑛) cis 2𝑛
−𝜋
2cis 2𝑛
= −𝜋 𝜋
cis 2𝑛 − 𝑐𝑖𝑠 2𝑛
𝜋 𝜋
2 (cos 2𝑛 − 𝑖 sin 2𝑛)
= 𝜋
−2𝑖 sin 2𝑛

1 𝜋
= − cot +1
𝑖 2𝑛
𝜋
= 1 + 𝑖 cot
2𝑛

© Cambridge University Press 2019 18

Chapter 3 worked solutions – Complex numbers II: de Moivre and Euler

Solutions to Exercise 3B Foundation questions

1a cos 3𝜃 + 𝑖 sin 3𝜃
= (cos 𝜃 + 𝑖 sin 𝜃)3
= cos3 𝜃 + 3 cos2 𝜃 (𝑖 sin 𝜃) + 3 cos 𝜃 (𝑖 sin 𝜃)2 + (𝑖 sin 𝜃)3
= cos3 𝜃 + 3𝑖 cos2 𝜃 sin 𝜃 − 3 cos 𝜃 sin2 𝜃 − 𝑖 sin3 𝜃
= cos3 𝜃 − 3 cos 𝜃 sin2 𝜃 + 𝑖(3 cos2 𝜃 sin 𝜃 − sin3 𝜃)

1a i Equating the real components:

cos 3𝜃 = cos 3 𝜃 − 3 cos 𝜃 sin2 𝜃
= cos 3 𝜃 − 3 cos 𝜃 (1 − cos2 𝜃)
= cos 3 𝜃 − 3 cos 𝜃 + 3 cos3 𝜃
= 4 cos3 𝜃 − 3 cos 𝜃

1aii Equating imaginary components:

sin 3𝜃 = 3 cos2 𝜃 sin 𝜃 − sin3 𝜃
= 3(1 − sin2 𝜃) sin 𝜃 − sin3 𝜃
= 3 sin 𝜃 − 3 sin3 𝜃 − sin3 𝜃
= 3 sin 𝜃 − 4 sin3 𝜃

1b tan 3𝜃
sin 3𝜃
=
cos 3𝜃
3 sin 𝜃 − 4 sin3 𝜃
=
4 cos3 𝜃 − 3 cos 𝜃
3 sin 𝜃 − 4 sin3 𝜃 cos3 𝜃
= ÷
4 cos3 𝜃 − 3 cos 𝜃 cos3 𝜃
3 tan 𝜃 sec2 𝜃 − 4 tan3 𝜃
=
4 − 3 sec2 𝜃
3 tan 𝜃 (tan2 𝜃 + 1) − 4 tan3 𝜃
=
4 − 3(tan2 𝜃 + 1)
3 tan3 𝜃 + 3 tan 𝜃 − 4 tan3 𝜃
=
4 − 3 tan2 𝜃 − 3
3 tan 𝜃 − tan3 𝜃
=
1 − 3 tan2 𝜃

© Cambridge University Press 2019 19

Chapter 3 worked solutions – Complex numbers II: de Moivre and Euler

2 cos 4𝜃 + 𝑖 sin 4𝜃
= (cos 𝜃 + 𝑖 sin 𝜃)4
= cos4 𝜃 + 4 cos3 𝜃 (𝑖 sin 𝜃) + 6 cos 2 𝜃 (𝑖 sin 𝜃)2 + 4 cos 𝜃 (𝑖 sin 𝜃)3 + (𝑖 sin 𝜃)4
= cos4 𝜃 + 4𝑖 cos3 𝜃 sin 𝜃 − 6 cos2 𝜃 sin2 𝜃 − 4𝑖 cos 𝜃 sin3 𝜃 + sin4 𝜃

2a Equating the real components of the above equation:

cos 4𝜃 = cos 4 𝜃 − 6 cos2 𝜃 sin2 𝜃 + sin4 𝜃

2b Equating the imaginary components of the above equation:

sin 4𝜃 = 4 cos 3 𝜃 sin 𝜃 − 4 cos 𝜃 sin3 𝜃

2c tan 4𝜃
sin 4𝜃
=
cos 4𝜃
4 cos3 𝜃 sin 𝜃 − 4 cos 𝜃 sin3 𝜃
=
cos 4 𝜃 − 6 cos2 𝜃 sin2 𝜃 + sin4 𝜃
4 cos3 𝜃 sin 𝜃 − 4 cos 𝜃 sin3 𝜃 cos 4 𝜃
= ÷
cos 4 𝜃 − 6 cos2 𝜃 sin2 𝜃 + sin4 𝜃 cos 4 𝜃
4 tan 𝜃 − 4 tan3 𝜃
=
1 − 6 tan2 𝜃 + tan4 𝜃

3a 𝑧 𝑛 + 𝑧 −𝑛
= (cos 𝜃 + 𝑖 sin 𝜃)𝑛 + (cos 𝜃 + 𝑖 sin 𝜃)−𝑛
= cos 𝑛𝜃 + 𝑖 sin 𝑛𝜃 + cos 𝑛𝜃 − 𝑖 sin 𝑛𝜃
= 2 cos 𝑛𝜃

3b (𝑧 + 𝑧 −1 )4
= 𝑧 4 + 4𝑧 3 𝑧 −1 + 6𝑧 2 𝑧 −2 + 4𝑧1 𝑧 −3 + 𝑧 −4
= 𝑧 4 + 4𝑧 2 + 6 + 4𝑧 −2 + 𝑧 −4
= (𝑧 4 + 𝑧 −4 ) + 4(𝑧 2 + 𝑧 −2 ) + 6

© Cambridge University Press 2019 20

Chapter 3 worked solutions – Complex numbers II: de Moivre and Euler

3c cos4 𝜃
4
1
= ( × 2 cos 𝜃)
2
4
1 −1
= ( (𝑧 + 𝑧 ))
2
1
= (𝑧 + 𝑧 −1 )4
16
1
= ((𝑧 4 + 𝑧 −4 ) + 4(𝑧 2 + 𝑧 −2 ) + 16)
16
1
= (2 cos 4𝜃 + 8 cos 2𝜃 + 16)
16
1 1
= cos 4𝜃 + cos 2𝜃 + 1
8 2

4 𝑧 𝑛 − 𝑧 −𝑛
= (cos 𝜃 + 𝑖 sin 𝜃)𝑛 − (cos 𝜃 + 𝑖 sin 𝜃)−𝑛
= cos 𝑛𝜃 + 𝑖 sin 𝑛𝜃 − (cos 𝑛𝜃 − 𝑖 sin 𝑛𝜃)
= cos 𝑛𝜃 + 𝑖 sin 𝑛𝜃 − cos 𝑛𝜃 + 𝑖 sin 𝑛𝜃
= 2𝑖 sin 𝑛𝜃
sin4 𝜃
4
1
= ( × 2 sin 𝜃)
2
4
1
= ( (𝑧 − 𝑧 −1 ))
2𝑖
1
= (𝑧 − 𝑧 −1 )4
(2𝑖)4
1
= (𝑧 4 − 4𝑧 3 𝑧 −1 + 6𝑧 2 𝑧 −2 − 4𝑧𝑧 −3 + 𝑧 −4 )
24 𝑖 4
1
= ((𝑧 4 + 𝑧 −4 ) − 4(𝑧 2 + 𝑧 −2 ) + 6)
16
1
= (2 cos 4𝜃 − 8 cos 2𝜃 + 6)
16
cos 4𝜃 cos 2𝜃 3
= − +
8 2 8

© Cambridge University Press 2019 21

Chapter 3 worked solutions – Complex numbers II: de Moivre and Euler

Solutions to Exercise 3B Development questions

5a Let 𝑧 = cos 𝜃 + 𝑖 sin 𝜃
From question 3,
𝑧 𝑛 + 𝑧 −𝑛 = 2 cos 𝑛𝜃
Now following question 3 expanding (𝑧 + 𝑧 −1 )5 gives,
(𝑧 + 𝑧 −1 )5

= 𝑧 5 + 5𝑧 3 + 10𝑧 + 10𝑧 −1 + 5𝑧 −3 + 𝑧 −5
= (𝑧 5 + 𝑧 −5 ) + 5(𝑧 3 + 𝑧 −3 ) + 10(𝑧 + 𝑧 −1 )
= 2 cos(5𝜃) + 5(2 cos(3𝜃)) + 10(2 cos(𝜃)) (using the result above from Q3)
= 2 cos 5𝜃 + 10 cos 3𝜃 + 20 cos 𝜃
Hence, using the result of 3 question again for the LHS, we have,
25 cos5 𝜃 = 2 cos 5𝜃 + 10 cos 3𝜃 + 20 cos 𝜃
1
cos5 𝜃 = (2 cos 5𝜃 + 10 cos 3𝜃 + 20 cos 𝜃)
25
1
cos5 𝜃 = (cos 5𝜃 + 5 cos 3𝜃 + 10 cos 𝜃)
16

5b
𝜋
2
∫ cos5 𝜃 𝑑𝜃
0
𝜋
2 1
=∫ (cos 5𝜃 + 5 cos 3𝜃 + 10 cos 𝜃) 𝑑𝜃
0 16
𝜋
1 1 5 2
= [ ( sin 5𝜃 + sin 3𝜃 + 10 sin 𝜃)]
16 5 3 0

1 1 5𝜋 5 3𝜋 𝜋
= ( sin + sin + 10 sin )
16 5 2 3 2 2
1 1 5
= ( (1) + (−1) + 10(1))
16 5 3

8
=
15

© Cambridge University Press 2019 22

Chapter 3 worked solutions – Complex numbers II: de Moivre and Euler

6a cos 6𝛼 + i sin 6𝛼
= cis(6𝛼)
6
= (cis(𝛼))

= (cos 𝛼 + 𝑖 sin 𝛼)6

= cos6 𝛼 + 6𝑖 cos5 𝛼 sin 𝛼 + 15𝑖 2 cos 4 𝛼 sin2 𝛼 + 20𝑖 3 cos 3 𝛼 sin3 𝛼
+15𝑖 4 cos2 𝛼 sin4 𝛼 + 6𝑖 5 cos 𝛼 sin5 𝛼 + 𝑖 6 sin6 𝛼
= cos6 𝛼 + 6𝑖 cos5 𝛼 sin 𝛼 − 15 cos4 𝛼 sin2 𝛼 − 20𝑖 cos 3 𝛼 sin3 𝛼
+15 cos 2 𝛼 sin4 𝛼 + 6𝑖 cos 𝛼 sin5 𝛼 − sin6 𝛼
= (cos 6 𝛼 − 15 cos 4 𝛼 sin2 𝛼 + 15 cos 2 𝛼 sin4 𝛼 − sin6 𝛼)
+𝑖(6 cos5 𝛼 sin 𝛼 − 20 cos3 𝛼 sin3 𝛼 + 6 cos 𝛼 sin5 𝛼)
Equating real and imaginary components
cos 6𝛼
= cos6 𝛼 − 15 cos4 𝛼 sin2 𝛼 + 15 cos 2 𝛼 sin4 𝛼 − sin6 𝛼
= cos6 𝛼 − 15 cos4 𝛼 (1 − cos2 𝛼) + 15 cos 2 𝛼 (1 − cos 2 𝛼)2 − (1 − cos2 𝛼)3
= cos6 𝛼 − 15 cos4 𝛼 (1 − cos2 𝛼) + 15 cos 2 𝛼 (1 − 2 cos2 𝛼 + cos4 𝛼)
−(1 − 3 cos2 𝛼 + 3 cos4 𝛼 − cos6 𝛼)
= 32 cos6 𝛼 − 48 cos 4 𝛼 + 18 cos2 𝛼 − 1

6b 32 cos 6 𝛼 − 48 cos 4 𝛼 + 18 cos2 𝛼 − 1 = 0

is solved when
cos 6𝛼 = 0 (from part a)
𝑛𝜋
which is when, 6𝛼 = , for 𝑛 not divisible by 2. Hence,
2
𝑛𝜋
𝛼= for 𝑛 = 1, 3, 4, 5, 9, 11 (i.e. 𝑛 is not divisible by 2)
12

and, letting 𝑥 = cos 𝛼, the equation becomes,

32𝑥 6 + 4𝑥 3 − 6𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 + 1 = 0
Which has solutions when,
𝑛𝜋
𝑥 = cos 12 for 𝑛 = 1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 11

© Cambridge University Press 2019 23

Chapter 3 worked solutions – Complex numbers II: de Moivre and Euler

6c The product of the roots is

𝜋 3𝜋 5𝜋 7𝜋 9𝜋 11𝜋 −1
cos cos cos cos cos cos =
12 12 12 12 12 12 32
𝜋 𝜋 5𝜋 5𝜋 3𝜋 𝜋 −1
(cos ) (cos ) (cos ) (− cos ) (cos ) (− cos ) =
12 4 12 12 4 12 32
𝜋 1 5𝜋 5𝜋 −1 𝜋 −1
(cos ) ( ) (cos ) (−cos ) ( ) (−cos ) =
12 √2 12 12 √2 12 32
𝜋 1 5𝜋 5𝜋 1 𝜋 1
(cos ) ( ) (cos ) (cos ) ( ) (cos ) =
12 √2 12 12 √2 12 32

1 𝜋 5𝜋 2 1
(cos cos ) =
2 12 12 32
𝜋 5𝜋 2 1
(cos cos ) =
12 12 16
𝜋 5𝜋 1
cos cos =±
12 12 4
𝜋 5𝜋
Since cos 12 > 0 and cos 12 > 0 it follows that

𝜋 5𝜋 1
cos cos =
12 12 4

7a Let 𝑥 = tan 𝜃
𝑥 4 + 4𝑥 3 − 6𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 + 1 = 0
tan4 𝜃 + 4 tan3 𝜃 − 6 tan2 𝜃 − 4 tan 𝜃 + 1 = 0
tan4 𝜃 − 6 tan2 𝜃 + 1 = 4 tan 𝜃 − 4 tan3 𝜃
4 tan3 𝜃 − 4 tan 𝜃
1=
tan4 𝜃 − 6 tan2 𝜃 + 1
1 = tan 4𝜃
𝜋 5𝜋 9𝜋 13𝜋
4𝜃 = , , ,
4 4 4 4
𝜋 5𝜋 9𝜋 13𝜋
𝜃= , , ,
16 16 16 16
𝜋 5𝜋 9𝜋 13𝜋
Hence the equation is solved when 𝑥 = tan 16 , tan 16 , tan 16 , tan 16

© Cambridge University Press 2019 24

Chapter 3 worked solutions – Complex numbers II: de Moivre and Euler

7b The sum of the roots is

𝜋 5𝜋 9𝜋 13𝜋
tan + tan + tan + tan = −4
16 16 16 16
Hence

𝜋 5𝜋 9𝜋 13𝜋 2
(tan + tan + tan + tan ) = 16
16 16 16 16
𝜋 5𝜋 9𝜋 13𝜋
tan2 + tan2 + tan2 + tan2
16 16 16 16
𝜋 5𝜋 𝜋 9𝜋 𝜋 13𝜋 5𝜋 9𝜋
+2 (tan tan + tan tan + tan tan + tan tan
16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16
5𝜋 13𝜋 9𝜋 13𝜋
+ tan tan + tan tan ) = 16
16 16 16 16

However, the term in the brackets is just the sum of the products of the roots,
hence
𝜋 5𝜋 9𝜋 13𝜋
tan2 + tan2 + tan2 + tan2 + 2(−6) = 16
16 16 16 16
𝜋 5𝜋 9𝜋 13𝜋
tan2 + tan2 + tan2 + tan2 = 28
16 16 16 16
𝜋 2 2
5𝜋 7𝜋 2 3𝜋 2
tan + tan + (tan (𝜋 − )) + (tan (𝜋 − )) = 28
16 16 16 16
𝜋 5𝜋 7𝜋 2 3𝜋 2
tan2 + tan2 + (− tan ) + (− tan ) = 28
16 16 16 16
𝜋 3𝜋 5𝜋 7𝜋
tan2 + tan2 + tan2 + tan2 = 28
16 16 16 16

© Cambridge University Press 2019 25

Chapter 3 worked solutions – Complex numbers II: de Moivre and Euler

8a cos 5𝜃 + 𝑖 sin 5𝜃
= cis(5𝜃)
5
= (cis(𝜃))

= (cos 𝜃 + 𝑖 sin 𝜃)5

= cos5 𝜃 + 5𝑖 cos4 𝜃 sin 𝜃 + 10𝑖 2 cos3 𝜃 sin2 𝜃 + 10𝑖 3 cos 2 𝜃 sin3 𝜃
+5𝑖 4 cos 𝜃 sin4 𝜃 + 𝑖 5 sin5 𝜃
= cos5 𝜃 − 10 cos3 𝜃 sin2 𝜃 + 5 cos 𝜃 sin4 𝜃
+𝑖(5 cos4 𝜃 sin 𝜃 − 10 cos 2 𝜃 sin3 𝜃 + sin5 𝜃)
Equating the imaginary parts of this equation gives:
sin 5𝜃 = 5 cos4 𝜃 sin 𝜃 − 10 cos2 𝜃 sin3 𝜃 + sin5 𝜃
= 5(1 − sin2 𝜃)2 sin 𝜃 − 10(1 − sin2 𝜃) sin3 𝜃 + sin5 𝜃
= 5(1 − 2 sin2 𝜃 + sin4 𝜃) sin 𝜃 − 10(1 − sin2 𝜃) sin3 𝜃 + sin5 𝜃
= 16 sin5 𝜃 − 20 sin3 𝜃 + 5 sin 𝜃

8b Let 𝑥 = sin 𝜃
16𝑥 5 − 20𝑥 3 + 5𝑥 − 1 = 0
16 sin5 𝜃 − 20 sin3 𝜃 + 5 sin 𝜃 − 1 = 0
sin 5𝜃 − 1 = 0 (from part a)
sin 5𝜃 = 1
𝜋 5𝜋 9𝜋 13𝜋 17𝜋
5𝜃 = , , , ,
2 2 2 2 2
𝜋 𝜋 9𝜋 13𝜋 17𝜋
𝜃= , , , ,
10 2 10 10 10
𝜋 𝜋 9𝜋 13𝜋 17𝜋
𝑥 = sin , sin , sin , sin , sin
10 2 10 10 10
𝜋 9𝜋 13𝜋 17𝜋
𝑥 = 1, sin , sin , sin , sin
10 10 10 10
as required

© Cambridge University Press 2019 26

Chapter 3 worked solutions – Complex numbers II: de Moivre and Euler

8c (4𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐)2
= 16𝑥 4 + 4𝑏𝑥 3 + 4𝑐𝑥 2 + 4𝑏𝑥 3 + 𝑏 2 𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑐𝑥 + 4𝑐𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑐𝑥 + 𝑐 2
= 16𝑥 4 + (4𝑏 + 4𝑏)𝑥 3 + (4𝑐 + 𝑏 2 + 4𝑐)𝑥 2 + (𝑏𝑐 + 𝑏𝑐)𝑥 + 𝑐 2
= 16𝑥 4 + 8𝑏𝑥 3 + (8𝑐 + 𝑏 2 )𝑥 2 + 2𝑏𝑐𝑥 + 𝑐 2
Since
16𝑥 4 + 16𝑥 3 − 4𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 + 1 = (4𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐)2
16𝑥 4 + 16𝑥 3 − 4𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 + 1 = 16𝑥 4 + 8𝑏𝑥 3 + (8𝑐 + 𝑏 2 )𝑥 2 + 2𝑏𝑐𝑥 + 𝑐 2
Equating coefficients of 𝑥 gives
16 = 8𝑏 (1)
−4 = 8𝑐 + 𝑏 2 (2)
From (1), 𝑏 = 2.
Substituting this into (2) gives 𝑐 = −1.
Any root of 16𝑥 4 + 16𝑥 3 − 4𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 + 1 is necessarily a root of (4𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐).
Since there are two factors of (4𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐) in the original equation, any root
will be a root of the quadratic and will be a double root of the initial equations.
Since quadratics have two roots, it follows that 16𝑥 4 + 16𝑥 3 − 4𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 + 1 = 0
must have two double roots (or one quadruple root).

8d Dividing 16𝑥 5 − 20𝑥 3 + 5𝑥 − 1 by (𝑥 − 1) yields 16𝑥 4 + 16𝑥 3 − 4𝑥 2 + 1.

𝜋 9𝜋 13𝜋 17𝜋
Hence it follows that since 𝑥 = 1, sin 10 , sin 10 , sin , sin are roots of the
10 10
former equation, and since 𝑥 = 1 is a root of the divisor,
𝜋 9𝜋 13𝜋 17𝜋
𝑥 = sin 10 , sin 10 , sin , sin must be roots of the quotient
10 10
4 3 2
16𝑥 + 16𝑥 − 4𝑥 + 1 as required.
9𝜋 𝜋 𝜋
There is no contradiction to part c as sin 10 = sin (𝜋 − 10) = sin 10 and
13𝜋 13𝜋 17𝜋
sin = sin (3𝜋 − ) = sin and so indeed there are two double roots.
10 10 10

© Cambridge University Press 2019 27

Chapter 3 worked solutions – Complex numbers II: de Moivre and Euler

8e The sum of the roots is

𝜋 𝜋 13𝜋 13𝜋
sin + sin + sin + sin +1=0
10 10 10 10
𝜋 𝜋 3𝜋 3𝜋
sin + sin − sin − sin +1=0
10 10 10 10
𝜋 3𝜋
2 sin − 2 sin +1=0
10 10
𝜋 3𝜋 1
sin − sin + =0
10 10 2
Hence
𝜋 3𝜋 1
sin = sin − (1)
10 10 2

The product of the roots is

𝜋 𝜋 13𝜋 13𝜋 1
sin sin sin sin (1) =
10 10 10 10 16
𝜋 𝜋 3𝜋 3𝜋 1
sin sin (− sin ) (− sin ) =
10 10 10 10 16
𝜋 3𝜋 1
sin2 sin2 = (2)
10 10 16
Hence,
𝜋 3𝜋 1 𝜋 3𝜋
sin sin = (we take the positive solution as sin > 0 and sin > 0)
10 10 4 10 10
Substituting (1) in (2) gives:
3𝜋 1 3𝜋 1
(sin − ) sin =
10 2 10 4
3𝜋 1 3𝜋 1
sin2 − sin − =0
10 2 10 4
So,

1 1 2 1
3𝜋 − (− 2) ± √(− 2) − 4(1) (− 4)
sin =
10 2
1 ± √5
=
4

© Cambridge University Press 2019 28

Chapter 3 worked solutions – Complex numbers II: de Moivre and Euler

3𝜋
Since sin > 0,
10
3𝜋 1 + √5
sin =
10 4
𝜋 1 + √5 1
sin = −
10 4 2
−1 + √5
=
4
√5 − 1
=
4

9a cos 7𝜃 + 𝑖 sin 7𝜃
= cis(7𝜃)
7
= (cis(𝜃))

= (cos 𝜃 + 𝑖 sin 𝜃)7

= cos7 𝜃 + 7𝑖 cos6 𝜃 sin 𝜃 + 21𝑖 2 cos5 𝜃 sin2 𝜃 + 35𝑖 3 cos 4 𝜃 sin3 𝜃
+35𝑖 4 cos3 𝜃 sin4 𝜃 + 21𝑖 5 cos2 𝜃 sin5 𝜃 + 7𝑖 6 cos 𝜃 sin6 𝜃 + 𝑖 7 sin7 𝜃
= cos7 𝜃 + 7𝑖 cos6 𝜃 sin 𝜃 − 21 cos 5 𝜃 sin2 𝜃 − 35𝑖 cos 4 𝜃 sin3 𝜃 + 35 cos 3 𝜃 sin4 𝜃
+21𝑖 cos2 𝜃 sin5 𝜃 − 7 cos 𝜃 sin6 𝜃 − 𝑖 sin7 𝜃
Equating the real components on both sides of the equation
cos 7𝜃 = cos 7 𝜃 − 21 cos5 𝜃 sin2 𝜃 + 35 cos 3 𝜃 sin4 𝜃 − 7 cos 𝜃 sin6 𝜃
= cos7 𝜃 − 21 cos5 𝜃 (1 − cos 2 𝜃) + 35 cos3 𝜃 (1 − cos 2 𝜃)2
−7 cos 𝜃 (1 − cos 2 𝜃)3
= cos7 𝜃 − 21 cos5 𝜃 (1 − cos 2 𝜃) + 35 cos3 𝜃 (1 − 2 cos2 𝜃 + cos 4 𝜃)
−7 cos 𝜃 (1 − 3 cos 2 𝜃 + 3 cos 4 𝜃 − cos 6 𝜃)
= 64 cos7 𝜃 − 112 cos5 𝜃 + 56 cos 3 𝜃 − 7 cos 𝜃

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Chapter 3 worked solutions – Complex numbers II: de Moivre and Euler

9b Let 𝑥 = 4 cos2 𝜃 , then the polynomial becomes,

(4 cos2 𝜃)3 − 7(4cos 2 𝜃)2 + 14(4 cos2 𝜃) − 7 = 0

64 cos7 𝜃 − 112 cos 5 𝜃 + 56 cos3 𝜃 − 7 cos 𝜃 = 0 (multiply by cos 𝜃)

Noting that roots in the form cos 𝜃 = 0, won’t be solutions of the original
polynomial. Now using part a we have,
cos 7𝜃 = 0
Which is true whenever we have,
𝜋
7𝜃 = 𝑛𝜋 ± 2 where 𝑛 is an integer, Hence,

2𝑛 ± 1
7𝜃 = ( )𝜋
2
2𝑛 ± 1
𝜃=( )𝜋
14
So
2𝑛 ± 1
𝑥 = 4 cos2 ( ) 𝜋 where 𝑛 is an integer, hence some unique roots are:
14
𝜋 3𝜋 5𝜋
𝑥 = 4 cos2 , 4 cos 2 , 4 cos 2 , 𝑛 = 0, 1, 2 and taking + 1
14 14 14
9c i The sum of the roots in the above equation is
𝜋 3𝜋 5𝜋 −(−7)
4 cos2 + 4 cos2 + 4 cos2 = =7
14 14 14 1
Hence
𝜋 3𝜋 5𝜋 7
cos2 + cos2 + cos2 =
14 14 14 4

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Chapter 3 worked solutions – Complex numbers II: de Moivre and Euler

9c ii

𝜋 2 2
3𝜋 2
5𝜋 2 7 2
(cos + cos + cos ) = ( ) (using 9c i)
14 14 14 4
Expanding gives,
𝜋 3𝜋 5𝜋
cos4 + cos4 + cos4
14 14 14
𝜋 3𝜋 3𝜋 5𝜋 𝜋 5𝜋
+2 (cos 2 cos2 + cos2 cos 2 + cos2 cos 2 )
14 14 14 14 14 14
7 2
=( )
4
𝜋 3𝜋 5𝜋
cos4 + cos4 + cos4
14 14 14
2 𝜋 3𝜋 3𝜋 5𝜋 𝜋 5𝜋
+ (4 cos2 4 cos2 + 4 cos 2 4 cos 2 + 4 cos2 4 cos 2 )
16 14 14 14 14 14 14
7 2
=( )
4
Now using the sum of root products, we have,
𝜋 3𝜋 3𝜋 5𝜋 𝜋 5𝜋 14
4 cos2 4 cos 2 + 4 cos2 4 cos2 + 4 cos2 4 cos2 = = 14
14 14 14 14 14 14 1
Hence, we have,

𝜋 3𝜋 5𝜋 2 7 2
cos4 + cos4 + cos4 + (14) = ( )
14 14 14 16 4

4
𝜋 4
3𝜋 4
5𝜋 7 2 28
cos + cos + cos =( ) −
14 14 14 4 16
𝜋 3𝜋 5𝜋 21
cos4 + cos4 + cos4 =
14 14 14 16

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Chapter 3 worked solutions – Complex numbers II: de Moivre and Euler

10a Let 𝑧 = cos 𝜃 + 𝑖 sin 𝜃 = cis(𝜃)

Using the result from question 3 we have,
𝑧 𝑛 − 𝑧 −𝑛 = 2𝑖 sin 𝑛𝜃
We also have that,
(𝑧 − 𝑧 −1 )5

= 𝑧 5 − 5𝑧 3 + 10𝑧 − 10𝑧 −1 + 5𝑧 −3 − 𝑧 −5
= (𝑧 5 − 𝑧 −5 ) − 5(𝑧 3 − 𝑧 −3 ) + 10(𝑧 − 𝑧 −1 )
Using the result above we get,
(2𝑖 sin 𝜃)5 = 2𝑖 sin 5𝜃 − 5(2𝑖 sin 3𝜃) + 10(2𝑖 sin 𝜃)

25 𝑖 5 sin5 𝜃 = 2𝑖 sin 5𝜃 − 5(2𝑖 sin 3𝜃) + 10(2𝑖 sin 𝜃)

25 𝑖 sin5 𝜃 = 2𝑖 sin 5𝜃 − 5(2𝑖 sin 3𝜃) + 10(2𝑖 sin 𝜃)
24 sin5 𝜃 = sin 5𝜃 − 5 sin 3𝜃 + 10 sin 𝜃
1
sin5 𝜃 = (sin 5𝜃 − 5 sin 3𝜃 + 10 sin 𝜃)
16

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Chapter 3 worked solutions – Complex numbers II: de Moivre and Euler

10b From above we know that

16 sin5 𝜃 = sin 5𝜃 − 5 sin 3𝜃 + 10 sin 𝜃
Hence, 16 sin5 𝜃 = sin 5𝜃 if and only if
−5 sin 3𝜃 + 10 sin 𝜃 = 0
10 sin 𝜃 = 5 sin 3𝜃
1
sin 𝜃 = sin 3𝜃
2
1
sin 𝜃 = (sin 𝜃 cos 2𝜃 + sin 2𝜃 cos 𝜃) (using angle sum identity)
2
1
sin 𝜃 = 2 (sin 𝜃 (1 − 2 sin2 𝜃) + (2 sin 𝜃 cos 𝜃) cos 𝜃) (double angle identity)

1
sin 𝜃 = (sin 𝜃 (1 − 2 sin2 𝜃) + 2 sin 𝜃 cos2 𝜃)
2
1
sin 𝜃 = (sin 𝜃 (1 − 2 sin2 𝜃) + 2 sin 𝜃 (1 − sin2 𝜃))
2
1
sin 𝜃 = sin 𝜃 ((1 − 2 sin2 𝜃) + 2(1 − sin2 𝜃))
2
1
sin 𝜃 = sin 𝜃 (3 − 4 sin2 𝜃)
2
1
sin 𝜃 (3 − 4 sin2 𝜃) − sin 𝜃 = 0
2
sin 𝜃 (3 − 4 sin2 𝜃) − 2 sin 𝜃 = 0
sin 𝜃 (1 − 4 sin2 𝜃) = 0
sin 𝜃 (1 − 2 sin 𝜃)(1 + 2 sin 𝜃) = 0
1
Hence the solution occurs whenever sin 𝜃 = 0, ± 2
𝜋 5𝜋 7𝜋 11𝜋
Thus, 𝜃 = 0, 6 , , 𝜋, , ,…
6 6 6

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Chapter 3 worked solutions – Complex numbers II: de Moivre and Euler

11a Let 𝑧 = cos 𝜃 + 𝑖 sin 𝜃 = cis(𝜃)

So,
cos 5𝜃 + 𝑖 sin 5𝜃
= cis(5𝜃)
5
= (cis(𝜃))

= (cos 𝜃 + 𝑖 sin 𝜃)5

= cos5 𝜃 + 5𝑖 cos4 𝜃 sin 𝜃 + 10𝑖 2 cos3 𝜃 sin2 𝜃 + 10𝑖 3 cos 2 𝜃 sin3 𝜃
+5𝑖 4 cos 𝜃 sin4 𝜃 + 𝑖 5 sin5 𝜃
= (cos 5 𝜃 − 10 cos 3 𝜃 sin2 𝜃 + 5 cos 𝜃 sin4 𝜃)
+𝑖(5 cos 4 𝜃 sin 𝜃 − 10 cos 2 𝜃 sin3 𝜃 + sin5 𝜃)
Equating real and imaginary components,
cos 5𝜃 = cos 5 𝜃 − 10 cos3 𝜃 sin2 𝜃 + 5 cos 𝜃 sin4 𝜃
sin 5𝜃 = 5 cos4 𝜃 sin 𝜃 − 10 cos2 𝜃 sin3 𝜃 + sin5 𝜃

sin 5𝜃
tan 5𝜃 =
cos 5𝜃
5 cos 4 𝜃 sin 𝜃 − 10 cos2 𝜃 sin3 𝜃 + sin5 𝜃
=
cos 5 𝜃 − 10 cos3 𝜃 sin2 𝜃 + 5 cos 𝜃 sin4 𝜃
5 cos 4 𝜃 sin 𝜃 − 10 cos2 𝜃 sin3 𝜃 + sin5 𝜃 cos 5 𝜃
= ÷
cos 5 𝜃 − 10 cos3 𝜃 sin2 𝜃 + 5 cos 𝜃 sin4 𝜃 cos 5 𝜃
5 tan 𝜃 − 10 tan3 𝜃 + tan5 𝜃
=
1 − 10 tan2 𝜃 + 5 tan4 𝜃

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Chapter 3 worked solutions – Complex numbers II: de Moivre and Euler

11b Let 𝑥 = tan 𝜃, then 𝑥 4 − 10𝑥 2 + 5 = 0 becomes,

tan4 𝜃 − 10 tan2 𝜃 + 5 = 0
tan 𝜃 (tan4 𝜃 − 10 tan2 𝜃 + 5) = tan 𝜃 × 0
tan5 𝜃 − 10 tan3 𝜃 + 5 tan 𝜃 = 0
tan5 𝜃 − 10 tan3 𝜃 + 5 tan 𝜃
=0
1 − 10 tan2 𝜃 + 5 tan4 𝜃
tan 5𝜃 = 0 (from part a)
5𝜃 = ±𝜋, ±2𝜋
𝜋 2𝜋
𝜃 = ± ,±
5 5
Hence the roots are
𝜋 2𝜋
𝑥 = tan (± ) , tan (± )
5 5
𝜋 2𝜋
𝑥 = ± tan ( ) , ± tan ( )
5 5

11c The product of roots is

𝜋 𝜋 2𝜋 2𝜋
(tan ( )) (− tan ( )) (tan ( )) (− tan ( )) = 5
5 5 5 5
𝜋 2𝜋
tan2 tan2 =5
5 5
𝜋 2𝜋 𝜋 2𝜋
tan tan = √5 (taking the positive solution as tan > 0 and tan > 0)
5 5 5 5

The product of the pairs of roots is

𝜋 𝜋 2𝜋 2𝜋 𝜋 2𝜋
(tan ( )) (− tan ( )) + (tan ( )) (− tan ( )) + (tan ( )) (tan ( ))
5 5 5 5 5 5
𝜋 2𝜋 𝜋 2𝜋 𝜋 2𝜋
+ (− tan ( )) (tan ( )) + (tan ( )) (− tan ( )) + (− tan ( )) (− tan ( ))
5 5 5 5 5 5
= −10
Which simplifies to,
𝜋 2𝜋
tan2 + tan2 = 10
5 5

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Chapter 3 worked solutions – Complex numbers II: de Moivre and Euler

12a
1
𝑧𝑛 +
𝑧𝑛
𝑛 1
= (cis(𝜃)) + 𝑛
(cis(𝜃))
1
= cis(𝑛𝜃) +
cis(𝑛𝜃)
= cis(𝑛𝜃) + cis(−𝑛𝜃)
= cos 𝑛𝜃 + 𝑖 sin 𝑛𝜃 + cos 𝑛𝜃 − 𝑖 sin 𝑛𝜃
= 2 cos 𝑛𝜃
1
𝑧𝑛 −
𝑧𝑛
𝑛 1
= (cis(𝜃)) − 𝑛
(cis(𝜃))
1
= cis(𝑛𝜃) −
cis(𝑛𝜃)
= cis(𝑛𝜃) − cis(−𝑛𝜃)
= cos 𝑛𝜃 + 𝑖 sin 𝑛𝜃 − (cos 𝑛𝜃 − 𝑖 sin 𝑛𝜃)
= 2𝑖 sin 𝑛𝜃

12b 128 cos3 𝜃 sin4 𝜃

= 8cos3 𝜃 16 sin4 𝜃
= (2 cos 𝜃)3 (2𝑖 sin 𝜃)4

1 3 1 4
= (𝑧 + ) (𝑧 − ) (from part a)
𝑧 𝑧
3 1 4 1
= (𝑧 3 + 3𝑧 + + 3 ) (𝑧 4 − 4𝑧 2 + 6 − 2 + 4 )
𝑧 𝑧 𝑧 𝑧
1 12 3 18
= 𝑧 7 − 4𝑧 5 + 6𝑧 3 − 4𝑧 + + 3𝑧 5 − 12𝑧 3 + 18𝑧 − + 3 + 3𝑧 3 − 12𝑧 +
𝑧 𝑧 𝑧 𝑧
12 3 4 6 4 1
− 3 + 5+𝑧− + 3− 5+ 7
𝑧 𝑧 𝑧 𝑧 𝑧 𝑧
1 1 1 1
= (𝑧 7 + ) − (𝑧 5
+ ) − 3 (𝑧 3
+ ) + 3 (𝑧 + )
𝑧7 𝑧5 𝑧3 𝑧

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Chapter 3 worked solutions – Complex numbers II: de Moivre and Euler

12c From part b,

1 1 1 1
128 cos3 𝜃 sin4 𝜃 = (𝑧 7 + 7
) − (𝑧 5 + 5 ) − 3 (𝑧 3 + 3 ) + 3 (𝑧 + )
𝑧 𝑧 𝑧 𝑧
Using the result from part a,
128 cos3 𝜃 sin4 𝜃 = 2 cos 7𝜃 − 2 cos 5𝜃 − 3 × 2 cos 3𝜃 + 3 × 2 cos 𝜃
Hence
1
cos3 𝜃 sin4 𝜃 = (cos 7𝜃 − cos 5𝜃 − 3 cos 3𝜃 + 3 cos 𝜃)
64
as required

13a 5𝑧 4 − 11𝑧 3 + 16𝑧 2 − 11𝑧 + 5 = 0

11 5
5𝑧 2 − 11𝑧 + 16 − + 2=0
𝑧 𝑧
1 1
5 (𝑧 2 + 2
) − 11 (𝑧 + ) + 16 = 0
𝑧 𝑧
5(2 cos 2𝜃) − 11(2 cos 𝜃) + 16 = 0
5 cos 2𝜃 − 11 cos 𝜃 + 8 = 0
13b 5(2 cos2 𝜃 − 1) − 11 cos 𝜃 + 8 = 0 (using the result in a and double angle id)
10 cos2 𝜃 − 11 cos 𝜃 + 3 = 0

−(−11) ± √(−11)2 − 4(10)(3)

cos 𝜃 =
2(10)

11 ± √1
=
20
1 3
= or
2 5
1 √22 − 1 √3
When cos 𝜃 = , sin 𝜃 = ± =±
2 2 2
3 √52 − 32 √16 4
When cos 𝜃 = , sin 𝜃 = ± =± =±
5 5 5 5
1 √3
𝑧= ± 𝑖
2 2
3 4
𝑧= ± 𝑖
5 5

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Chapter 3 worked solutions – Complex numbers II: de Moivre and Euler

14a
sin 8𝜃
sin 𝜃 cos 𝜃
2 sin 4𝜃 cos 4𝜃
=
sin 𝜃 cos 𝜃
2(2 sin 2𝜃 cos 2𝜃)(2 cos 2 2𝜃 − 1)
=
sin 𝜃 cos 𝜃
2(2(2 sin 𝜃 cos 𝜃)(1 − 2 sin2 𝜃))(2(1 − 2 sin2 𝜃)2 − 1)
=
sin 𝜃 cos 𝜃
= 8(1 − 2 sin2 𝜃)(2(1 − 2 sin2 𝜃)2 − 1)
Let 𝑠 = sin 𝜃
= 8(1 − 2𝑠 2 )(2(1 − 2𝑠 2 )2 − 1)
= 8(1 − 2𝑠 2 )(2(1 − 4𝑠 2 + 4𝑠 4 ) − 1)
= 8(1 − 2𝑠 2 )(1 − 8𝑠 2 + 8𝑠 4 )
= 8(1 − 8𝑠 2 + 8𝑠 4 − 2𝑠 2 + 16𝑠 4 − 16𝑠 6 )
= 8(1 − 10𝑠 2 + 24𝑠 4 − 16𝑠 6 )

14b 𝑥 6 − 6𝑥 4 + 10𝑥 2 − 4 = 0
Let 𝑥 = 2 sin 𝜃 = 2𝑠
(2𝑠)6 − 6(2𝑠)4 + 10(2𝑠)2 − 4 = 0
64𝑠 6 − 6 × 16𝑠 4 + 40𝑠 2 − 4 = 0
4(16𝑠 6 − 24𝑠 4 + 10𝑠 2 − 1) = 0
1
− (8(1 − 10𝑠 2 + 24𝑠 4 − 16𝑠 6 )) = 0
2
1 sin 8𝜃
− ( )=0
2 sin 𝜃 cos 𝜃
Which is 0 when, sin 8𝜃 = 0. Hence,
8𝜃 = 𝑛𝜋 for 𝑛 = ±1, ±2, ±3
Thus,
𝑛𝜋
𝑥 = 2 sin for 𝑛 = ±1, ±2, ±3
8

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Chapter 3 worked solutions – Complex numbers II: de Moivre and Euler

Solutions to Exercise 3B Enrichment questions

15a cis (2𝑛 + 1)𝜃
= (cis 𝜃)2𝑛+1 (By de Moivre)
= 2𝑛+1
𝐶0 cos2𝑛+1 𝜃 + 𝑖 × 2𝑛+1 𝐶1 cos2𝑛 𝜃 sin 𝜃 − 2𝑛+1 𝐶2 cos2𝑛−1 𝜃 sin2 𝜃 −

𝑖 × 2𝑛+1 𝐶3 cos2𝑛−2 𝜃 sin3 𝜃 + 2𝑛+1 𝐶4 cos2𝑛−3 𝜃 sin4 𝜃 + 𝑖 × 2𝑛+1 𝐶5 cos2𝑛−4 𝜃 sin5 𝜃

+ ⋯ + 𝑖 2𝑛+1 × 2𝑛+1 𝐶2𝑛+1 sin2𝑛+1 𝜃

Take imaginary points, and note 𝑖 2𝑛 = (−1)𝑛 , to get:

sin(2𝑛 + 1) 𝜃
= 2𝑛+1
𝐶1 cos2𝑛 𝜃 sin 𝜃 − 2𝑛+1 𝐶3 cos2𝑛−2 𝜃 sin3 𝜃 + 2𝑛+1 𝐶5 cos2𝑛−4 𝜃 sin5 𝜃

+ ⋯ + (−1)𝑛 sin2𝑛+1 𝜃

15b Divide through by sin2𝑛+1 𝜃 for sin 𝜃 ≠ 0.

sin(2𝑛 + 1) 𝜃 2𝑛+1
= 𝐶1 cot2𝑛 𝜃 − 2𝑛+1
𝐶3 cot2𝑛+1 𝜃 + 2𝑛+1 𝐶5 cot2𝑛−4 𝜃 + ⋯ + (−1)𝑛
sin2𝑛+1 𝜃
Let 𝑥 = cot 2 𝜃, so that,
sin(2𝑛 + 1) 𝜃 2𝑛+1
= 𝐶1 𝑥𝑛 − 2𝑛+1 𝐶3 𝑥𝑛−1 𝜃 +2𝑛+1 𝐶5 𝑥𝑛−2 + ⋯ + (−1)𝑛 = 𝑃(𝑥)
sin2𝑛+1 𝜃
Now 𝑃(𝑥) = 0 when sin (2𝑛 + 1) 𝜃 = 0 with sin 𝜃 ≠ 0, which has solutions

(2𝑛 + 1)𝜃 = 𝑘π, for integer 𝑘 with 𝑘 ≠ 0 (sin 𝜃 ≠ 0).

𝑘𝜋
For principal values we have -π < 2𝑛+1
̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅
≤ π and so for distinct solutions of 𝑥,

𝑘 = 1, 2, 3, … , 𝑛 (degree n polynomial)
Hence,
𝑘𝜋
𝜃= , 𝑘 = 1, 2, 3, … , 𝑛
2𝑛 + 1
Hence, 𝑃(𝑥) = 0 for,
𝑘𝜋
𝑥 = cot 2 , 𝑘 = 1, 2, 3, … , 𝑛
2𝑛 + 1

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Chapter 3 worked solutions – Complex numbers II: de Moivre and Euler

15c Summing the roots of the polynomial:

𝑛
𝑘𝜋
∑ cot 2 ( )
2𝑛 + 1
𝑘=1
2𝑛+1
𝐶3 coefficient of 𝑥 𝑛−1
= (− )
2𝑛+1 𝐶
1 coefficient of 𝑥 𝑛
(2𝑛+1)! 1! 2𝑛!
= 3! (2𝑛−2)! . (2𝑛+1)!

2𝑛(2𝑛−1)(2𝑛−2)!
= 3×2×(2𝑛−2)!

𝑛(2𝑛−1)
= 3

15d
1 𝜋 𝑘𝜋
cot𝜃 < for 0 < 𝜃 < , so for 𝜃 = ,
𝜃 2 2𝑛 + 1
𝑛 𝑛
𝑘𝜋2
2𝑛 + 1 2
∑ cot ( )<∑ ( )
2𝑛 + 1 𝑘𝜋
𝑘=1 𝑘=1

Hence,
𝑛
2𝑛 + 1 2 1 2𝑛(2𝑛 − 1)
( ) ∑ 2> (using part c)
𝜋 𝑘 6
𝑘=1
𝑛
(2𝑛 + 1)2 1 𝜋2
∑ 2>
2𝑛(2𝑛 − 1) 𝑘 6
𝑘=1

This is,
(2𝑛 + 1)2 1 1 1 1 𝜋2
( + + + ⋯ + 2) >
2𝑛(2𝑛 − 1) 12 22 32 𝑛 6

© Cambridge University Press 2019 40

Chapter 3 worked solutions – Complex numbers II: de Moivre and Euler

Solutions to Exercise 3C Foundation questions

1a 𝑧3 = 1
(𝑟cis 𝜃)3 = 1
𝑟 3 cis 3𝜃 = 1
𝑟 3 cis 3𝜃 = 1 × cis 2𝑘𝜋
3 2𝑘𝜋
𝑟 = √1 = 1 and 3𝜃 = 2𝑘𝜋 so 𝜃 = 3

𝜋 + 2𝑘𝜋
𝑧 = cis ( )
3
2𝜋 2𝜋
= cis , cis (− ) , cis 0
3 3
1 √3 1 √3
=− + 𝑖, − − 𝑖, 1
2 2 2 2

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Chapter 3 worked solutions – Complex numbers II: de Moivre and Euler

1b

1 √3 1 √3
|(− + 𝑖) − (− − 𝑖)|
2 2 2 2
= |√3𝑖|
= √3

1 √3
|(− + 𝑖) − 1|
2 2
3 √3
= |− + 𝑖|
2 2
2
3 2 √3
√
= (− ) + ( )
2 2

9 3
=√ +
4 4
= √3

1 √3
|(− − 𝑖) − 1|
2 2
3 √3
= |− − 𝑖|
2 2
2
3 2 √3
√
= (− ) + (− )
2 2

9 3
=√ +
4 4
= √3
This shows that all sides of the triangle have the same length and thus it is
equilateral.

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Chapter 3 worked solutions – Complex numbers II: de Moivre and Euler

2𝜋
1c In the case that cis is the root,
3

2𝜋 2 4𝜋 4𝜋 2𝜋
(cis ) = cis = cis ( − 2𝜋) = cis (− ) is the other root.
3 3 3 3
2𝜋
In the case that cis (− ) is the root,
3
2
2𝜋 4𝜋 4𝜋 2𝜋
(cis (− )) = cis (− ) = cis (2𝜋 − ) = cis is the other root.
3 3 3 3

1d i

2𝜋 3 6𝜋
(cis ) = cis = cis 2𝜋 = 1
3 3
4𝜋 3 12𝜋
(cis ) = cis = cis 4𝜋 = 1
3 3
so in either case the answer is one.
Alternately, covering both cases at once:
2𝑘𝜋
𝜔 = cis
3
2𝑘𝜋
𝜔3 = cis (3 × )
3
= cis 2𝑘𝜋
=1

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Chapter 3 worked solutions – Complex numbers II: de Moivre and Euler

2𝜋
1d ii If 𝜔 = cis ,
3

1 + 𝜔 + 𝜔2

2𝜋 2𝜋 2
= 1 + cis + (cis )
3 3
2𝜋 4𝜋
= 1 + cis + cis
3 3
2𝜋 2𝜋
= 1 + cis + cis (− )
3 3
2𝜋 2𝜋 2𝜋 2𝜋
= 1 + cos + 𝑖 sin + cos − 𝑖 sin
3 3 3 3
2𝜋
= 1 + 2 cos
3
1
= 1 + 2 (− )
2
=0

4𝜋
If 𝜔 = cis ,
3
1 + 𝜔 + 𝜔2

4𝜋 4𝜋 2
= 1 + cis + (cis )
3 3
4𝜋 8𝜋
= 1 + cis + cis
3 3
2𝜋 2𝜋
= 1 + cis (− ) + cis
3 3
2𝜋 2𝜋 2𝜋 2𝜋
= 1 + cos − 𝑖 sin + cos + 𝑖 sin
3 3 3 3
2𝜋
= 1 + 2 cos
3
1
= 1 + 2 (− )
2
=0

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Chapter 3 worked solutions – Complex numbers II: de Moivre and Euler

1e i (1 + 𝜔2 )3
= (−𝜔)3
= −𝜔3
= −1

1e ii (1 − 𝜔 − 𝜔2 )(1 − 𝜔 + 𝜔2 )(1 + 𝜔 − 𝜔2 )
= (1 − (𝜔 + 𝜔2 ))(1 + 𝜔2 − 𝜔)(1 + 𝜔 − 𝜔2 )
= (1 − (−1))(−𝜔 − 𝜔)(−𝜔2 − 𝜔2 )
= 2(−2𝜔)(−2𝜔2 )
= 8𝜔3
= 8(1)
=8

1e iii (1 − 𝜔)(1 − 𝜔2 )(1 − 𝜔4 )(1 − 𝜔5 )

= (1 − 𝜔)(1 − 𝜔2 )(1 − 𝜔3 𝜔)(1 − 𝜔3 𝜔2 )
= (1 − 𝜔)(1 − 𝜔2 )(1 − (1)𝜔)(1 − (1)𝜔2 )
= (1 − 𝜔)(1 − 𝜔2 )(1 − 𝜔)(1 − 𝜔2 )
2
= ((1 − 𝜔)(1 − 𝜔2 ))
= (1 − 𝜔 − 𝜔2 + 𝜔3 )2
= (1 − 𝜔 − 𝜔2 + 1)2
= (1 + 1 + 1)2
= 32
=9

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Chapter 3 worked solutions – Complex numbers II: de Moivre and Euler

2a 𝑧6 = 1
Let 𝑧 = 𝑟cis 𝜃
(𝑟cis 𝜃)6 = 1
𝑟 6 cis 6𝜃 = 1
𝑟=1
cis 6𝜃 = cis 2𝑘𝜋
6𝜃 = 2𝑘𝜋
𝑘𝜋
𝜃=
3

𝑘𝜋
𝑧 = cis
3
𝜋 2𝜋
𝑧 = cis 0, cis (± ) , cis (± ) , cis 𝜋
3 3
1 √3 1 √3
𝑧 = 1, ± 𝑖, − ± 𝑖, −1
2 2 2 2

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Chapter 3 worked solutions – Complex numbers II: de Moivre and Euler

2b

All points are the same distance from the origin as,
|1| = 1
2
1 √3 1 2 √3 1 3
| ± 𝑖| = √( ) + ( ) = √ + = √1 = 1
2 2 2 2 4 4

2
1 √3 1 2 √3 1 3
|− ± √
𝑖| = ( ) + ( ) = √ + = √1 = 1
2 2 2 2 4 4

|−1| = 1
𝑘𝜋 𝜋
Since 𝑧 = cis , each root has an argument of 3 between it and the adjacent
3
roots, hence all roots are the same distance from the origin with the same
argument between them relative to the origin so they form the corners of a
regular hexagon.

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Chapter 3 worked solutions – Complex numbers II: de Moivre and Euler

2c
𝜋
𝛼 = cis
3
𝜋 2 2𝜋
𝛼 2 = (cis ) = cis ( ) which is a root
3 3
𝜋 −2 2𝜋
𝛼 −2 = (cis ) = cis (− ) which is a root
3 3
𝜋 −1 𝜋
𝛼 −1 = (cis ) = cis (− ) which is a root
3 3

2d (𝑧 4 + 𝑧 2 + 1)(𝑧 2 − 1)
= 𝑧 6 + 𝑧 4 + 𝑧 2 − (𝑧 4 + 𝑧 2 + 1)
= 𝑧6 − 1

2e The roots of 𝑧 2 − 1 are 𝑧 = ±1, which are the real roots of 𝑧 6 − 1. So the roots of
𝑧 4 + 𝑧 2 + 1 must be the complex roots of 𝑧 6 − 1. Thus
𝑧4 + 𝑧2 + 1
1 √3 1 √3 1 √3 1 √3
= (𝑧 − ( − 𝑖)) (𝑧 − ( + 𝑖)) (𝑧 − (− − 𝑖)) (𝑧 − (− + 𝑖))
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2

1 √3 1 √3 1 √3 1 √3
= (𝑧 2 − ( − 𝑖+ + 𝑖) 𝑧 + ( + 𝑖) ( − 𝑖)) ×
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2

1 √3 1 √3 1 √3 1 √3
(𝑧 2 − (− − 𝑖− + 𝑖) 𝑧 + (− + 𝑖) (− − 𝑖))
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
1 3 1 3
= (𝑧 2 − 𝑧 + ( + )) (𝑧 2 − (−1)𝑧 + ( + ))
4 4 4 4
2 2
= (𝑧 − 𝑧 + 1)(𝑧 + 𝑧 + 1)

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Chapter 3 worked solutions – Complex numbers II: de Moivre and Euler

3a 𝑧 4 = −1
Let 𝑧 = 𝑟cis 𝜃
(𝑟cis 𝜃)4 = −1
𝑟 4 cis 4𝜃 = −1
𝑟=1
cis 4𝜃 = −1
4𝜃 = 𝜋 ± 2𝑘𝜋
𝜋 ± 2𝑘𝜋
𝜃=
4
𝜋 ± 2𝑘𝜋
𝑧 = cis ( )
4
𝜋 3𝜋
𝑧 = cis (± ) , cis (± )
4 4
1 1 1 1
𝑧= ± 𝑖, − ± 𝑖
√2 √2 √2 √2

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
3b (𝑧 − ( − 𝑖)) (𝑧 − ( + 𝑖)) (𝑧 − (− − 𝑖)) (𝑧 − (− + 𝑖))
√2 √2 √2 √2 √2 √2 √2 √2
= (𝑧 2 − √2𝑧 + 1)(𝑧 2 + √2𝑧 + 1)

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Chapter 3 worked solutions – Complex numbers II: de Moivre and Euler

4a 𝑧6 + 1 = 0
𝑧 6 = −1
𝑧 = 𝑟cis 𝜃
(𝑟cis 𝜃)6 = −1
𝑟 6 cis 6𝜃 = −1
𝑟=1
cis 6𝜃 = −1
6𝜃 = 𝜋 ± 2𝑘𝜋
𝜋 ± 2𝑘𝜋
𝜃=
6
𝜋 ± 2𝑘𝜋
𝑧 = cis ( )
6
𝜋 3𝜋 5𝜋
𝑧 = cis (± ) , cis (± ) , cis (± )
6 6 6
√3 1 √3 1
𝑧= ± 𝑖, ±𝑖, − ± 𝑖
2 2 2 2

4b (𝑧 6 + 1)
√3 1 √3 1 √3 1
= (𝑧 − 𝑖)(𝑧 + 𝑖) (𝑧 − ( + 𝑖)) (𝑧 − ( − 𝑖)) (𝑧 − (− + 𝑖)) ×
2 2 2 2 2 2

√3 1
(𝑧 − (− − 𝑖))
2 2

= (𝑧 2 + 1)(𝑧 2 − √3𝑧 + 1)(𝑧 2 + √3𝑧 + 1)

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Chapter 3 worked solutions – Complex numbers II: de Moivre and Euler

4c 𝑧 6 + 1 = (𝑧 2 + 1)(𝑧 2 − √3𝑧 + 1)(𝑧 2 + √3𝑧 + 1)

𝑧 6 + 1 (𝑧 2 + 1)(𝑧 2 − √3𝑧 + 1)(𝑧 2 + √3𝑧 + 1)

=
𝑧3 𝑧3
𝑧 3 + 𝑧 −3 = (𝑧 + 𝑧 −1 )(𝑧 − √3 + 𝑧 −1 )(𝑧 + √3 + 𝑧 −1 )

Using the result from question 3 in Exercise 3B:

2 cos 3𝜃 = (2 cos 𝜃)(2 cos 𝜃 − √3)(2 cos 𝜃 + √3)

cos 3𝜃 = (cos 𝜃)(2 cos 𝜃 − √3)(2 cos 𝜃 + √3)

√3 √3
cos 3𝜃 = 4cos 𝜃 (cos 𝜃 − ) (cos 𝜃 + )
2 2
𝜋 5𝜋
cos 3𝜃 = 4 cos 𝜃 (cos 𝜃 − cos ) (cos 𝜃 − cos )
6 6

5a 𝑧5 = 𝑖
𝜋
(𝑟 cis 𝜃)5 = cis
2
𝜋
𝑟 5 cis 5𝜃 = cis ( 2 + 2𝑘𝜋)

𝑟 5 = 1 and hence 𝑟 = 1
𝜋
5𝜃 = + 2𝑘𝜋
2
1 𝜋
𝜃= ( + 2𝑘𝜋)
5 2
1 𝜋
𝑧 = cis ( ( + 2𝑘𝜋))
5 2
7𝜋 3𝜋 𝜋 𝜋 9𝜋
= cis (− ) , cis (− ) , cis , cis , cis
10 10 10 2 10

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Chapter 3 worked solutions – Complex numbers II: de Moivre and Euler

5b 𝑧 4 = −𝑖
Let 𝑧 = (𝑟cis 𝜃)4
= 𝑟 4 cis 4𝜃
𝑟 4 cis 4𝜃 = −𝑖
𝑟=1
cis 4𝜃 = −𝑖
3𝜋
4𝜃 = ± 2𝑘𝜋
2
3𝜋 𝑘𝜋
𝜃= ±
8 2
3𝜋 𝑘𝜋
𝑧 = cis ( ± )
8 2
5𝜋 𝜋 3𝜋 7𝜋
𝑧 = cis (− ) , cis (− ) , cis , cis
8 8 8 8

5c 𝑧 4 = −8 − 8√3𝑖

(𝑟cis 𝜃)4 = −8 − 8√3𝑖

𝑟 4 cis 4𝜃 = −8 − 8√3𝑖

2
𝑟 4 = √82 + (8√3)
= 16
𝑟=2

8√3
4𝜃 = 2𝑘𝜋 + (−𝜋 + tan−1 ( ))
8
2𝜋
4𝜃 = 2𝑘𝜋 −
3
1 𝜋
𝜃= (𝑘𝜋 − )
2 3
1 𝜋
𝑧 = 2cis ( (𝑘𝜋 − ))
2 3
𝜋 2𝜋 𝜋 5𝜋
= 2cis (− ) , 2cis (− ) , 2cis , 2cis
6 3 3 6
= √3 − 𝑖, −1 − 𝑖√3, 1 + 𝑖√3, −√3 + 𝑖

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Chapter 3 worked solutions – Complex numbers II: de Moivre and Euler

5d 𝑧 5 = 16√2 − 16√2𝑖

(𝑟cis 𝜃)5 = 16√2 − 16√2𝑖

𝑟 5 cis 5𝜃 = 16√2 − 16√2𝑖

2 2
𝑟 5 = √(16√2) + (16√2)
= 32
𝑟=2

−16√2
5𝜃 = 2𝑘𝜋 + (tan−1 ( ))
16√2
𝜋
5𝜃 = 2𝑘𝜋 −
4
2𝑘𝜋 𝜋
𝜃= −
5 20
2𝑘𝜋 𝜋
𝑧 = 2 cis ( − )
5 20
17𝜋 9𝜋 𝜋 7𝜋 3𝜋
= 2 cis − , 2 cis − , 2 cis − , 2 cis , 2 cis
20 20 20 20 4

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Chapter 3 worked solutions – Complex numbers II: de Moivre and Euler

Solutions to Exercise 3C Development questions

6a Let 𝑧 = 𝑟cis(𝜃) be a fifth root of −1.
𝑟 5 cis 5 (𝜃) = −1
𝑟 5 cis(5𝜃) = cos(𝜋) = cis(𝜋)
Hence 𝑟 = 1 and 5𝜃 = 2𝜆𝜋 + 𝜋 where 𝜆 is an integer.
2𝜆+1
This means that 𝜃 = ( ) 𝜋 and so
5

𝜋 3𝜋
𝜃 = ± ,± ,𝜋
5 5
𝜋 3𝜋
𝑧 = cis (± ) , cis (± ) , cis(𝜋)
5 5
𝜋 3𝜋
𝑧 = cis (± ) , cis (± ) , −1
5 5

𝜋
6b The root with least positive principle argument is 𝛼 = cis ( 5 ). Now we have,
3
3
𝜋 3𝜋
𝛼 = (cis ( )) = cis ( )
5 5
7
7
𝜋 7𝜋 7𝜋 3𝜋
𝛼 = (cis ( )) = cis ( ) = cis ( − 2𝜋) = cis (− )
5 5 5 5
9
9
𝜋 9𝜋 9𝜋 𝜋
𝛼 = (cis ( )) = cis ( ) = cis ( − 2𝜋) = cis (− )
5 5 5 5

Hence these are the three other complex roots.

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Chapter 3 worked solutions – Complex numbers II: de Moivre and Euler

6c 𝛼7
7
𝜋
= (cis ( ))
5
7𝜋
= cis ( )
5
2𝜋
= cis (𝜋 + )
5
2𝜋
= cis(𝜋)cis ( )
5
2
𝜋
= cis(𝜋) (cis ( ))
5

= −𝛼 2

𝛼9
9
𝜋
= (cis ( ))
5
9𝜋
= cis ( )
5
4𝜋
= cis (𝜋 + )
5
4π
= cis(𝜋)cis ( )
5
4
π
= − (cis ( ))
5

= −𝛼 4

6d (1 + 𝛼 2 + 𝛼 4 )
= 1 − 𝛼7 − 𝛼9 (from part c)
= −(−1 + 𝛼 7 + 𝛼 9 )
= −(−1 + 𝛼 + 𝛼 3 + 𝛼 7 + 𝛼 9 ) + (𝛼 + 𝛼 3 )
= −0 + 𝛼 + 𝛼 3 (the sum of roots is 0, since the polynomial is 𝑧 5 + 1 = 0)
= 𝛼 + 𝛼3

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Chapter 3 worked solutions – Complex numbers II: de Moivre and Euler

7a Let 𝑧 = 𝑟 cis(𝜃), be a seventh root of unity then we have,

𝑧 7 = 𝑟 7 cis(7𝜃) = cis(0) = 1
Hence 𝑟 = 1 and 7𝜃 = 2𝑛𝜋, where 𝑛 is an integer. So we have,
2𝑛𝜋
𝜃=
7
2𝜋 4𝜋 6𝜋
𝑧 = cis(0), cis (± ) , cis (± ) , cis (± )
7 7 7
2𝜋 4𝜋 6𝜋
𝑧 = 1, cis (± ) , cis (± ) , cis (± )
7 7 7

7b The sum of the roots is

2𝜋 2𝜋 4𝜋 4𝜋 6𝜋 6𝜋
1 + cis ( ) + cis (− ) + cis ( ) + cis (− ) + cis ( ) + cis (− ) = 0
7 7 7 7 7 7
(as the coefficient of 𝑧 6 in the equation 𝑧 7 − 1 = 0 is 0)
Expanding we have,
2𝜋 2𝜋 2𝜋 2𝜋 4𝜋 4𝜋 4𝜋 4𝜋
1 + cos + 𝑖 sin + cos − 𝑖 sin + cos + 𝑖 sin + cos − 𝑖 sin
7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7
6𝜋 6𝜋 6𝜋 6𝜋
+ cos + 𝑖 sin + cos − 𝑖 sin =0
7 7 7 7
2𝜋 4𝜋 6𝜋
1 + 2 cos + 2 cos + 2 cos =0
7 7 7
2𝜋 4𝜋 6𝜋
2 cos + 2 cos + 2 cos = −1
7 7 7
2𝜋 4𝜋 6𝜋 1
cos + cos + cos =−
7 7 7 2

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Chapter 3 worked solutions – Complex numbers II: de Moivre and Euler

7c Writing the equation as a product of factors gives

2𝜋 2𝜋 4𝜋 4𝜋
(𝑧 − 1) (𝑧 − cis ( )) (𝑧 − cis (− )) (𝑧 − cis ( )) (𝑧 − cis (− ))
7 7 7 7

6𝜋 6𝜋
(𝑧 − cis ( )) (𝑧 − cis (− ))
7 7

2𝜋 2𝜋 2𝜋 2𝜋
= (𝑧 − 1) (𝑧 2 − 𝑧 (cis ( ) + cis (− )) + (cis ( ) cis (− )))
7 7 7 7

4𝜋 4𝜋 4𝜋 4𝜋
(𝑧 2 − 𝑧 (cis ( ) + cis (− )) + (cis ( ) cis (− )))
7 7 7 7

6𝜋 6𝜋 6𝜋 6𝜋
(𝑧 2 − 𝑧 (cis ( ) + cis (− )) + (cis ( ) cis (− )))
7 7 7 7

2𝜋 2𝜋
= (𝑧 − 1) (𝑧 2 − 𝑧 (cis ( ) + cis (− )) + (cis(0)))
7 7

4𝜋 4𝜋
(𝑧 2 − 𝑧 (cos ( ) + cis (− )) + (cis(0)))
7 7

6𝜋 6𝜋
(𝑧 2 − 𝑧 (cis ( ) + cis (− )) + (cis(0)))
7 7

Now using the fact that cis 𝑥 + cis(−𝑥) = 2 cos 𝑥. We have,

2𝜋 4𝜋
= (𝑧 − 1) (𝑧 2 − 𝑧 (2 cos ) + (cis(0))) (𝑧 2 − 𝑧 (2 cos ) + (cis(0)))
7 7

6𝜋
(𝑧 2 − 𝑧 (2 cos ) + (cis(0)))
7
2𝜋 4𝜋 6𝜋
= (𝑧 − 1) (𝑧 2 − 2𝑧 cos + 1) (𝑧 2 − 2𝑧 cos + 1) (𝑧 2 − 2𝑧 cos + 1)
7 7 7

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Chapter 3 worked solutions – Complex numbers II: de Moivre and Euler

2𝜋
7d The least positive principal argument is . Hence,
7

2𝜋
𝛼 = cis ( )
7
2
2
2𝜋
𝛼 = (cis ( ))
7
4𝜋
= cis ( )
7
3
3
2𝜋
𝛼 = (cis ( ))
7
6𝜋
= cis ( )
7
4
4
2𝜋
𝛼 = (cis ( ))
7
8𝜋
= cis ( )
7
8𝜋
= cis ( − 2𝜋)
7
6𝜋
= cis (− )
7
5
5
2𝜋
𝛼 = (cis ( ))
7
10𝜋
= cis ( )
7
10𝜋
= cis ( − 2𝜋)
7
4𝜋
= cis (− )
7
6
6
2𝜋
𝛼 = (cis ( ))
7
12𝜋
= cis ( )
7
2𝜋
= cis (− )
7
These are the other complex roots that we have previously found.

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Chapter 3 worked solutions – Complex numbers II: de Moivre and Euler

7e Since we have the roots of the polynomial, we can write it in factorised form as,

0 = (𝑥 − (𝛼 + 𝛼 6 ))(𝑥 − (𝛼 2 + 𝛼 5 ))(𝑥 − (𝛼 3 + 𝛼 4 ))

Now, expanding we find that,

0 = 𝑥 3 − ((𝛼 + 𝛼 6 ) + (𝛼 2 + 𝛼 5 ) + (𝛼 3 + 𝛼 4 ))𝑥 2
+ ((𝛼 + 𝛼 6 )(𝛼 2 + 𝛼 5 ) + (𝛼 + 𝛼 6 )(𝛼 3 + 𝛼 4 )
+ (𝛼 2 + 𝛼 5 )(𝛼 3 + 𝛼 4 ))𝑥 − (𝛼 + 𝛼 6 )(𝛼 2 + 𝛼 5 )(𝛼 3 + 𝛼 4 )

0 = 𝑥 3 − (𝛼 + 𝛼 2 + 𝛼 3 + 𝛼 4 + 𝛼 5 + 𝛼 6 )𝑥 2
+ ((𝛼 3 + 𝛼 6 + 𝛼 8 + 𝛼 11 ) + (𝛼 4 + 𝛼 5 + 𝛼 9 + 𝛼 10 )
+ (𝛼 5 + 𝛼 6 + 𝛼 8 + 𝛼 9 ))𝑥 − (𝛼 6 + 𝛼 7 + 𝛼 9 + 𝛼 10 + 𝛼11 + 𝛼12
+ 𝛼 14 + 𝛼 15 )
Also note that we have,
7
7
2π
𝛼 = (cis ( )) = cis(2π) = 1
7

and because the 𝛼 are roots of the equation 𝑧 7 − 1 = 0, we also have,

0 = 1 + 𝛼 + 𝛼 2 + 𝛼 3 + 𝛼 4 + 𝛼 5 + 𝛼 6 (sum of roots)
Now using the fact that 𝛼 7 = 1, we can simplify the terms in the above
expression to get,
0 = 𝑥 3 − (𝛼 + 𝛼 2 + 𝛼 3 + 𝛼 4 + 𝛼 5 + 𝛼 6 )𝑥 2
+ ((𝛼 3 + 𝛼 6 + 𝛼 1 + 𝛼 4 ) + (𝛼 4 + 𝛼 5 + 𝛼 2 + 𝛼 3 )
+ (𝛼 5 + 𝛼 6 + 𝛼 1 + 𝛼 2 ))𝑥
− (𝛼 6 + 1 + 𝛼 2 + 𝛼 3 + 𝛼 4 + 𝛼 5 + 1 + 𝛼 1 )
0 = 𝑥 3 − (𝛼 + 𝛼 2 + 𝛼 3 + 𝛼 4 + 𝛼 5 + 𝛼 6 )𝑥 2
+ ((𝛼 3 + 𝛼 6 + 𝛼 1 + 𝛼 4 ) + (𝛼 4 + 𝛼 5 + 𝛼 2 + 𝛼 3 )
+ (𝛼 5 + 𝛼 6 + 𝛼 1 + 𝛼 2 ))𝑥
− (𝛼 6 + 1 + 𝛼 2 + 𝛼 3 + 𝛼 4 + 𝛼 5 + 1 + 𝛼 1 )
0 = 𝑥 3 − (𝛼 + 𝛼 2 + 𝛼 3 + 𝛼 4 + 𝛼 5 + 𝛼 6 )𝑥 2 + 2(𝛼 + 𝛼 2 + 𝛼 3 + 𝛼 4 + 𝛼 5 + 𝛼 6 )𝑥
− ((1 + 𝛼 + 𝛼 2 + 𝛼 3 + 𝛼 4 + 𝛼 5 + 𝛼 6 ) + 1)

Which using the sum of roots result above becomes,

0 = 𝑥 3 − (−1)𝑥 2 + 2(−1)𝑥 − (0 + 1)
0 = 𝑥 3 + 𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 − 1

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Chapter 3 worked solutions – Complex numbers II: de Moivre and Euler

8a i Let 𝑧 = 𝑟cis(𝜃) be a fifth root of 1. Then,

𝑟 5 cis 5 (𝜃) = 1
𝑟 5 cis(5𝜃) = cos(0) = cis(0)
Hence 𝑟 = 1 and 5𝜃 = 2𝑛𝜋 where 𝑛 is an integer.
2𝑛
This means that 𝜃 = ( 5 ) 𝜋 and so

2𝜋 4𝜋
𝜃 = 0, ± ,±
5 5
2𝜋 4𝜋
𝑧 = cis(0), cis (± ) , cis (± )
5 5
2𝜋 4𝜋
𝑧 = 1, cis (± ) , cis (± )
5 5

8a ii Note that all roots have a modulus of 1 from the origin, and that the angle
2𝜋
between each of the roots in consecutive order is 5 radians. For example,
4𝜋
cis( ) 2𝜋
5
2𝜋 = cis( 5 ). Hence, the sections between consecutive roots equally divide 2𝜋
cis( )
5
into 5 parts, and because each root has modulus 1 the distance between each
root is equal. Thus, the roots form the 5 vertices of a regular pentagon.

8a iii Noting that the coefficient of 𝑧 4 in the equation 𝑧 5 − 1 = 0 is 0, the sum of the
roots is,
2𝜋 2𝜋 4𝜋 4𝜋
cis ( ) + cis (− ) + cis ( ) + cis (− ) + 1 = 0
5 5 5 5
2𝜋 2𝜋 2𝜋 2𝜋 4𝜋 4𝜋 4𝜋
cos ( ) + 𝑖 sin ( ) + cos ( ) − 𝑖 sin ( ) + cos ( ) + 𝑖 sin ( ) + cos ( )
5 5 5 5 5 5 5
4𝜋
− 𝑖 sin ( )+1= 0
5
2𝜋 4𝜋
2 cos + 2 cos +1=0
5 5
2𝜋 4𝜋 1
cos + cos =−
5 5 2

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Chapter 3 worked solutions – Complex numbers II: de Moivre and Euler

8b i (𝑧 − 1)(𝑧 4 + 𝑧 3 + 𝑧 2 + 𝑧 + 1)

= 𝑧 5 + 𝑧 4 + 𝑧 3 + 𝑧 2 + 𝑧 − (𝑧 4 + 𝑧 3 + 𝑧 2 + 𝑧 + 1)
= 𝑧5 − 1

8b ii Since the roots of 𝑧 5 − 1 = (𝑧 − 1)(𝑧 4 + 𝑧 3 + 𝑧 2 + 𝑧 + 1) are

2𝜋 4𝜋
𝑧 = cis (± ) , cis (± ),1
5 5

it follows that the roots of (𝑧 4 + 𝑧 3 + 𝑧 2 + 𝑧 + 1) are

2𝜋 4𝜋
𝑧 = cis (± ) , cis (± )
5 5

Factorising (𝑧 4 + 𝑧 3 + 𝑧 2 + 𝑧 + 1)
2𝜋 2𝜋 4𝜋 4𝜋
(𝑧 − cis ( )) (𝑧 − cis (− )) (𝑧 − cis (− )) (𝑧 − cis (− ))
5 5 5 5

2𝜋 2𝜋 2𝜋 2𝜋
= (𝑧 2 − 𝑧 (cis ( ) + cis (− )) + cis ( ) cis (− ))
5 5 5 5

4𝜋 4𝜋 4𝜋 4𝜋
(𝑧 2 − 𝑧 (cis ( ) + cis (− )) + cis ( ) cis (− ))
5 5 5 5

2𝜋 2𝜋
= (𝑧 2 − 𝑧 (cis ( ) + cis (− )) + cis(0))
5 5

4𝜋 4𝜋
(𝑧 2 − 𝑧 (cis ( 5 ) + cis (− )) + cis(0))
5

2𝜋 4𝜋
= (𝑧 2 − 2𝑧 cos + 1) (𝑧 2 − 2𝑧 cos + 1) (using cis(x) + cis(−x) = 2 cos 𝑥)
5 5
as required

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Chapter 3 worked solutions – Complex numbers II: de Moivre and Euler

8b iii Expanding the result from above we have,

2𝜋 4𝜋
(𝑧 2 − 2𝑧 cos + 1) (𝑧 2 − 2𝑧 cos + 1)
5 5
2𝜋 4𝜋 2𝜋 4𝜋
= 𝑧 4 + 𝑧 3 (−2 cos − 2 cos ) + 𝑧 2 (2 + 4cos cos )
5 5 5 5
2𝜋 4𝜋
+ 𝑧 (−2 cos − 2 cos ) + 1
5 5

Equating the coefficients of 𝑧 2 gives,

2𝜋 4𝜋
1 = 2 + 4cos cos
5 5
1 2𝜋 4𝜋
− = cos cos
4 5 5
2𝜋 4𝜋 1
Now from part a iii we also have the identity cos + cos = − 2. Subbing this
5 5
in above we get,
1 4𝜋 1 4𝜋
− = − (cos + ) cos
4 5 2 5
4𝜋 2 1 4𝜋 1
(cos ) + cos − =0
5 2 5 4
Solving this quadratic equation, we find,

1 1
4𝜋 − 2 ± √4 + 1
cos =
5 2
4𝜋 −1 ± √5
cos =
5 4
4𝜋
Now, cos < 0, and so we have,
5

4𝜋 −1 − √5
cos =
5 4
However,
4𝜋 4𝜋 𝜋
cos = −cos (𝜋 − ) = − cos ( )
5 5 5
Thus, we have,

𝜋 4𝜋 1 + √5
cos ( ) = − cos =
5 5 4

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Chapter 3 worked solutions – Complex numbers II: de Moivre and Euler

8c i
1
Let 𝑥 = 𝑢 + , then 𝑥 2 + 𝑥 − 1 = 0 becomes,
𝑢
1 2 1
(𝑢 + ) + (𝑢 + ) − 1 = 0
𝑢 𝑢
1 1
𝑢2 + 2 + 2
+𝑢+ −1 =0
𝑢 𝑢
1 1
𝑢2 + 2
+𝑢+ +1=0
𝑢 𝑢
𝑢4 + 1 + 𝑢3 + 𝑢 + 𝑢2 = 0
𝑢4 + 𝑢3 + 𝑢2 + 𝑢 + 1 = 0
2𝜋 4𝜋
Which has roots 𝑢 = cis (± ) , cis (± ) from part b. Hence,
5 5

2𝜋
For 𝑢 = cis ( ),
5
2𝜋 1
𝑥 = cis ( )+
5 2𝜋
cis ( )
5
2𝜋 2𝜋
= cis ( ) + cis (− )
5 5
2𝜋 2𝜋 2𝜋 2𝜋
= cos + 𝑖 sin + cos − 𝑖 sin
5 5 5 5
2𝜋
= 2 cos
5
2𝜋
For 𝑢 = cis (− ),
5
2𝜋 1
𝑥 = cis (− )+
5 2𝜋
cis (− )
5
2𝜋 2𝜋
= cis (− ) + cis ( )
5 5
2𝜋 2𝜋 2𝜋 2𝜋
= cos − 𝑖 sin + cos + 𝑖 sin
5 5 5 5
2𝜋
= 2 cos
5

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Chapter 3 worked solutions – Complex numbers II: de Moivre and Euler

4𝜋
For 𝑢 = cis ( ),
5
4𝜋 1
𝑥 = cis ( )+
5 4𝜋
cis ( )
5
4𝜋 4𝜋
= cis ( ) + cis (− )
5 5
4𝜋 4𝜋 4𝜋 4𝜋
= cos + 𝑖 sin + cos − 𝑖 sin
5 5 5 5
4𝜋
= 2 cos
5
4𝜋
For 𝑢 = cis (− ),
5
4𝜋 1
𝑥 = cis (− )+
5 4𝜋
cis (− )
5
4𝜋 4𝜋
= cis (− ) + cis ( )
5 5
4𝜋 4𝜋 4𝜋 4𝜋
= cos − 𝑖 sin + cos + 𝑖 sin
5 5 5 5
4𝜋
= 2 cos
5
2𝜋 4𝜋
Hence, the polynomial has roots 2 cos and 2 cos .
5 5

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Chapter 3 worked solutions – Complex numbers II: de Moivre and Euler

8c ii Using the above result to factorise the polynomial we have,

2𝜋 4𝜋
(𝑥 − 2 cos ) (𝑥 − 2 cos ) = 0
5 5
4𝜋 2𝜋 2𝜋 4𝜋
𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 (cos + cos ) + 4 cos cos =0
5 5 5 5
4𝜋 2𝜋 2𝜋 4𝜋
𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 (−cos (𝜋 − ) + cos ) − 4 cos cos (𝜋 − ) = 0
5 5 5 5
𝜋 2𝜋 2𝜋 𝜋
𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 (cos − cos ) − 4 cos cos = 0
5 5 5 5
Comparing coefficients with 𝑥 2 + 𝑥 − 1 = 0 we find that,
2𝜋 𝜋
4 cos cos = 1
5 5
2𝜋 𝜋 1
cos cos =
5 5 4

9a Let 𝑧 = 𝑟 cis(𝜃) be a ninth root of unity, so,

𝑧 9 = 𝑟 9 cis(9𝜃) = 1 = cis(0)
Hence, 𝑟 = 1 and 9𝜃 = 2𝑛𝜋, where 𝑛 is an integer. This gives,
2𝑛𝜋
𝜃= so
9
2𝜋 4𝜋 6𝜋 8𝜋
𝑧 = 1, cis (± ) , cis (± ) , cis (± ) , cis (± )
9 9 9 9

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Chapter 3 worked solutions – Complex numbers II: de Moivre and Euler

9b 𝑧9 − 1
= (𝑧 9 + 𝑧 6 + 𝑧 3 ) − (𝑧 6 + 𝑧 3 + 1)
= (𝑧 3 − 1)(𝑧 6 + 𝑧 3 + 1)

Writing 𝑧 9 − 1 as a product of factors gives

𝑧9 − 1
2𝜋 2𝜋 4𝜋 4𝜋
= (𝑧 − 1) (𝑧 − cis (− )) (𝑧 − cis ( )) (𝑧 − cis (− )) (𝑧 − cis ( ))
9 9 9 9

6𝜋 6𝜋 8𝜋 8𝜋
(𝑧 − cis (− )) (𝑧 − cis ( )) (𝑧 − cis (− )) (𝑧 − cis ( ))
9 9 9 9

Note that

(𝑧 − cis(𝑥))(𝑧 − cis(−𝑥))

= (𝑧 2 − 𝑧(cis(𝑥) + cis(−𝑥)) + (cis(0))

= 𝑧 2 − 𝑧(cos 𝑥 + 𝑖 sin 𝑥 + cos 𝑥 − 𝑖 sin 𝑥) + 1

= 𝑧 2 − 2𝑧 cos 𝑥 + 1
Thus
𝑧9 − 1
2𝜋 4𝜋
= (𝑧 − 1) (𝑧 2 − 2𝑧 cos + 1) (𝑧 2 − 2𝑧 cos + 1)
9 9
6𝜋 8𝜋
(𝑧 2 − 2𝑧 cos + 1) (𝑧 2 − 2𝑧 cos + 1)
9 9
2𝜋 4𝜋
= (𝑧 − 1) (𝑧 2 − 2𝑧 cos + 1) (𝑧 2 − 2𝑧 cos + 1)
9 9
2𝜋 8𝜋
(𝑧 2 − 2𝑧 cos + 1) (𝑧 2 − 2𝑧 cos + 1)
3 9
2𝜋 4𝜋
= (𝑧 − 1) (𝑧 2 − 2𝑧 cos + 1) (𝑧 2 − 2𝑧 cos + 1)
9 9
8𝜋
(𝑧 2 + 𝑧 + 1) (𝑧 2 − 2𝑧 cos + 1)
9

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Chapter 3 worked solutions – Complex numbers II: de Moivre and Euler

2𝜋
= (𝑧 − 1)(𝑧 2 + 𝑧 + 1) (𝑧 2 − 2𝑧 cos + 1)
9
4𝜋 8𝜋
(𝑧 2 − 2𝑧 cos + 1) (𝑧 2 − 2𝑧 cos + 1)
9 9
2𝜋 4𝜋 8𝜋
= (𝑧 3 − 1) (𝑧 2 − 2𝑧 cos + 1) (𝑧 2 − 2𝑧 cos + 1) (𝑧 2 − 2𝑧 cos + 1)
9 9 9
Hence using the result at the start of this question we have,
2𝜋 4𝜋 8𝜋
𝑧 6 + 𝑧 3 + 1 = (𝑧 2 − 2𝑧 cos + 1) (𝑧 2 − 2𝑧 cos + 1) (𝑧 2 − 2𝑧 cos + 1)
9 9 9

2𝜋 4𝜋 8𝜋
9c 𝑧 6 + 𝑧 3 + 1 = (𝑧 2 − 2𝑧 cos + 1) (𝑧 2 − 2𝑧 cos + 1) (𝑧 2 − 2𝑧 cos + 1)
9 9 9

Dividing both sides by 𝑧 3 gives,

2𝜋 4𝜋 8𝜋
𝑧 3 + 1 + 𝑧 −3 = (𝑧 − 2 cos + 𝑧 −1 ) (𝑧 − 2 cos + 𝑧 −1 ) (𝑧 − 2 cos + 𝑧 −1 )
9 9 9
2𝜋 4𝜋 8𝜋
𝑧 3 + 𝑧 −3 + 1 = (𝑧 + 𝑧 −1 − 2 cos ) (𝑧 + 𝑧 −1 − 2 cos ) (𝑧 + 𝑧 −1 − 2 cos )
9 9 9
Now
𝑧 𝑛 + 𝑧 −𝑛
= cis(𝑛𝜃) + cis(−𝑛𝜃)
= cos 𝑛𝜃 + 𝑖 sin 𝑛𝜃 + cos 𝑛𝜃 − 𝑖 sin 𝑛𝜃
= 2 cos 𝑛𝜃
Hence, the equation above becomes
2𝜋 4𝜋 8𝜋
2 cos 3𝜃 + 1 = 8 (cos 𝜃 − cos ) (cos 𝜃 − cos ) (cos 𝜃 − cos )
9 9 9

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Chapter 3 worked solutions – Complex numbers II: de Moivre and Euler

2𝜋
10a 𝜔 = cis ( 9 )

Let 𝑧 = 𝜔𝑘 then
𝑧 9 = (𝜔𝑘 )9
= (𝜔9 )𝑘
9 𝑘
2𝜋
= ((cis ( )) )
9
𝑘
= (cis(2𝜋))

= (1)𝑘
=1

10b (𝜔 − 1)(1 + 𝜔 + 𝜔2 + 𝜔3 + 𝜔4 + 𝜔5 + 𝜔6 + 𝜔7 + 𝜔8 )

= 𝜔 + 𝜔2 + 𝜔3 + 𝜔4 + 𝜔5 + 𝜔6 + 𝜔7 + 𝜔8 + 𝜔9
−(1 + 𝜔 + 𝜔2 + 𝜔3 + 𝜔4 + 𝜔5 + 𝜔6 + 𝜔7 + 𝜔8 )
= 𝜔9 − 1
Hence the equation
(𝜔 − 1)(1 + 𝜔 + 𝜔2 + 𝜔3 + 𝜔4 + 𝜔5 + 𝜔6 + 𝜔7 + 𝜔8 ) = 0
has the same roots as 𝜔9 − 1 = 0 which are the ninth roots of unity.
2𝜋
Hence, since 𝜔 = cis ( 9 ) ≠ 1 is a ninth root of unity we have,

1 + 𝜔 + 𝜔2 + 𝜔3 + 𝜔4 + 𝜔5 + 𝜔6 + 𝜔7 + 𝜔8 = 0
and so
𝜔 + 𝜔2 + 𝜔3 + 𝜔4 + 𝜔5 + 𝜔6 + 𝜔7 + 𝜔8 = −1

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Chapter 3 worked solutions – Complex numbers II: de Moivre and Euler

10c Now using the result of part b we have,

2𝜋 2𝜋 2 2𝜋 3 2𝜋 4 2𝜋 5
−1 = (cis ) + (cis ) + (cis ) + (cis ) + (cis )
9 9 9 9 9
2𝜋 6 2𝜋 7 2𝜋 8
+ (cis ) + (cis ) + (cis )
9 9 9
2𝜋 4𝜋 6𝜋 8𝜋 10𝜋 12𝜋 14𝜋 16𝜋
−1 = cis + cis + cis + cis + cis + cis + cis + cis
9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9
2𝜋 4𝜋 6𝜋 8𝜋 10𝜋 12𝜋
−1 = cis + cis + cis + cis + cis ( − 2𝜋) + cis ( − 2𝜋)
9 9 9 9 9 9
14𝜋 16𝜋
+ cis ( − 2𝜋) + cis ( − 2𝜋)
9 9
2𝜋 4𝜋 6𝜋 8𝜋 −8𝜋 6𝜋
−1 = cis + cis + cis + cis + cis ( ) + cis (− )
9 9 9 9 9 9
4𝜋 2𝜋
+ cis (− ) + cis (− )
9 9
2𝜋 2𝜋 4𝜋 4𝜋 6𝜋
−1 = cis + cis (− ) + cis + cis (− ) + cis
9 9 9 9 9
6𝜋 8𝜋 −8𝜋
+ cis (− ) + cis + cis ( )
9 9 9
Using the result cis(𝑥) + cis(−𝑥) = 2 cos 𝑥, the above equation becomes
2𝜋 4𝜋 8𝜋
2 cos + 2 cos − 1 + 2 cos = −1
9 9 9
2𝜋 4𝜋 8𝜋
2 cos + 2 cos + 2 cos =0
9 9 9
2𝜋 4𝜋 8𝜋
cos + cos − cos (𝜋 − ) = 0
9 9 9
2𝜋 4𝜋 𝜋
cos + cos − cos = 0
9 9 9
2𝜋 4𝜋 𝜋
cos + cos = cos
9 9 9

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Chapter 3 worked solutions – Complex numbers II: de Moivre and Euler

10d Using the result of part c

𝜋 2𝜋 4𝜋
cos cos cos
9 9 9
2𝜋 4𝜋 2𝜋 4𝜋
= (cos + cos ) (cos cos )
9 9 9 9
Using the result cis(𝑥) + cis(−𝑥) = 2 cos 𝑥, we can rewrite this in terms of 𝜔 as
1 1 1 1 1
= (𝜔 + + 𝜔2 + 2 ) ((𝜔 + ) (𝜔2 + 2 ))
8 𝜔 𝜔 𝜔 𝜔
1 2 1 1 1 1
= (𝜔 + 1 + 1 + 2 + 𝜔3 + 𝜔 + + 3 ) (𝜔2 + 2 )
8 𝜔 𝜔 𝜔 𝜔
1 4 2 1 1 1 1 1
= (𝜔 + 1 + 2𝜔2 + 2 + 1 + 4 + 𝜔5 + 𝜔 + 𝜔3 + + 𝜔 + 3 + + 5 )
8 𝜔 𝜔 𝜔 𝜔 𝜔 𝜔
1 1 1 1
= (( 3 + 2 + + 1 + 𝜔 + 𝜔2 + 𝜔3 + 𝜔4 + 𝜔5 )
8 𝜔 𝜔 𝜔
1 1 1 1 1 1
+ ( 5 + 4 + 3 + 2 + + 1 + 𝜔 + 𝜔2 + 𝜔3 ) − (𝜔3 + 3 ))
𝜔 𝜔 𝜔 𝜔 𝜔 𝜔

Now, using the result from part b, we have that

1 + 𝜔 + 𝜔2 + 𝜔3 + 𝜔4 + 𝜔5 + 𝜔6 + 𝜔7 + 𝜔8 = 0
Dividing this equation by 𝜔3 gives
1 1 1
3
+ 2 + + 1 + 𝜔 + 𝜔2 + 𝜔3 + 𝜔4 + 𝜔5 = 0
𝜔 𝜔 𝜔
And dividing it by 𝜔5 gives
1 1 1 1 1
5
+ 4 + 3 + 2 + + 1 + 𝜔 + 𝜔2 + 𝜔3 = 0
𝜔 𝜔 𝜔 𝜔 𝜔
Finally,
1 6𝜋 𝜋
𝜔3 + = 2 cos = 2 cos = −1
𝜔3 9 3
Subbing all of this into above gives,
𝜋 2𝜋 4𝜋 1 1
cos cos cos = (0 + 0 − (−1)) =
9 9 9 8 8

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Chapter 3 worked solutions – Complex numbers II: de Moivre and Euler

2𝜋 2𝜋 7
11a 𝜌7 = (cos + 𝑖 cos )
7 7

2𝜋 7
= (cis )
7
= cis(2𝜋)
=1
Hence 𝜌7 − 1 = 0, factorising gives
(𝜌 − 1)(1 + 𝜌 + 𝜌2 + ⋯ + 𝜌6 ) = 0
Since 𝜌 ≠ 1,
(1 + 𝜌 + 𝜌2 + ⋯ + 𝜌6 ) = 0

11b Since the equation has real coefficients, and 𝛼 is complex, the complex conjugate
must also be a root. Hence
𝛽=𝛼

= 𝜌 + 𝜌2 + 𝜌4

= 𝜌 + 𝜌2 + 𝜌4

2𝜋 2𝜋 2 2𝜋 4
= cis ( ) + cis ( ) + cis ( )
7 7 7
2𝜋 4𝜋 8𝜋
= cis ( ) + cis ( ) + cis ( )
7 7 7
2𝜋 4𝜋 8𝜋
= cis (− ) + cis (− ) + cis (− )
7 7 7
2𝜋 4𝜋 8𝜋
= cis (2𝜋 − ) + cis (2𝜋 − ) + cis (2𝜋 − )
7 7 7
12𝜋 10𝜋 6𝜋
= cis ( ) + cis ( ) + cis ( )
7 7 7
2𝜋 6 2𝜋 5 2𝜋 3
= cis ( ) + cis ( ) + cis ( )
7 7 7
= 𝜌6 + 𝜌5 + 𝜌3
So 𝛽 = 𝜌3 + 𝜌5 + 𝜌6

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Chapter 3 worked solutions – Complex numbers II: de Moivre and Euler

11c Using the sum of roots we have,

𝛼 + 𝛽 = −𝑎
Hence
𝑎 = −(𝛼 + 𝛽)
= −(𝜌 + 𝜌2 + 𝜌4 + 𝜌3 + 𝜌5 + 𝜌6 )
= −(−1) (from part b)
=1
Using the product of roots,
𝛼𝛽 = 𝑏
𝑏 = 𝛼𝛽
= (𝜌 + 𝜌2 + 𝜌4 )(𝜌3 + 𝜌5 + 𝜌6 )
= 𝜌4 + 𝜌6 + 𝜌7 + 𝜌5 + 𝜌7 + 𝜌8 + 𝜌7 + 𝜌9 + 𝜌10
= 𝜌4 + 𝜌6 + 1 + 𝜌5 + 1 + 𝜌 + 1 + 𝜌2 + 𝜌3 (since 𝜌7 = 1)
= 3 + 𝜌 + 𝜌2 + 𝜌4 + 𝜌3 + 𝜌5 + 𝜌6
= 3 + (−1) (from part b)
=2

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Chapter 3 worked solutions – Complex numbers II: de Moivre and Euler

11d From part c we know that at the root 𝛼 the polynomial has the form
𝛼 2 + 𝛼 + 2 = 0. Solving for 𝛼 gives

−1 ± √1 − 8 −1 ± √−7 −1 ± √7𝑖
𝛼= = =
2 2 2
Also we have
𝛼
= 𝜌 + 𝜌2 + 𝜌4
2π 4π 8π
= cis ( ) + cis ( ) + cis ( )
7 7 7
2π 2𝜋 4π 4𝜋 8π 8𝜋
= cos ( ) + 𝑖 sin ( ) + cos ( ) + 𝑖 sin ( ) + cos ( ) + 𝑖 sin ( )
7 7 7 7 7 7
Equating real and imaginary parts in the expressions for 𝛼, we have

√7 2𝜋 4𝜋 8𝜋
± = sin ( ) + sin ( ) + sin ( )
2 7 7 7
√7 2𝜋 4𝜋 8𝜋
± = sin ( ) + sin (𝜋 − ) + sin (𝜋 − )
2 7 7 7
√7 2𝜋 3𝜋 𝜋
± = sin ( ) + sin ( ) + sin (− )
2 7 7 7
√7 2𝜋 3𝜋 𝜋
± = sin ( ) + sin ( ) − sin ( )
2 7 7 7
Now because sin is an increasing function in the first quadrant, we have
2𝜋 𝜋 2𝜋 3𝜋 𝜋
sin ( 7 ) > sin ( 7 ). Hence, sin ( 7 ) + sin ( 7 ) − sin ( 7 ) > 0 and as such we find

√7 2𝜋 3𝜋 𝜋
= sin ( ) + sin ( ) − sin ( )
2 7 7 7

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Chapter 3 worked solutions – Complex numbers II: de Moivre and Euler

Solutions to Exercise 3C Enrichment questions

12ai cis 4𝜃
= 𝑐𝑖𝑠 𝜃 4 (By de Moivre)
= cos 𝜃 + 4𝑖 cos 𝜃 sin 𝜃 − 6 cos 2 𝜃 sin2 𝜃 − 4𝑖 cos 𝜃 sin3 𝜃 + sin4 𝜃
4 3

Equating real and imaginary parts:

cos 4𝜃 = cos 4 𝜃 − 6 cos2 𝜃 sin2 𝜃 + sin4 𝜃
sin 4𝜃 = 4 cos3 𝜃 sin 𝜃 − 4 cos 𝜃 sin3 𝜃

12aii So for cos 4𝜃 ≠ 0 we have

tan 𝜃
1
4 cos3 𝜃 sin 𝜃 − 4 cos 𝜃 sin3 𝜃 cos 4𝜃
= × (cos 𝜃 ≠ 0)
cos4 𝜃 − 6 cos2 𝜃 sin2 𝜃 + sin4 𝜃 1
cos 4 𝜃
4 tan 𝜃 − 4 tan3 𝜃
=
1 − 6 tan2 𝜃 + tan4 𝜃

1 1
12aiii Let 𝜃 = tan−1 3, then tan 𝜃 = 3 and taking tan of the RHS of the equation gives,
1
tan (4 tan−1 3)

= tan 4𝜃
4 tan 𝜃 − 4 tan3 𝜃
=
1 − 6 tan2 𝜃 + tan4 𝜃
1 1
4. 3 − 4. 27 81
= ×
1 1 81
1 − 6. 9 + 81

108 − 12
=
81 − 54 + 1
24
=
7
1 24
Taking the inverse then gives 4 tan−1 3 = tan−1 .
7

𝜋 1
Note: 𝜃 < 4 (tan 𝜃 = 3) and tan 4𝜃 > 0, so all angles are in the first quadrant.

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Chapter 3 worked solutions – Complex numbers II: de Moivre and Euler

12b Let 𝑧 be a fourth root, then 𝑖𝑧, −𝑧, −𝑖𝑧 are also fourth roots.
Now let 𝑧 = 𝑟cis 𝜃, where 𝜃 is acute. Then,
7 24
𝑟 4 cis 4𝜃 = 7 + 24𝑖 = 25 ( + 𝑖)
25 25
24 24
Hence, 𝑟 4 = 25, i.e., 𝑟 = √5, and tan 4𝜃 = , i.e. 4𝜃 = tan−1
7 7
1
It follows from part a that 𝜃 = tan−1 3.
1
Hence, 𝑧 = √5 (𝑐𝑖𝑠 𝜃), where 𝜃 is acute and tan 𝜃 = .
3

Thus, using Pythagoras the diagonal of the right angle formed by 𝜃 is √10, and
we can calculate sin 𝜃 and cos 𝜃, giving
𝑧
3 1
= √5 ( +𝑖 )
√10 √10
3 𝑖
= +
√2 √2
1
= (3 + 𝑖)
√2
The other roots are then:
1
𝑖𝑧 = (−1 + 3𝑖)
√2
1
−𝑧 = − (3 + 𝑖)
√2
1
−𝑖𝑧 = (1 − 3𝑖)
√2

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Chapter 3 worked solutions – Complex numbers II: de Moivre and Euler

13a The LHS is a 7th degree polynomial, so there should be 7 roots.

Clearly 𝑧 = 0 is not a solution of (𝑧 + 1)8 − 𝑧 8 = 0.
Diving by 𝑧 then gives gives,

1 8
(1 + ) − 1 = 0
𝑧
1
Or 𝑤 8 − 1 = 0, where 𝑤 = 1 + 𝑧, excluding 𝑤 = 1 since 𝑧 is undefined there.

Let 𝑤 = cis 𝜃 and 1 = cis 2𝑘𝜋, for 𝑘 an integer, then

cis 8𝜃 = cis 2𝑘𝜋
So,
𝑘𝜋
𝜃= , 𝑘 = ±1, ±2, ±3, 4 (𝑘 ≠ 0, since 𝑤 ≠ 1)
4
Thus,
1 𝑘𝜋
1+ = cis
𝑧 4
Or,
𝑘𝜋
1 ̅̅̅̅ 8
𝑐𝑖𝑠
𝑧= × (Noting the half angle in the given roots)
𝑘𝜋 𝑘𝜋
cis 4 − 1 𝑐𝑖𝑠 ̅̅̅̅ 8
𝑘𝜋 𝑘𝜋
cos 8 − 𝑖 sin 8
𝑧=
𝑘𝜋 𝑘𝜋
cis 8 − 𝑐𝑖𝑠
̅̅̅̅ 8
𝑘𝜋 𝑘𝜋
cos 8 − 𝑖 sin 8
𝑧=
𝑘𝜋
2i sin 8
1 𝑘𝜋
𝑧 = − (𝑖 cot + 1) 𝑘 = ±1, ±2, ±3, 4
2 8
Thus, we have
1
𝑧=− (for 𝑘 = 4)
2
or
1 𝑘𝜋
𝑧 = − (1 ± 𝑖 cot ) 𝑘 = 1, 2, 3 (since cot is odd)
2 8

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Chapter 3 worked solutions – Complex numbers II: de Moivre and Euler

13b By the factor theorem for polynomials, and the roots of part a,
(𝑧 + 1)8 − 𝑧 8
1 1 𝜋 1 𝜋
= 8 (𝑧 + ) (𝑧 + (1 + 𝑖 cot )) (𝑧 + (1 − 𝑖 cot ))
2 2 8 2 8

1 𝜋 1 𝜋
× (𝑧 + (1 + 𝑖 cot )) (𝑧 + (1 − 𝑖 cot ))
2 4 2 4

1 3𝜋 1 3𝜋
× (𝑧 + (1 + 𝑖 cot )) (𝑧 + (1 − 𝑖 cot ))
2 8 2 8

1 𝜋 1 𝜋
= 4(2𝑧 + 1) (𝑧 2 + 𝑧 + (1 + cot 2 )) (𝑧 2 + 𝑧 + (1 + cot 2 ))
4 8 4 4

1 3𝜋
× (𝑧 2 + 𝑧 + (1 + cot 2 )) (∗)
4 8

1 𝜋 1 1 3𝜋
= 4(2𝑧 + 1) (𝑧 2 + 𝑧 + csc 2 ) (𝑧 2 + 𝑧 + ) (𝑧 2 + 𝑧 + (1 + csc 2 ))
4 8 2 4 8
1 𝜋 3𝜋
= (2𝑧 + 1) (4𝑧 2 + 4𝑧 + csc 2 ) (2𝑧 2 + 2𝑧 + 1) (4𝑧 2 + 4𝑧 + + csc 2 )
8 8 8

13c
1 cos 2𝜃
Sub (𝑧 + ) = into (∗) above to get:
2 2
RHS (⁎)
cos2 2𝜃 1 𝜋 cos 2 2𝜃 1 𝜋 cos 2 2𝜃 1 3𝜋
= 4 cos 2𝜃 ( + cot 2 ) ( + cot 2 ) ( + cot 2 )
4 4 8 4 4 4 4 4 8
1 𝜋 𝜋
= cos 2𝜃 (cos2 2𝜃 + cot 2 ) (cos 2 2𝜃 + 1) (cos 2 2𝜃 + cot 2 )
16 8 8
Then we have.
LHS (⁎)

cos 2𝜃 1 8 cos 2𝜃 1 8
=( + ) −( − )
2 2 2 2
= (cos 2 𝜃)8 − (sin2 𝜃)8 (double angle formulae)
= cos16 𝜃 − sin16 𝜃

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Chapter 3 worked solutions – Complex numbers II: de Moivre and Euler

2𝜋 2𝜋
14 𝑤 3 = 1, 𝑤 ≠ 1, so 𝑤 = cis or cis
̅̅̅̅
3 3

Note: the conjugate roots since the polynomial equation has real roots.
2𝜋 2𝑘𝜋
For 𝑤 = cis , suppose 𝑤 𝑘 = 1, then cis = 1. (by De Moivre)
3 3
2𝑘𝜋
So cis is a multiple of 2𝜋.
3

Hence, 𝑘 is a multiple of 3.
2𝜋
Likewise, for 𝑤 = cis
̅̅̅̅ .
3

14a If 𝑤 3 = 1 it follows that (𝑤 3 )𝑘 = 1.

Hence, (𝑤 𝑘 )3 − 1 = 0 or (𝑤 𝑘 − 1)(𝑤 2𝑘 + 𝑤 𝑘 + 1) = 0.
Either 𝑤 𝑘 − 1 = 0, in which case 𝑘 is a multiple of 3. And,
𝑤 2𝑘 + 𝑤 𝑘 + 1
= (𝑤 𝑘 )2 + (𝑤 𝑘 ) + 1
=1+1+1
=3
Or
𝑤 2𝑘 + 𝑤 𝑘 + 1 = 0
in which case 𝑘 is not a multiple of 3.
Thus,
𝑤 2𝑘 + 𝑤 𝑘 + 1 = 3 if 𝑘 is a multiple of 3 and = 0 otherwise.

14b
𝑛 𝑛
𝑛 𝑛 𝑟 2 )𝑛
(1 + 𝑤) = ∑ 𝐶𝑟 𝑤 and (1 + 𝑤 = ∑ 𝑛 𝐶𝑟 𝑤2𝑟
𝑟=0 𝑟=0

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Chapter 3 worked solutions – Complex numbers II: de Moivre and Euler

14c RHS
1 𝑛
= (2 + (1 + 𝑤 )𝑛 + (1 + 𝑤 2 )𝑛 )
3
1
= ((1 + 1)𝑛 + (1 + 𝑤 )𝑛 + (1 + 𝑤 2 )𝑛 )
3
𝑛
1
= ∑( 𝑛 𝐶𝑟 + 𝑛 𝐶𝑟 𝑤𝑟 + 𝑛 𝐶𝑟 𝑤2𝑟 )
3
𝑟=0
𝑛
1
= ∑ 𝑛 𝐶𝑟 (1 + 𝑤𝑟 + 𝑤2𝑟 )
3
𝑟=0

1 𝑛
= ( 𝐶0 . 3 + 𝑛 𝐶3 . 3 + 𝑛 𝐶6 . 3 + ⋯ + 𝑛 𝐶3𝑙 . 3) (All other terms zero by part a. )
3
= 𝑛 𝐶0 + 𝑛 𝐶3 + 𝑛 𝐶6 + ⋯ + 𝑛 𝐶3𝑙
= LHS

14d Since 𝑛 is a multiple of 6, 3𝑙 = 𝑛 with 𝑙 even. From part c we have,

1
𝑛
𝐶0 + 𝑛 𝐶3 + 𝑛 𝐶6 + ⋯ + 𝑛 𝐶𝑛 = (2𝑛 + (1 + 𝑤 )𝑛 + (1 + 𝑤 2 )𝑛 ) (⁎)
3

Let 𝑘 = 1 in 1 + 𝑤 𝑘 + 𝑤 2𝑘 , to give,
1 + 𝑤 + 𝑤2 = 0 (By part a.)
Hence, 1 + 𝑤 = −𝑤 2 and 1 + 𝑤 2 = −𝑤
Thus, RHS of (⁎) becomes
1 𝑛
= (2 + (−𝑤 2 )𝑛 + (−𝑤 )𝑛 )
3
1 𝑛
= (2 + (𝑤 𝑛 )2 + 𝑤 𝑛 ) (Since n is even. )
3
1 𝑛
= (2 + (𝑤 2𝑛 + 𝑤 𝑛 + 1) − 1)
3
1 𝑛
= (2 + 3 − 1) (By part a, since n is a multiple of 3. )
3
1 𝑛
= (2 + 2)
3

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Chapter 3 worked solutions – Complex numbers II: de Moivre and Euler

15a (𝑧 + 1)2𝑛 + (𝑧 − 1)2𝑛 = 0

So, 𝑧 ≠ 1, −1. Hence, by rearranging,
2𝑛
(𝑧 + 1)
( ) = −1 = cis (2𝑘 + 1)𝜋, for integer 𝑘
(𝑧 − 1)

Thus, by de Moivre,
𝑧+1
𝑧−1
(2𝑘 + 1)𝜋
= cis
2𝑛
(2𝑘 + 1)𝜋
= cis 2𝛼, where 𝛼 =
4𝑛
(2𝑘+1)𝜋
Also, for principal values −𝜋 < ≤ 𝜋. Hence,
2𝑛

−2𝑛 < 2𝑘 + 1 ≤ 2𝑛
−2𝑛 − 1 < 2𝑘 ≤ 2𝑛 − 1
Hence,
1 1
−𝑛 − < 𝑘 ≤ 𝑛 − or − 𝑛 ≤ 𝑘 ≤ 𝑛 − 1
2 2
Now,
𝑧 + 1 = (𝑧 − 1)cis 2𝛼
or
𝑧(cis 2𝛼 − 1) = cis 2𝛼 + 1
Thus, we have
𝑧
cis 2𝛼 + 1
=
cis 2𝛼 − 1
cis 2𝛼 + 1 𝑐𝑖𝑠
̅̅̅̅ 𝛼
= × (Using the half angle result. )
cis 2𝛼 − 1 𝑐𝑖𝑠
̅̅̅̅ 𝛼
cis 𝛼 + 𝑐𝑖𝑠
̅̅̅̅ 𝛼
= (See also Exercise 3A, Q18 and Exercise 3C, Q13. )
cis 𝛼 − 𝑐𝑖𝑠
̅̅̅̅ 𝛼
2 cos 𝛼
=
2𝑖 sin 𝛼
= −𝑖 cot 𝛼

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Chapter 3 worked solutions – Complex numbers II: de Moivre and Euler

(2𝑘 + 1)𝜋
= −𝑖 cot , −𝑛 ≤ 𝑘 ≤ 𝑛 − 1
4𝑛
Writing these in conjugate pairs (a polynomial equation with real coefficients):
𝜋 𝜋 3𝜋 3𝜋 (2𝑛 − 1)𝜋 (2𝑛 − 1)𝜋
𝑧 = −𝑖 cot , 𝑖 cot , −𝑖 cot , 𝑖 cot , … , −𝑖 cot , 𝑖 cot
4𝑛 4𝑛 4𝑛 4𝑛 4𝑛 4𝑛
(𝑘 = 0) (𝑘 = −1) (𝑘 = 1) (𝑘 = −2) (𝑘 = 𝑛 − 1) (𝑘 = −𝑛)

15b 𝑂𝑃1 2 + 𝑂𝑃2 2 + ⋯ + 𝑂𝑃2𝑛 2

= |𝑧1 |2 + |𝑧2 |2 + ⋯+|𝑧2𝑛 |2

= |𝑧1 2 | + |𝑧2 2 | + ⋯ + |𝑧2𝑛 2 |

= −𝑧1 2 − 𝑧2 2 + ⋯ − 𝑧2𝑛 2 (Since each root is imaginary.)
= −(𝑧1 2 + 𝑧2 2 + ⋯ + 𝑧2𝑛 2 )
Which is the opposite of the sum of squares of roots.
Now, (sum of square roots) = (sum of square roots)2 – 2(sum of roots in pairs)
Also, (𝑧 + 1)2𝑛 + (𝑧 − 1)2𝑛 = 0
Hence, the leading terms are:
𝑧2𝑛 + 2𝑛 𝐶1 𝑧2𝑛−1 + 2𝑛 𝐶2 𝑧2𝑛−2 + ⋯ + 1 + 𝑧2𝑛 − 2𝑛 𝐶1 𝑧2𝑛−1 + 2𝑛
𝐶2 𝑧2𝑛−2 + ⋯ + 1 = 0

Cancelling opposite terms and dividing by 2, gives

𝑧 2𝑛 + 2𝑛
𝐶2 𝑧 2𝑛−2 + ⋯ + 1 = 0

Hence, looking at the above polynomial we see that the sum of the roots = 0 and
the sum of the roots in pairs = 2𝑛 𝐶2 .
Thus,

𝑂𝑃1 2 + 𝑂𝑃2 2 + ⋯ + 𝑂𝑃2𝑛 2

= 02 − 2.2𝑛 𝐶2
(2𝑛)!
= 2.
(2𝑛 − 2)! .2!
= 2𝑛(2𝑛 − 1)

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Chapter 3 worked solutions – Complex numbers II: de Moivre and Euler

Solutions to Exercise 3D Foundation questions

3
1a (𝑒 𝑖𝜃 ) = 𝑒 𝑖𝜃×3 = 𝑒 3𝑖𝜃

6
1b (𝑒 −𝑖𝜃 ) = 𝑒 −𝑖𝜃×6 = 𝑒 −6𝑖𝜃

4
1c (𝑒 2𝑖𝜃 ) = 𝑒 2𝑖𝜃×4 = 𝑒 8𝑖𝜃

−2
1d (𝑒 −5𝑖𝜃 ) = 𝑒 −5𝑖𝜃×−2 = 𝑒 10𝑖𝜃

2a 𝑒 𝑖𝜃 × 𝑒 −2𝑖𝜃 = 𝑒 𝑖𝜃−2𝑖𝜃 = 𝑒 −𝑖𝜃

2b
𝑒 6𝑖𝜃
= 𝑒 6𝑖𝜃−3𝑖𝜃 = 𝑒 3𝑖𝜃
𝑒 3𝑖𝜃

−2 −5
2c (𝑒 4𝑖𝜃 ) × (𝑒 −2𝑖𝜃 )

= 𝑒 −8𝑖𝜃 × 𝑒 10𝑖𝜃

= 𝑒 −8𝑖𝜃+10𝑖𝜃 = 𝑒 2𝑖𝜃
2d
3 −4
(𝑒 2𝑖𝜃 ) × (𝑒 −3𝑖𝜃 )
(𝑒 −𝑖𝜃 )2
𝑒 6𝑖𝜃 × 𝑒 12𝑖𝜃
=
𝑒 −2𝑖𝜃
𝑒 6𝑖𝜃+12𝑖𝜃
=
𝑒 −2𝑖𝜃
𝑒 18𝑖𝜃
=
𝑒 −2𝑖𝜃
= 𝑒 18𝑖𝜃−(−2𝑖𝜃)

= 𝑒 20𝑖𝜃

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Chapter 3 worked solutions – Complex numbers II: de Moivre and Euler
𝜋 𝜋
3a 2𝑖 = 2𝑒 2 𝑖 (note that 𝑖 = 𝑒 2 𝑖 )

3b 1+𝑖
−1 1
= √12 + 12 𝑒 𝑖×tan 1

𝜋
= √2 𝑒 𝑖 4

3c −6
−1 0)
= √02 + (−6)2 𝑒 𝑖(𝜋−tan 6

= 6𝑒 𝑖𝜋

3d −1 + √3𝑖
√3
2 𝑖(𝜋−tan−1 )
1
= √(−1)2 + (√3) 𝑒

2𝑖𝜋
= 2𝑒 3

3e −3 − 3𝑖
−1 3)
= √(−3)2 + (−3)2 𝑒 𝑖(−𝜋+tan 3

3𝑖𝜋
= √18𝑒 − 4

3𝑖𝜋
= 3√2𝑒 − 4

3f 2√3 − 2𝑖
2
2 𝑖 tan−1 (− )
= √(2√3) + (−2)2 𝑒 2√3

𝑖𝜋
= √16𝑒 − 6
𝑖𝜋
= 4𝑒 − 6

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Chapter 3 worked solutions – Complex numbers II: de Moivre and Euler

4a 5𝑒 𝑖𝜋
= 5(cos 𝜋 + 𝑖 sin 𝜋)
= 5(−1 + 0𝑖)
= −5

4b
𝑖𝜋
𝑒3
𝜋 𝜋
= cos + 𝑖 sin
3 3
1 √3
= + 𝑖
2 2

4c
𝑖𝜋
4𝑒 − 2
𝜋 𝜋
= 4 (cos − 𝑖 sin )
2 2
= 4(0 − 𝑖)
= −4𝑖

4d
5𝑖𝜋
2𝑒 6

5𝜋 5𝜋
= 2 (cos + 𝑖 sin )
6 6
√3 1
= 2 (− + 𝑖)
2 2

= −√3 + 𝑖

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Chapter 3 worked solutions – Complex numbers II: de Moivre and Euler

𝑖𝜋
4e 2√2𝑒 − 4
𝜋 𝜋
= 2√2 (cos − 𝑖 sin )
4 4
1 𝑖
= 2√2 ( − )
√2 √2
= 2 − 2𝑖

2𝑖𝜋
4f 4√3𝑒 − 3

2𝜋 2𝜋
= 4√3 (cos − 𝑖 sin )
3 3
1 𝑖√3
= 4√3 (− − )
2 2

= −2√3 − 6𝑖

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Chapter 3 worked solutions – Complex numbers II: de Moivre and Euler

Solutions to Exercise 3D Development questions

5a 𝑧𝑤 = (1 + √3𝑖)(1 − 𝑖)
𝜋 𝜋
= (2𝑒 𝑖 3 ) (√2𝑒 −𝑖 4 )
𝜋
= 2√2𝑒 𝑖 12

5b
𝑤 (1 − 𝑖)
=
𝑧 (1 + √3𝑖)
𝜋
(√2𝑒 −𝑖 4 )
= 𝜋
(2𝑒 𝑖 3 )

1 7𝜋
= 𝑒 −𝑖 12
√2

3
5c 𝑧 3 𝑤 = (1 + √3𝑖) (1 − 𝑖)
𝜋 3 𝜋
= (2𝑒 𝑖 3 ) (√2𝑒 −𝑖 4 )
𝜋
= 8𝑒 𝑖𝜋 (√2𝑒 −𝑖 4 )
3𝜋
= 8√2𝑒 𝑖 4
5d
2
𝑧 2 (1 + √3𝑖)
=
𝑤 (1 − 𝑖)
𝜋 2
(2𝑒 𝑖 3 )
= 𝜋
(√2𝑒 −𝑖 4 )
𝑖2𝜋
4𝑒 3
= 𝜋
(√2𝑒 −𝑖 4 )
𝑖11𝜋
= 2√2𝑒 12

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Chapter 3 worked solutions – Complex numbers II: de Moivre and Euler

6
6a (√3 + 𝑖)
𝜋 6
𝑖
= (2𝑒 6)

= (2)6 𝑒 𝑖𝜋
= 26 (−1)
= −64

6b (−1 + 𝑖)5
3𝜋 5
= (√2𝑒 𝑖 4 )

5 15𝜋
= (√2) 𝑒 𝑖 4

4 𝜋
= (√2) √2𝑒 −𝑖 4
4
= (√2) (1 − 𝑖)

= 4 − 4𝑖

6c
−8
1 √3
( − 𝑖)
2 2
𝜋 −8
= (𝑒 −𝑖 3 )
8𝜋
= 𝑒𝑖 3
2𝜋
= 𝑒𝑖 3

1 √3
=− + 𝑖
2 2

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Chapter 3 worked solutions – Complex numbers II: de Moivre and Euler

4
6d (−3 − 3√3𝑖)
2𝜋 4
−𝑖
= (6𝑒 3 )

8𝜋
= 1296 𝑒 −𝑖 3
2𝜋
= 1296 𝑒 −𝑖 3

1 √3
= 1296 (− − 𝑖)
2 2

= −648 − 648√3𝑖

7a 𝑧10 − 𝑤 10 = 2𝑖
10
1+𝑖 1 − 𝑖 10
( ) −( )
√2 √2
𝜋 10 𝜋 10
= (𝑒 𝑖 4 ) − (𝑒 −𝑖 4 )
10𝜋 10𝜋
= 𝑒𝑖 4 − 𝑒 −𝑖 4

2𝜋 2𝜋
= 𝑒 𝑖 4 − 𝑒 −𝑖 4
𝜋 𝜋
= 𝑒 𝑖 2 − 𝑒 −𝑖 2
= 𝑖 − (−𝑖)
= 2𝑖

7b 1 + 𝑧 + 𝑧2 + 𝑧3 + 𝑧4
𝜋 𝜋 2 𝜋 3 𝜋 4
= 1 + (𝑒 𝑖 4 ) + (𝑒 𝑖 4 ) + (𝑒 𝑖 4 ) + (𝑒 𝑖 4 )
𝜋 𝜋 3𝜋
= 1 + 𝑒 𝑖 4 + 𝑒 𝑖 2 + 𝑒 𝑖 4 + 𝑒 𝑖𝜋
1 1
= 1+ (1 + 𝑖) + 𝑖 + (−1 + 𝑖) − 1
√2 √2
2
= 𝑖+𝑖
√2
= (√2 + 1)𝑖

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Chapter 3 worked solutions – Complex numbers II: de Moivre and Euler

5 5
8a (1 + √3𝑖) (1 − 𝑖)4 + (1 − √3𝑖) (1 + 𝑖)4
5𝜋 4 4𝜋 5𝜋 4 4𝜋
= (2)5 𝑒 𝑖 3 (√2) 𝑒 −𝑖 4 + (2)5 𝑒 −𝑖 3 (√2) 𝑒 𝑖 4
5𝜋 5𝜋
= 32𝑒 𝑖( 3 −2𝜋) (−4) + 32𝑒 −𝑖( 3 −2𝜋) (−4)
𝜋 𝜋
= 32𝑒 −𝑖 3 (−4) + 32𝑒 𝑖 3 (−4)
𝜋 𝜋
= −128𝑒 −𝑖 3 − 128𝑒 𝑖 3

1 √3 1 √3
= −128 ( − 𝑖+( + 𝑖))
2 2 2 2

= −128
8b
5 5
(1 + √3𝑖) (1 − √3𝑖)
4
+
(1 − 𝑖) (1 + 𝑖)4
𝜋 𝜋
32𝑒 −𝑖 3 32𝑒 𝑖 3
= + (Using the exponetional forms found in part a)
(−4) (−4)
𝜋 𝜋
= 8𝑒 −𝑖 3 − 8𝑒 𝑖 3

1 √3 1 √3
= −8 ( − 𝑖+( + 𝑖))
2 2 2 2

= −8

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Chapter 3 worked solutions – Complex numbers II: de Moivre and Euler

9a 1 + 𝑧4
4
= 1 + (𝑒 𝑖𝜃 )

= 1 + 𝑒 4𝑖𝜃
= 1 + cos 4𝜃 + 𝑖 sin 4𝜃
= 1 + (cos 2 2𝜃 − sin2 2𝜃) + 𝑖(2 sin 2𝜃 cos 2𝜃)
= 1 − sin2 2𝜃 + cos 2 2𝜃 + 2𝑖 sin 2𝜃 cos 2𝜃
= cos2 2𝜃 + cos2 2𝜃 + 2𝑖 sin 𝜃 cos 𝜃
= 2 cos2 2𝜃 + 2𝑖 sin 2𝜃 cos 2𝜃
= 2 cos 2𝜃 (cos 2𝜃 + 𝑖 sin 2𝜃)
= 2 cos 2𝜃 cis 2𝜃
9b
1 + 𝑧4
1 + 𝑧 −4
𝑧 4 (1 + 𝑧 4 )
=
𝑧4 + 1
= 𝑧4
= (cis 𝜃)4
= cis 4𝜃

10a (1 − 𝑖)𝑧 2
𝑖𝜋 2
= (√2𝑒 − 4 ) (𝑟𝑒 𝑖𝜃 )

𝑖𝜋
= √2𝑟 2 𝑒 − 4 𝑒 𝑖2𝜃
𝜋
= √2𝑟 2 𝑒 𝑖(2𝜃− 4 )
1
= √2𝑟 2 𝑒 𝑖4(8𝜃−𝜋)

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Chapter 3 worked solutions – Complex numbers II: de Moivre and Euler

10b

1 + √3𝑖
𝑧
𝑖𝜋
2𝑒 3
= 𝑖𝜃
𝑟𝑒
𝑖𝜋
2𝑒 3 𝑒 −𝑖𝜃
=
𝑟
𝜋
2𝑒 𝑖( 3 −𝜃)
=
𝑟
1
2𝑒 3𝑖(𝜋−3𝜃)
=
𝑟

11a (1 + 𝑖)𝑛
𝜋 𝑛
𝑖
= (√2𝑒 4)

𝑛 𝑛𝜋
= (√2) 𝑒 𝑖 4

This is real when the imaginary part of the exponent is a multiple of 2𝜆𝜋 or
𝑛𝜋
2𝜆𝜋 ± 𝜋, that is, when 4 = 2𝜋𝜆 ± 𝜋 or 2𝜆𝜋 where 𝜆 is an integer.

So 𝑛 = 8𝜆 ± 4 or 8𝜆. Hence 𝑛 = 0, 4, 8 ….
Therefore (1 + 𝑖)𝑛 is real when 𝑛 is divisible by 4.

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Chapter 3 worked solutions – Complex numbers II: de Moivre and Euler

11b (1 − 𝑖)𝑛
𝜋 𝑛
= (√2𝑒 −𝑖 4 )
𝑛 𝑛𝜋
= (√2) 𝑒 −𝑖 4

This is purely imaginary when the imaginary part of the exponent is of the form
𝜋 𝑛𝜋 𝜋
2𝜆𝜋 ± 2 where 𝜆 is an integer, that is, when − 4 = 2𝜋𝜆 ± 2 where 𝜆 is an integer.
So,
𝜋
𝑛𝜋 = −4 (2𝜆𝜋 ± )
2
Absorbing the minus sign into 𝜆 then gives,
𝑛 = 8𝜆 ± 2 where 𝜆 is an integer
Hence the positive values of 𝑛 are 𝑛 = 2, 6, 10 …

𝑛
11c (√3 − 𝑖)
𝜋 𝑛
= (2𝑒 −𝑖 6 )
𝑖𝑛𝜋
= 2𝑛 𝑒 − 6

This is real when the imaginary part of the exponent is a multiple of 2𝜆𝜋 or
𝑛𝜋
2𝜆𝜋 ± 𝜋 where 𝜆 is an integer, that is, when − 6 = 2𝜋𝜆 ± 𝜋 or 2𝜆𝜋 where 𝜆 is an
integer. Hence,
𝑛 = −6(2𝜆 ± 1) or 𝑛 = −12𝜆
Absorbing the minus signs into 𝜆 we that the positive values of 𝑛 are,
𝑛 = 0, 6, 12, 18, . ..
That is, 𝑛 is divisible by 6.

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Chapter 3 worked solutions – Complex numbers II: de Moivre and Euler

𝑛
11d (1 + √3𝑖)
𝑖𝜋 𝑛
= (2𝑒 3 )

𝑖𝑛𝜋
= 2𝑛 𝑒 3

This is purely imaginary when the imaginary part of the exponent is of the form
𝜋 𝑛𝜋 𝜋
2𝜆𝜋 ± 2 where 𝜆 is an integer, that is, when 3 = 2𝜋𝜆 ± 2 where 𝜆 is an integer.
So,
1
𝑛 = 3 (2𝜆 ± )
2
Hence, the positive values of 𝑛 are,
3 9 15
𝑛= , , ,…
2 2 2

12a i 𝑒 𝑛𝑖𝜃 + 𝑒 −𝑛𝑖𝜃

= cos 𝑛𝜃 + 𝑖 sin 𝑛𝜃 + cos 𝑛𝜃 − 𝑖 sin 𝑛𝜃
= 2 cos 𝑛𝜃

12a ii 𝑒 𝑛𝑖𝜃 − 𝑒 −𝑛𝑖𝜃

= cos 𝑛𝜃 + 𝑖 sin 𝑛𝜃 − (cos 𝑛𝜃 − 𝑖 sin 𝑛𝜃)
= 2𝑖 sin 𝑛𝜃

12b i Using part a ii with 𝑛 = 3

𝑒 3𝑖𝜃 − 𝑒 −3𝑖𝜃 = 2𝑖 sin 3𝜃

12b ii Using part a i with 𝑛 = 1

2
(𝑒 𝑖𝜃 + 𝑒 −𝑖𝜃 )

= (2 cos 𝜃)2
= 4 cos2 𝜃

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Chapter 3 worked solutions – Complex numbers II: de Moivre and Euler

12biii Using part a ii with 𝑛 = 1

3
(𝑒 𝑖𝜃 − 𝑒 −𝑖𝜃 )

= (2𝑖 sin 𝜃)3

= −8𝑖 sin3 𝜃

12b iv 𝑒 2𝑖𝜃 + 𝑒 𝑖𝜃 + 2 + 𝑒 −𝑖𝜃 + 𝑒 −2𝑖𝜃

= (𝑒 2𝑖𝜃 + 𝑒 −2𝑖𝜃 ) + (𝑒 𝑖𝜃 + 𝑒 −𝑖𝜃 ) + 2

= 2 cos 2𝜃 + 2 cos 𝜃 + 2 (Using part a i)

= 2(2 cos2 𝜃 − 1) + 2 cos 𝜃 + 2
= 4 cos2 𝜃 + 2 cos 𝜃
= 2 cos 𝜃 (2 cos 𝜃 + 1)

12v 𝑒 3𝑖𝜃 − 𝑒 𝑖𝜃 + 𝑒 −𝑖𝜃 − 𝑒 −3𝑖𝜃

= (𝑒 3𝑖𝜃 − 𝑒 −3𝑖𝜃 ) − (𝑒 𝑖𝜃 − 𝑒 −𝑖𝜃 )

= 2𝑖 sin 3𝜃 − 2𝑖 sin 𝜃 (Using part a ii)

13a Using question 12a i with 𝑛 = 1,

𝑒 𝑖𝜃 + 𝑒 −𝑖𝜃 = 2 cos 𝜃
1 𝑖𝜃
cos 𝜃 = (𝑒 + 𝑒 −𝑖𝜃 )
2

13b cos(−𝜃)
1 −𝑖𝜃
= (𝑒 + 𝑒 −(−𝑖𝜃) )
2
1 −𝑖𝜃
= (𝑒 + 𝑒 𝑖𝜃 )
2
1 𝑖𝜃
= (𝑒 + 𝑒 −𝑖𝜃 )
2
= cos 𝜃
Hence cos 𝜃 is an even function.

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Chapter 3 worked solutions – Complex numbers II: de Moivre and Euler

13c Using 12a ii as we did in part a, we have

1 𝑖𝜃
sin 𝜃 = (𝑒 − 𝑒 −𝑖𝜃 )
2𝑖
Hence
sin(−𝜃)
1 −𝑖𝜃
= (𝑒 − 𝑒 −(−𝑖𝜃) )
2𝑖
1 −𝑖𝜃
= (𝑒 − 𝑒 𝑖𝜃 )
2𝑖
1 𝑖𝜃
=− (𝑒 − 𝑒 −𝑖𝜃 )
2𝑖
= − sin 𝜃
Hence sin 𝜃 is an odd function.
13d
sin(−𝜃) − sin 𝜃
tan(−𝜃) = = = − tan 𝜃
cos(−𝜃) cos 𝜃
Hence tan 𝜃 is an odd function.
1 1
cot(−𝜃) = = = − cot 𝜃
tan(−𝜃) − tan 𝜃
Hence cot 𝜃 is an odd function.
1 1
sec(−𝜃) = = = sec 𝜃
cos(−𝜃) cos 𝜃
Hence sec 𝜃 is an even function.
1 1
cosec(−𝜃) = = = − cosec 𝜃
sin(−𝜃) − sin 𝜃
Hence cosec 𝜃 is an odd function.
14a
𝑖𝜋 𝑖𝜋
(𝑧 + 2𝑒 2 ) (𝑧 − 2𝑒 2 )

𝑖𝜋 2
2
=𝑧 − (2𝑒 2 )

= 𝑧 2 − 4𝑒 𝑖𝜋
= 𝑧2 + 4

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Chapter 3 worked solutions – Complex numbers II: de Moivre and Euler

14b
𝑖𝜋 𝑖𝜋
(𝑧 − 𝑒 3 ) (𝑧 − 𝑒 − 3 )

𝑖𝜋 𝑖𝜋 𝑖𝜋 𝑖𝜋
= 𝑧 2 − 𝑧𝑒 − 3 − 𝑧𝑒 3 + (𝑒 3 ) (𝑒 − 3 )

𝑖𝜋 𝑖𝜋
= 𝑧 2 − 𝑧 (𝑒 − 3 + 𝑒 3 ) + 𝑒 0

𝜋
= 𝑧 2 − 𝑧 (2 cos ) + 1
3
𝜋
= 𝑧 2 − 2𝑧 cos + 1
3
= 𝑧2 − 𝑧 + 1

14c
𝑖𝜋 𝑖𝜋
(𝑧 + 2) (𝑧 − 2𝑒 3 ) (𝑧 − 2𝑒 − 3 )

= (𝑧 + 2)(𝑧 2 − 2𝑧 + 4) (Using the result of part b)

= 𝑧3 + 8

14d
𝑖𝜋 𝑖𝜋 3𝑖𝜋 3𝑖𝜋
(𝑧 − √2𝑒 4 ) (𝑧 − √2𝑒 − 4 ) (𝑧 − √2𝑒 4 ) (𝑧 − √2𝑒 − 4 )

𝑖𝜋 𝑖𝜋 𝑖𝜋 𝑖𝜋
= (𝑧 2 − 𝑧√2 (𝑒 4 + 𝑒 − 4 ) + (−√2𝑒 4 ) (−√2𝑒 − 4 ))

3𝑖𝜋 3𝑖𝜋 3𝑖𝜋 3𝑖𝜋

(𝑧 2 − 𝑧√2 (𝑒 4 + 𝑒− 4 ) + (−√2𝑒 −
4 ) (−√2𝑒 4 ))

𝜋 3𝜋
= (𝑧 2 − 2√2𝑧 cos + 2) (𝑧 2 − 2√2𝑧 cos + 2)
4 4
1 1
= (𝑧 2 − 𝑧2√2 ( ) + 2) (𝑧 2 − 𝑧2√2 (− ) + 2)
√2 √2
= (𝑧 2 − 2𝑧 + 2)(𝑧 2 + 2𝑧 + 2)
= 𝑧 4 + 2𝑧 3 + 2𝑧 2 − 2𝑧 3 − 4𝑧 2 − 4𝑧 + 2𝑧 2 + 4𝑧 + 4
= 𝑧4 + 4

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Chapter 3 worked solutions – Complex numbers II: de Moivre and Euler

15a 𝑟𝑒 𝑖𝜃 = 𝑠𝑒 𝑖𝜙

|𝑟𝑒 𝑖𝜃 | = |𝑠𝑒 𝑖𝜙 |

|𝑟||𝑒 𝑖𝜃 | = |𝑠||𝑒 𝑖𝜙 |

|𝑟|(1) = |𝑠|(1)
|𝑟| = |𝑠|
And since 𝑟 > 0 and 𝑠 > 0,
𝑟=𝑠

15b 𝑟𝑒 𝑖𝜃 = 𝑠𝑒 𝑖𝜙
Since 𝑟 = 𝑠,

𝑒 𝑖𝜃 = 𝑒 𝑖𝜙
𝑒 𝑖𝜃
=1
𝑒 𝑖𝜙
𝑒 𝑖(𝜃−𝜙) = 1 (1)
Since 𝜙 and 𝜃 are principle values we have by definition that, −𝜋 < 𝜙, 𝜃 ≤ 𝜋.
Thus, 𝜙 − 𝜃 < 𝜋 − (−𝜋) < 2𝜋 and 𝜙 − 𝜃 > −𝜋 − 𝜋 > −2𝜋.
Hence −2𝜋 < 𝜙 − 𝜃 < 2𝜋 and within this range to satisfy (1) we have, 𝜃 − 𝜙 = 0
and so 𝜃 = 𝜙.

15c If two complex numbers are equal, then they represent the same point in the
Argand diagram. Hence the moduli are equal, and because the principal
argument is unique between −𝜋 and 𝜋 it must also be equal.

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Chapter 3 worked solutions – Complex numbers II: de Moivre and Euler

Solutions to Exercise 3D Enrichment questions

16a

First not from the diagram that, Area ABEF ≤ area under curve ≤ area ABCD.
Thus,
1
1+
𝑛 1 𝑛1 1
× ≤∫ 𝑑𝑥 ≤ 1 ×
1+𝑛 𝑛 1 𝑥 𝑛
1
1 1+
𝑛
1
≤ [log 𝑥]1 ≤
1+𝑛 𝑛
1 1 1
≤ log (1 + ) − log 1 ≤
1+𝑛 𝑛 𝑛
But log 1 = 0, hence,
1 1 1
≤ log (1 + ) ≤
1+𝑛 𝑛 𝑛

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Chapter 3 worked solutions – Complex numbers II: de Moivre and Euler

16b Since n is a positive integer we can multiply through by it to give,

𝑛 1 𝑛
≤ log (1 + ) ≤ 1(By the log laws. )
1+𝑛 𝑛
Taking exponentials of each part:
𝑛 1 𝑛
𝑒 1+𝑛 ≤ (1 + ) ≤ 𝑒(∗)
𝑛
Then take the limit as 𝑛 → ∞,
𝑛 1 𝑛
lim 𝑒 𝑛+1 ≤ lim (1 + ) ≤ 𝑒
𝑛→∞ 𝑛→∞ 𝑛
1 𝑛
𝑒 ≤ lim (1 + ) ≤ 𝑒
𝑛→∞ 𝑛
1 𝑛
Hence, lim (1 + 𝑛) = 𝑒
𝑛→∞

𝑛
16c In (⁎) of part b, replace 𝑛 with 𝑥 then,
𝑛
𝑛 𝑥 𝑥
𝑒 𝑥+𝑛 ≤ (1 + ) ≤ 𝑒
𝑛
Raise to the power of 𝑥:
𝑛 𝑥 𝑥 𝑛
(𝑒 𝑥+𝑛 ) ≤ (1 + ) ≤ 𝑒 𝑥
𝑛
Once again, take the limit as 𝑛 → ∞.
𝑥 𝑛
𝑒 𝑥 ≤ lim (1 + ) ≤ 𝑒 𝑥
𝑛→∞ 𝑛
𝑥 𝑛
That is, lim (1 + 𝑛) = 𝑒 𝑥
𝑛→∞

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Chapter 3 worked solutions – Complex numbers II: de Moivre and Euler

17a 𝑒 𝑡 ≥ 1 for 0 ≤ 𝑡 ≤ 𝑥, and so,

𝑥 𝑥
∫ 𝑒 𝑡 𝑑𝑡 ≥ ∫ 1 𝑑𝑡
0 0

[𝑒 𝑡 ]0𝑥 ≥ [1]0𝑥
𝑒𝑥 − 1 ≥ 𝑥
Hence, 𝑒 𝑥 ≥ 1 + 𝑥

17b From part a, 𝑒 𝑡 ≥ 1 + 𝑡 for 0 ≤ 𝑡 ≤ 𝑥, as such

𝑥 𝑥
∫ 𝑒 𝑡 𝑑𝑡 ≥ ∫ 1 + 𝑡 𝑑𝑡
0 0

𝑥
𝑥2
𝑒 −1≥𝑥+
2
Hence,

𝑥
𝑥2
𝑒 ≥1+𝑥+
2

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Chapter 3 worked solutions – Complex numbers II: de Moivre and Euler

17c Induction is useful here, with step A done above.

B: Assume that the result is true for 𝑛 = 𝑘, that is, assume that:
𝑘
𝑥
𝑥𝑛
𝑒 ≥∑ (∗)
𝑛!
𝑛=0

Now prove the result true for 𝑛 = 𝑘 + 1, that is:

𝑘+1
𝑥
𝑥𝑛
𝑒 ≥∑
𝑛!
𝑛=0

Let 𝑥 = 𝑡 in (⁎) and integrate from 0 to 𝑥 to get:

𝑥 𝑥 𝑘
𝑡
𝑡𝑛
∫ 𝑒 𝑑𝑡 ≥ ∫ ∑ 𝑑𝑡
0 0 𝑛=0 𝑛!

𝑘 𝑥
𝑡 𝑥
𝑡 𝑛+1
[𝑒 ]0 ≥ [∑ ]
(𝑛 + 1)!
𝑛=0 0
𝑘
𝑥
𝑥 𝑛+1
𝑒 −1≥ ∑ −0
(𝑛 + 1)!
𝑛=0
𝑘+1
𝑥
𝑥𝑛
𝑒 ≥1+∑ (Replacing 𝑛 + 1 with 𝑛)
𝑛!
𝑛=1
𝑘+1
𝑥
𝑥𝑛 (x)0
𝑒 ≥ ∑ (Since 1 = ,x ≠ 0
𝑛! 0!
𝑛=0

C: From parts A and B, by mathematical induction, the result is true for all 𝑚; viz
𝑥𝑛
𝑒 𝑥 ≥ ∑𝑚
𝑛=0 𝑛! , and taking the limit as 𝑚 → ∞, gives

∞
𝑥
𝑥𝑛
𝑒 ≥1+∑
𝑛!
𝑛=0

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Chapter 3 worked solutions – Complex numbers II: de Moivre and Euler

17d
∞
𝑥𝑛
𝐸(𝑥) = ∑
𝑛!
𝑛=0

Let ℎ(𝑥) = 𝑒 −𝑥 . 𝐸(𝑥), then we have,

ℎ′ (𝑥) = −𝑒 −𝑥 . 𝐸(𝑥) + 𝑒 −𝑥 . 𝐸 ′ (𝑥)
𝑥𝑛
Now let, 𝐸𝑚 (𝑥) = ∑𝑚
𝑛=0 𝑛! (⁎) (see special note at end of question)

Then,
𝐸 ′ 𝑚 (𝑥)
𝑚
𝑛𝑥 𝑛−1
=∑
𝑛!
𝑛=0

𝑥2 𝑥 𝑚−1
= 0+1+𝑥 + +⋯+
2! (𝑚 − 1)!
𝑚−1
𝑥𝑛
= ∑
𝑛!
𝑛=0

So
𝐸′(𝑥)
𝑚−1
𝑥𝑛
= lim ∑
𝑚→∞ 𝑛!
𝑛=0
𝑚
𝑥𝑛
=∑
𝑛!
𝑛=0

= 𝐸(𝑥)
Hence, ℎ′ (𝑥) = −𝑒 −𝑥 . 𝐸(𝑥) + 𝑒 −𝑥 . 𝐸 ′ (𝑥) = 0
This is true for all 𝑥.

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Chapter 3 worked solutions – Complex numbers II: de Moivre and Euler

17e Thus, ℎ(𝑥) must be constant.

But ℎ(0) = 𝑒 −0 . 𝐸(0)
= 1×1
=1
Thus, 𝑒 −𝑥 . 𝐸(𝑥) = 1
Hence, 𝐸(𝑥) = 𝑒 𝑥 , this is,
∞
𝑥
𝑥𝑛
𝑒 =∑
𝑛!
𝑛=0

Q17 Special Note:

Some readers may find it strange that the infinite series for 𝐸 ′ (𝑥) is determined
using the finite series 𝐸𝑚 (𝑥) and 𝐸 ′ 𝑚 (𝑥).
This is done because, in general, it is not valid to simply differentiate the terms of
a series expansion.
That is, if 𝐸(𝑥) = ∑∞ 𝑛
𝑛=0 𝑎 , then it does not necessarily follow that,
∞
′ (𝑥)
𝑑𝑎𝑛
𝑓 =∑
𝑑𝑥
𝑛=0

For example, 𝑓(𝑥) = ∑∞

𝑛=0 2
−𝑛
cos(4𝑛 𝑥) is a Fourier series that converges, but
𝑑
RHS = − ∑∞ 𝑛 𝑛 ′
𝑛=0 2 sin(4 𝑥) does not converge, so cannot be equal to 𝑓 (𝑥).
𝑑𝑥

The first series converges because the coefficients 2−𝑛 form a GP with
|ratio| < 1.
The second series does not converge because the coefficients 2𝑛 form a GP with
|ratio| > 1.
In Q17d, by differentiating the finite sum and taking the limit, the above problem
is avoided.

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Chapter 3 worked solutions – Complex numbers II: de Moivre and Euler

18a c(𝑥) = 𝑎0 + 𝑎2 𝑥 2 + 𝑎4 𝑥 4 + ⋯

18ai At 𝑥 = 0, cos 0 = 1 and 𝑐(0) = 𝑎0 .

Hence, 𝑎0 = 1

18aii 𝑐 ′ (𝑥) = 2𝑎2 𝑥 + 4𝑎4 𝑥 3 + 6𝑎6 𝑥 5 + ⋯

𝑐 ′′ (𝑥) = 2𝑎2 + 12𝑎4 𝑥 2 + 30𝑎6 𝑥 4 + ⋯
and
−𝑐(𝑥) = −𝑎0 − 𝑎2 𝑥 2 − 𝑎4 𝑥 4 − ⋯
So, if 𝑐 ′′ (𝑥) = −𝑐(𝑥) then, equating coefficients of like powers of 𝑥:
𝑥0: 2𝑎2 = −𝑎0 = −1
1 −1
𝑎2 = − =
2 2!
1
𝑥2: 12𝑎4 = −𝑎2 =
2
1 −1
𝑎4 = =
24 4!

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Chapter 3 worked solutions – Complex numbers II: de Moivre and Euler

18aiii Like Q17, this can be done by induction.

Here is just an outline of the proof:
(−1)𝑘
Assuming 𝑎2𝑘 =
(2𝑘)!
Then differentiating 𝑐(𝑥) twice and comparing with −𝑐(𝑥), gives
(2𝑘 + 2)(2𝑘 + 1)2𝑎2𝑘+2 = −2𝑎2𝑘
Hence,
2𝑎2𝑘+2
(−1)𝑘+1
=
(2𝑘 + 2)(2𝑘 + 1)(2𝑘)!
(−1)𝑘+1
=
(2𝑘 + 2)!
So, by the induction step, we find,
𝑐(𝑥)
1 𝑥2 𝑥4 𝑥6
= − + − +⋯
0! 2! 4! 6!
∞
(−1)𝑛 𝑥 2𝑛
=∑
(2𝑛)!
𝑛=0

18b 𝑠(𝑥) = 𝑎1 𝑥 + 𝑎3 𝑥 3 + 𝑎5 𝑥 5 + ⋯

18bi At 𝑥 = 0, sin 0 = 0 and 𝑠(0) = 0, no information.

Differentiating at 𝑥 = 0,
𝑑
sin 𝑥 ∣𝑥=0 = cos 𝑥 ∣𝑥=0 = 1
𝑑𝑥
At 𝑥 = 0,
𝑑
𝑠(𝑥) ∣𝑥=0 = 𝑎1 + 3𝑎3 𝑥 2 + 5𝑎5 𝑥 4 + ⋯ ∣𝑥=0 = 𝑎1
𝑑𝑥
Hence, 𝑎1 = 1

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Chapter 3 worked solutions – Complex numbers II: de Moivre and Euler

18bii Differentiating again:

𝑠 ′′ (𝑥) = 6𝑎3 𝑥 + 20𝑎5 𝑥 3 + 42𝑎7 𝑥 5 + ⋯
−𝑠(𝑥) = −𝑎1 𝑥 − 𝑎3 𝑥 3 − 𝑎5 𝑥 5 − ⋯
So, if 𝑠 ′′ (𝑥) = −𝑠(𝑥) then, equating coefficients of like powers of 𝑥:
𝑥1 : 6𝑎3 = −𝑎1 = −1
1 −1
𝑎3 = − =
6 3!
+1
𝑥3: 20𝑎5 = −𝑎3 =
3!
1 +1
𝑎5 = =
5 × 4 × 3! 5!

18biii Once again, induction may be used. Here is just an outline of the proof:
(−1)𝑘
Assuming 𝑎2𝑘+1 =
(2𝑘 + 1)!
Then comparing the terms in 𝑠′′(𝑥) with −𝑠(𝑥), we have
(2𝑘 + 3)(2𝑘 + 2)2𝑎2𝑘+3
= −𝑎2𝑘+1
(−1)𝑘
=
(2𝑘 + 1)!
2𝑎2𝑘+3
(−1)𝑘+1
=
(2𝑘 + 3)(2𝑘 + 2)(2𝑘 + 1)!
(−1)𝑘+1
=
(2𝑘 + 3)!
So,
𝑆(𝑥)
𝑥3 𝑥5 𝑥7
=𝑥− + − +⋯
3! 5! 7!
∞
(−1)𝑛 𝑥 2𝑛+1
=∑
(2𝑛 + 1)!
𝑛=0

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Chapter 3 worked solutions – Complex numbers II: de Moivre and Euler

18ci
∞
(−1)𝑛 𝑥 2𝑛
𝑐(𝑥) = ∑
(2𝑛)!
𝑛=0

Assuming we can differentiate term by term (which, like Q17, can be shown by
taking the limit of a partial sum):
𝑐 ′ (𝑥)
∞
(−1)𝑛 2𝑛𝑥 (2𝑛−1)
=∑
(2𝑛)!
𝑛=0
∞
(−1)𝑛 2𝑛𝑥 (2𝑛−1)
=∑ (Since when 𝑛 = 0, the first term is 0)
(2𝑛)!
𝑛=1
∞
(−1)𝑛 𝑥 (2𝑛−1)
=∑ (Cancelling 2𝑛)
(2𝑛 − 1)!
𝑛=1
∞
(−1)𝑛−1 𝑥 (2𝑛−1)
= (−1) ∑
(2𝑛 − 1)!
𝑛=1
∞
(−1)𝑛 𝑥 (2𝑛+1)
= (−1) ∑ (Replacing 𝑛 with 𝑛 + 1)
(2𝑛 + 1)!
𝑛=0

= −𝑠(𝑥)
Also,
𝑠 ′ (𝑥)
∞
(−1)𝑛 𝑥 2𝑛 (2𝑛 + 1)
=∑
(2𝑛 + 1)!
𝑛=0
∞
(−1)𝑛 𝑥 2𝑛
=∑
(2𝑛)!
𝑛=0

= 𝑐(𝑥)

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Chapter 3 worked solutions – Complex numbers II: de Moivre and Euler

18cii ℎ(𝑥) = (𝑐(𝑥) − cos 𝑥)2 + (𝑠(𝑥) − sin 𝑥)2

So,
ℎ′ (𝑥)
= 2(𝑐(𝑥) − cos 𝑥)(𝑐 ′ (𝑥) + sin 𝑥) + 2(𝑠(𝑥) − sin 𝑥)(𝑠 ′ (𝑥) − cos 𝑥)
= 2(𝑐(𝑥) − cos 𝑥)(−𝑠(𝑥) + sin 𝑥) + 2(𝑠(𝑥) − sin 𝑥)(𝑐(𝑥) − cos 𝑥)
= −2(𝑐(𝑥) − cos 𝑥)(𝑠(𝑥) − sin 𝑥) + 2(𝑠(𝑥) − sin 𝑥)(𝑐(𝑥) − cos 𝑥)
=0
Hence, ℎ(𝑥) is constant. And subbing in 𝑥 = 0 gives,
ℎ(0)
= (𝑐(0) − cos 0)2 + (𝑠(0) − sin 0)2
= 02 + 02
=0
Hence, ℎ(𝑥) = 0 for all real 𝑥.

18ciii Since ℎ(𝑥) = 0,

(𝑐(𝑥) − cos 𝑥)2 + (𝑠(𝑥) − sin 𝑥)2 = 0
The only time the sum of two square reals is zero is if each is zero. Hence,
𝑐(𝑥) − cos 𝑥 = 0 and 𝑠(𝑥) − sin 𝑥 = 0
Thus, 𝑐(𝑥) = cos 𝑥 and 𝑠(𝑥) = sin 𝑥, for all real 𝑥.

19a, b 𝑒 𝑖𝜃
= 𝐸(𝑖𝜃)
∞
(𝑖𝜃)𝑛
=∑ (By question 17)
𝑛!
𝑛=0

(𝑖𝜃)2 (𝑖𝜃)4 (𝑖𝜃)6 (𝑖𝜃)8 𝑖𝜃 (𝑖𝜃)3 (𝑖𝜃)5 (𝑖𝜃)7

= 1+ + + + + ⋯+ + + + +⋯
2! 4! 6! 8! 1! 3! 5! 7!
𝜃2 𝜃4 𝜃6 𝜃8 𝜃 𝜃3 𝜃5 𝜃7
= 1− + − + + ⋯+ 𝑖( − + + +⋯)
2! 4! 6! 8! 1! 3! 5! 7!

= cos 𝜃 + 𝑖 sin 𝜃 (By question 18)

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Chapter 3 worked solutions – Complex numbers II: de Moivre and Euler

Solutions to Exercise 3E Foundation questions

𝜋 𝜋
1a 2𝑖 = 2𝑒 𝑖 2 (note that 𝑖 = 𝑒 𝑖 2 )

𝜋 𝜋
1b 2𝑒 𝑖 2 = 2𝑒 𝑖( 2 +2𝑘𝜋)

1c 𝑧 = 𝑟𝑒 𝑖𝜃

𝑧 2 = 𝑟 2 𝑒 2𝑖𝜃
𝜋
2𝑒 𝑖( 2 +2𝑘𝜋) = 2𝑖 = 𝑧 2 = 𝑟 2 𝑒 2𝑖𝜃
𝜋
𝜋 𝜋+4𝑘𝜋
Hence 𝑟 2 𝑒 2𝑖𝜃 = 2𝑒 𝑖( 2 +2𝑘𝜋) , thus 𝑟 2 = 2 and 2𝜃 = + 2𝑘𝜋 = and so 𝑟 =
2 2
(4𝑘+1)𝜋
√2, 𝜃 = 4

(4𝑘+1)𝑖𝜋 𝜋 −3𝑖𝜋
1d 𝑧 = √2𝑒 4 = √2𝑒 𝑖 4 , √2𝑒 4

𝜋
𝜋 𝜋 1 1
1e 𝑧 = √2𝑒 𝑖 4 = √2 (cos 4 + 𝑖 sin 4 ) = √2 ( + 𝑖) = 1 + 𝑖
√2 √2
3𝜋
3𝜋 3𝜋 1 1
𝑧 = √2𝑒 −𝑖 4 = √2 (cos (− ) + 𝑖 sin (− )) = √2 (− − 𝑖) − 1 − 𝑖
4 4 √2 √2

2a −1 = 𝑒 𝑖𝜋

2b 𝑒 𝑖(𝜋+2𝑘𝜋)

4
2c 𝑧 4 = (𝑟𝑒 𝑖𝜃 ) = 𝑟 4 𝑒 4𝑖𝜃

Hence 𝑟 4 𝑒 4𝑖𝜃 = 𝑒 𝑖(𝜋+2𝑘𝜋)

𝑟 = 1 and
4𝜃 = (𝜋 + 2𝑘𝜋)
𝜋 + 2𝑘𝜋
𝜃=
4

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Chapter 3 worked solutions – Complex numbers II: de Moivre and Euler

2d
3𝜋 𝜋 𝜋 3𝜋
𝑧 = 𝑒 −𝑖 4 , 𝑒 −𝑖 4 , 𝑒 𝑖 4 , 𝑒 𝑖 4

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
2e 𝑧=− − 𝑖, − 𝑖, + 𝑖, − + 𝑖
√2 √2 √2 √2 √2 √2 √2 √2

𝑖𝜋
3a −𝑖 = 𝑒 − 2

𝜋
3b −𝑖 = 𝑒 −𝑖( 2 +2𝑘𝜋)

3c 𝑧 = 𝑟𝑒 𝑖𝜃
3 𝜋
(𝑟𝑒 𝑖𝜃 ) = 𝑒 −𝑖( 2 +2𝑘𝜋)
𝜋
𝑟 3 𝑒 3𝑖𝜃 = 𝑒 −𝑖( 2 +2𝑘𝜋)
𝑟=1
𝜋
3𝜃 = − ( + 2𝑘𝜋)
2
1 𝜋
𝜃 = − ( + 2𝑘𝜋)
3 2
1 𝜋 + 4𝑘𝜋
𝜃=− ( )
3 2
(4𝑘 + 1)𝜋
𝜃=−
6

𝑖𝜋 𝑖𝜋 5𝑖𝜋
3d 𝑧 = 𝑒 2 , 𝑒− 6 , 𝑒− 6

4a 𝑒 𝑛𝑖𝜃 + 𝑒 −𝑛𝑖𝜃
= cos 𝑛𝜃 + 𝑖 sin 𝑛𝜃 + cos(−𝑛𝜃) + 𝑖 sin(−𝑛𝜃)
= cos 𝑛𝜃 + 𝑖 sin 𝑛𝜃 + cos 𝑛𝜃 − 𝑖 sin 𝑛𝜃
= 2 cos 𝑛𝜃

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Chapter 3 worked solutions – Complex numbers II: de Moivre and Euler

3
4b (𝑒 𝑖𝜃 + 𝑒 −𝑖𝜃 )

= 𝑒 3𝑖𝜃 + 3𝑒 2𝑖𝜃 𝑒 −𝑖𝜃 + 3𝑒 𝑖𝜃 𝑒 −2𝑖𝜃 + 𝑒 −3𝑖𝜃

= 𝑒 3𝑖𝜃 + 3𝑒 𝑖𝜃 + 3𝑒 −𝑖𝜃 + 𝑒 −3𝑖𝜃

= 𝑒 3𝑖𝜃 + 3(𝑒 𝑖𝜃 + 𝑒 −𝑖𝜃 ) + 𝑒 −3𝑖𝜃

= (𝑒 3𝑖𝜃 + 𝑒 −3𝑖𝜃 ) + 3(𝑒 𝑖𝜃 + 𝑒 −𝑖𝜃 )

4c cos3 𝜃
3
1
= ( × 2 cos 𝜃)
2
3
1 𝑖𝜃 −𝑖𝜃
= ( × (𝑒 + 𝑒 ))
2
1 3
= 3 (𝑒 𝑖𝜃 + 𝑒 −𝑖𝜃 )
2
1
= ((𝑒 3𝑖𝜃 + 𝑒 −3𝑖𝜃 ) + 3(𝑒 𝑖𝜃 + 𝑒 −𝑖𝜃 ))
8
1
= (2 cos 3𝜃 + 6 cos 𝜃)
8
1 3
= cos 3𝜃 + cos 𝜃
4 4

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Chapter 3 worked solutions – Complex numbers II: de Moivre and Euler

𝑒 𝑖𝑛𝜃 − 𝑒 −𝑖𝑛𝜃
= cos 𝑛𝜃 + 𝑖 sin 𝑛𝜃 − (cos 𝑛𝜃 − 𝑖 sin 𝑛𝜃)
= 2𝑖 sin 𝑛𝜃
Hence
1 𝑖𝑛𝜃
sin 𝑛𝜃 = (𝑒 − 𝑒 −𝑖𝑛𝜃 )
2𝑖
sin3 𝜃
3
1
= ( (𝑒 𝑖𝜃 − 𝑒 −𝑖𝜃 ))
2𝑖
1 3
= 3
(𝑒 𝑖𝜃 − 𝑒 −𝑖𝜃 )
(2𝑖)
1
= (𝑒 3𝑖𝜃 − 3𝑒 2𝑖𝜃 𝑒 −𝑖𝜃 + 3𝑒 𝑖𝜃 𝑒 −2𝑖𝜃 − 𝑒 −3𝑖𝜃 )
(2𝑖)3
1
= (𝑒 3𝑖𝜃 − 𝑒 −3𝑖𝜃 − 3𝑒 𝑖𝜃 + 3𝑒 −𝑖𝜃 )
(2𝑖)3
1
= (𝑒 3𝑖𝜃 − 𝑒 −3𝑖𝜃 − 3(𝑒 𝑖𝜃 − 3𝑒 −𝑖𝜃 ))
(2𝑖)3
1
= (2𝑖 sin 3𝜃 − 6𝑖 sin 𝜃)
(2𝑖)3
1
= − (2 sin 3𝜃 − 6 sin 𝜃)
8
3 1
= sin 𝜃 − sin 3𝜃
4 4

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Chapter 3 worked solutions – Complex numbers II: de Moivre and Euler

Solutions to Exercise 3E Development questions

6a Consider the equation
𝑧 4 + 16 = 0
Let 𝑧 = 𝑟𝑒 𝑖𝜃 be a root of the equation, then
4
(𝑟𝑒 𝑖𝜃 ) + 16 = 0

𝑟 4 𝑒 4𝑖𝜃 = −16

Taking the modulus of both sides we see that 𝑟 4 = 16, and so 𝑒 4𝑖𝜃 = −1.
Hence 𝑟 = 2 (r is always positive) and 4𝜃 = 𝜋 + 2𝑛𝜋 where 𝑛 is an integer. Thus,
(2𝑛 + 1)𝜋
𝜃= , where 𝑛 is an integer
4
This gives the roots of the equation as,
𝑖𝜋 3𝑖𝜋
𝑧 = 2𝑒 ± 4 , 2𝑒 ± 4 ,…
Hence writing 𝑧 4 + 16 as a product of factors gives
𝑖𝜋 𝑖𝜋 3𝑖𝜋 3𝑖𝜋
𝑧 4 + 16 = (𝑧 − 2𝑒 4 ) (𝑧 − 2𝑒 − 4 ) (𝑧 − 2𝑒 4 ) (𝑧 − 2𝑒 − 4 )

6b 𝑧 4 + 16
𝑖𝜋 𝑖𝜋 3𝑖𝜋 3𝑖𝜋
= (𝑧 − 2𝑒 4 ) (𝑧 − 2𝑒 − 4 ) (𝑧 − 2𝑒 4 ) (𝑧 − 2𝑒 − 4 )

𝑖𝜋 𝑖𝜋 3𝑖𝜋 3𝑖𝜋
= (𝑧 2 − 2𝑧𝑒 4 − 2𝑧𝑒 − 4 + 4𝑒 0 ) (𝑧 2 − 2𝑧𝑒 4 − 2𝑧𝑒 − 4 + 4𝑒 0 )

𝑖𝜋 𝑖𝜋 3𝑖𝜋 3𝑖𝜋
= (𝑧 2 − 2𝑧 (𝑒 4 + 𝑒 − 4 ) + 4) (𝑧 2 − 2𝑧 (𝑒 4 + 𝑒− 4 ) + 4)

𝜋 𝜋 𝜋 𝜋
= (𝑧 2 − 2𝑧 (cos + 𝑖 sin + cos − 𝑖 sin ) + 4)
4 4 4 4
3𝜋 3𝜋 3𝜋 3𝜋
(𝑧 2 − 2𝑧 (cos + 𝑖 sin + cos − 𝑖 sin ) + 4)
4 4 4 4
𝜋 3𝜋
= (𝑧 2 − 2𝑧 (2 cos ) + 4) (𝑧 2 − 2𝑧 (2 cos ) + 4)
4 4
2 2
= (𝑧 2 − 2𝑧 ( ) + 4) + (𝑧 2 − 2𝑧 (− ) + 4)
√2 √2
= (𝑧 2 − 2√2𝑧 + 4)(𝑧 2 + 2√2𝑧 + 4)

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Chapter 3 worked solutions – Complex numbers II: de Moivre and Euler

6c 𝑧 4 + 16
= (𝑧 4 + 8𝑧 2 + 16) − 8𝑧 2
2
= (𝑧 2 + 4)2 − (2√2𝑧)

= (𝑧 2 + 4 − 2√2𝑧)(𝑧 2 + 4 + 2√2𝑧)

= (𝑧 2 − 2√2𝑧 + 4)(𝑧 2 + 2√2𝑧 + 4)

7a Consider the equation 𝑧 5 + 1 = 0. Let 𝑧 = 𝑟 eiθ be a root of the equation, then

𝑟 5 ei5θ + 1 = 0

𝑟 5 ei5θ = −1
Taking the modulus, we see that 𝑟 = 1 and so 𝑒 𝑖5𝜃 = −1. Thus, 5𝜃 = 𝜋 + 2𝑛𝜋
where 𝑛 is an integer, and so
(2𝑛 + 1)𝜋
𝜃= , where 𝑛 is an integer.
5
Hence, the roots are,
𝑖𝜋 3𝑖𝜋 5𝑖𝜋
𝑧 = 𝑒± 5 , 𝑒± ±
5 ,𝑒 5 ,…

𝑖𝜋 3𝑖𝜋
𝑧 = 𝑒± 5 , 𝑒± 5 , −1, …

Thus, writing 𝑧 5 + 1 as a product of factors gives

𝑖𝜋 𝑖𝜋 3𝑖𝜋 3𝑖𝜋
𝑧 5 + 1 = (𝑧 − (−1)) (𝑧 − 𝑒 5 ) (𝑧 − 𝑒 − 5 ) (𝑧 − 𝑒 5 ) (𝑧 − 𝑒− 5 )

𝑖𝜋 𝑖𝜋 3𝑖𝜋 3𝑖𝜋
= (𝑧 + 1) (𝑧 − 𝑒 5 ) (𝑧 − 𝑒 − 5 ) (𝑧 − 𝑒 5 ) (𝑧 − 𝑒− 5 )

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Chapter 3 worked solutions – Complex numbers II: de Moivre and Euler

7b 𝑧5 + 1
𝑖𝜋 𝑖𝜋 3𝑖𝜋 3𝑖𝜋
= (𝑧 + 1) (𝑧 − 𝑒 5 ) (𝑧 − 𝑒 − 5 ) (𝑧 − 𝑒 5 ) (𝑧 − 𝑒− 5 )

𝑖𝜋 𝑖𝜋 𝑖𝜋 𝑖𝜋 𝑖𝜋 𝑖𝜋
= (𝑧 + 1) (𝑧 2 − (𝑒 5 + 𝑒 − 5 ) 𝑧 + (𝑒 5 𝑒 − 5 )) (𝑧 2 − (𝑒 3 5 + 𝑒 −3 5 ) 𝑧
𝑖𝜋 𝑖𝜋
+ (𝑒 3 5 𝑒 −3 5 ))

𝑖𝜋 𝑖𝜋 𝑖𝜋 𝑖𝜋
= (𝑧 + 1) (𝑧 2 − (𝑒 5 + 𝑒 − 5 ) 𝑧 + 𝑒 0 ) (𝑧 2 − (𝑒 3 5 + 𝑒 −3 5 ) 𝑧 + 𝑒 0 )

𝜋 𝜋 𝜋 𝜋
= (𝑧 + 1) (𝑧 2 − (cos + 𝑖 sin + cos − 𝑖 sin ) 𝑧 + 1)
5 5 5 5
3𝜋 3𝜋 3𝜋 3𝜋
(𝑧 2 − (cos + 𝑖 sin + cos − 𝑖 sin ) 𝑧 + 1)
5 5 5 5
𝜋 3𝜋
= (𝑧 + 1)(𝑧 2 − 2𝑧 cos + 1)(𝑧 2 + 2𝑧 cos (𝜋 − ) + 1)
5 5
𝜋 2𝜋
= (𝑧 + 1)(𝑧 − 2 cos + 1)(𝑧 + 2 cos + 1)
5 5

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Chapter 3 worked solutions – Complex numbers II: de Moivre and Euler

7c The sum of the roots of the equation 𝑧 5 + 1 is

3𝜋 3𝜋 𝜋 𝜋
cis ( ) + cis (− ) + cis ( ) + cis (− ) − 1 = 0
5 5 5 5
3𝜋 𝜋
2 cos ( ) + 2 cos ( ) − 1 = 0
5 5
3𝜋 𝜋
−2 cos (𝜋 − ) + 2 cos ( ) − 1 = 0
5 5
Hence,
2𝜋 𝜋
2 cos ( ) − 2 cos ( ) + 1 = 0 (1)
5 5
Using the double angle identity, we have,
2𝜋 𝜋 2
cos = 2 (cos ) − 1
5 5
Subbing into (1) gives
𝜋 2 𝜋
4 (cos ) − 2 − 2 cos + 1 = 0
5 5
𝜋 2 𝜋
4 (cos ) − 2 cos − 1 = 0
5 5
Solving we have

𝜋 2 ± √(4 + 16)
cos =
5 8
𝜋
Since cos 5 > 0 we only take the positive root and so,

𝜋 1 + √5
cos =
5 4
Back subbing this into the identity then gives,
2
2𝜋 (1 + √5)
cos =2× −1
5 16
6 + 2√5 − 8
=
8
−1 + √5
=
4
√5 − 1
=
4

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Chapter 3 worked solutions – Complex numbers II: de Moivre and Euler

8a Noting that cis(𝜃) = 𝑒 𝑖𝜃

it follows that

cos 𝜃 + 𝑖 sin 𝜃 = 𝑒 𝑖𝜃 (1)

And hence that
cos(−𝜃) + 𝑖 sin(−𝜃) = 𝑒 −𝑖𝜃

cos 𝜃 − 𝑖 sin 𝜃 = 𝑒 −𝑖𝜃 (2)

(1) + (2):

2 cos 𝜃 = 𝑒 𝑖𝜃 + 𝑒 −𝑖𝜃
1 𝑖𝜃
cos 𝜃 = (𝑒 + 𝑒 −𝑖𝜃 )
2
(1) − (2):

2𝑖 sin 𝜃 = 𝑒 𝑖𝜃 − 𝑒 −𝑖𝜃
1 𝑖𝜃
sin 𝜃 = (𝑒 − 𝑒 −𝑖𝜃 )
2𝑖

1
8b i cos 2𝜃 = 2 (𝑒 2𝑖𝜃 + 𝑒 −2𝑖𝜃 )

1 1
= (𝑒 2𝑖𝜃 + 𝑒 0 + 𝑒 0 + 𝑒 −2𝑖𝜃 ) + (𝑒 2𝑖𝜃 − 𝑒 0 − 𝑒 0 + 𝑒 −2𝑖𝜃 )
4 4
2 2
1 1
= ( (𝑒 𝑖𝜃 + 𝑒 −𝑖𝜃 )) − ( (𝑒 𝑖𝜃 − 𝑒 −𝑖𝜃 ))
2 2𝑖

= cos 2 𝜃 − sin2 𝜃

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Chapter 3 worked solutions – Complex numbers II: de Moivre and Euler

8b ii sin 2𝜃
1 2𝑖𝜃
= (𝑒 − 𝑒 −2𝑖𝜃 )
2𝑖
1 𝑖𝜃
= (𝑒 + 𝑒 −𝑖𝜃 )(𝑒 𝑖𝜃 − 𝑒 −𝑖𝜃 )
2𝑖
1 1
= 2 ( (𝑒 𝑖𝜃 + 𝑒 −𝑖𝜃 ) (𝑒 𝑖𝜃 − 𝑒 −𝑖𝜃 ))
2 2𝑖

= 2 cos 𝜃 sin 𝜃

8b iii cos(𝛼 + 𝛽)
1 𝑖(𝛼+𝛽)
= (𝑒 + 𝑒 −𝑖(𝛼+𝛽) )
2
1 𝑖(𝛼+𝛽)
= (𝑒 + 𝑒 𝑖(𝛼−𝛽) + 𝑒 𝑖(𝛽−𝛼) + 𝑒 −𝑖(𝛼+𝛽) )
4
1
+ (𝑒 𝑖(𝛼+𝛽) − 𝑒 𝑖(𝛼−𝛽) − 𝑒 𝑖(𝛽−𝛼) + 𝑒 −𝑖(𝛼+𝛽) )
4
1 𝑖(𝛼) 1 1 1
= (𝑒 + 𝑒 −𝑖(𝛼) ) (𝑒 𝑖(𝛽) + 𝑒 −𝑖(𝛽) ) − (𝑒 𝑖(𝛼) − 𝑒 −𝑖(𝛼) ) (𝑒 𝑖(𝛽) − 𝑒 −𝑖(𝛽) )
2 2 2𝑖 2𝑖
= cos 𝛼 cos 𝛽 − sin 𝛼 sin 𝛽

8b iv sin(𝛼 + 𝛽)
1 𝑖(𝛼+𝛽)
= (𝑒 − 𝑒 −𝑖(𝛼+𝛽) )
2𝑖
1 𝑖(𝛼+𝛽)
= (𝑒 + 𝑒 𝑖(𝛼−𝛽) − 𝑒 𝑖(𝛽−𝛼) − 𝑒 −𝑖(𝛼+𝛽) )
4𝑖
1 𝑖(𝛼+𝛽)
+ (𝑒 − 𝑒 𝑖(𝛼−𝛽) + 𝑒 𝑖(𝛽−𝛼) − 𝑒 −𝑖(𝛼+𝛽) )
4𝑖
1 𝑖(𝛼) 1 1 1
= (𝑒 − 𝑒 −𝑖(𝛼) ) (𝑒 𝑖(𝛽) + 𝑒 −𝑖(𝛽) ) + (𝑒 𝑖(𝛼) + 𝑒 −𝑖(𝛼) ) (𝑒 𝑖(𝛽) − 𝑒 −𝑖(𝛽) )
2𝑖 2 2 2𝑖
= sin 𝛼 cos 𝛽 + cos 𝛼 sin 𝛽

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Chapter 3 worked solutions – Complex numbers II: de Moivre and Euler

9a cos6 𝜃
6
1
= ( (𝑒 𝑖𝜃 + 𝑒 −𝑖𝜃 ))
2
1 6𝑖𝜃
= (𝑒 + 6𝑒 4𝑖𝜃 + 15𝑒 2𝑖𝜃 + 20 + 15𝑒 −2𝑖𝜃 + 6𝑒 −4𝑖𝜃 + 𝑒 −6𝑖𝜃 )
26
1
= ((𝑒 6𝑖𝜃 + 𝑒 −6𝑖𝜃 ) + 6(𝑒 4𝑖𝜃 + 𝑒 −4𝑖𝜃 ) + 15(𝑒 2𝑖𝜃 + 𝑒 −2𝑖𝜃 ) + 20)
26
1
= (2 cos 6𝜃 + 12 cos 4𝜃 + 30 cos 2𝜃 + 20)
26
1
= (cos 6𝜃 + 6 cos 4𝜃 + 15 cos 2𝜃 + 10)
32

9b
𝜋
4
∫ cos6 𝜃 𝑑𝜃
0
𝜋
4 1
=∫ (cos 6𝜃 + 6 cos 4𝜃 + 15 cos 2𝜃 + 10) 𝑑𝜃
0 25
𝜋
1 4
= 5 ∫ (cos 6𝜃 + 6 cos 4𝜃 + 15 cos 2𝜃 + 10) 𝑑𝜃
2 0
𝜋
1 1 6 15 4
= 5 [ sin 6𝜃 + sin 4𝜃 + sin 2𝜃 + 10𝜃]
2 6 4 2 0

1 1 3𝜋 6 15 𝜋 10𝜋
= 5
( sin + sin 𝜋 + sin + − 0)
2 6 2 4 2 2 4
1 1 15 10𝜋
= 5
(− + 0 + + )
2 6 2 4
1 44 10𝜋
= ( + )
25 6 4
15𝜋 + 44
=
192

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Chapter 3 worked solutions – Complex numbers II: de Moivre and Euler

10a sin3 𝜃
3
1
= ( (𝑒 𝑖𝜃 − 𝑒 −𝑖𝜃 ))
2𝑖
1
= (𝑒 3𝑖𝜃 − 3𝑒 𝑖𝜃 + 3𝑒 −𝑖𝜃 − 𝑒 −3𝑖𝜃 )
8𝑖 3
1
=− ((𝑒 3𝑖𝜃 − 𝑒 −3𝑖𝜃 ) − 3(𝑒 𝑖𝜃 − 𝑒 −𝑖𝜃 ))
8𝑖
1
=− (2𝑖 sin 3𝜃 − 6𝑖 sin 𝜃)
8𝑖
1
= − (sin 3𝜃 − 3 sin 𝜃)
4

sin5 𝜃
5
1
= ( (𝑒 𝑖𝜃 − 𝑒 −𝑖𝜃 ))
2𝑖
1
= (𝑒 5𝑖𝜃 − 5𝑒 3𝑖𝜃 + 10𝑒 𝑖𝜃 − 10𝑒 −𝑖𝜃 + 5𝑒 −3𝑖𝜃 − 𝑒 −5𝑖𝜃 )
32𝑖 5
1
= ((𝑒 5𝑖𝜃 − 𝑒 −5𝑖𝜃 ) − 5(𝑒 3𝑖𝜃 − 𝑒 −3𝑖𝜃 ) + 10(𝑒 𝑖𝜃 − 𝑒 −𝑖𝜃 ))
32𝑖
1
= (2𝑖 sin 5𝜃 − 10𝑖 sin 3𝜃 + 20𝑖 sin 𝜃)
32𝑖
1
= (sin 5𝜃 − 5 sin 3𝜃 + 10 sin 𝜃)
16

10b sin3 𝜃 cos 2 𝜃

= sin3 𝜃 (1 − sin2 𝜃)
= sin3 𝜃 − sin5 𝜃
1 1
= − (sin 3𝜃 − 3 sin 𝜃) − (sin 5𝜃 − 5 sin 3𝜃 + 10 sin 𝜃)
4 16
1
= (2 sin 𝜃 + sin 3𝜃 − sin 5𝜃)
16

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Chapter 3 worked solutions – Complex numbers II: de Moivre and Euler

10c
𝜋
3
∫ sin3 𝜃 cos2 𝜃 𝑑𝜃
0
𝜋
3 1
=∫ (2 sin 𝜃 + sin 3𝜃 − sin 5𝜃) 𝑑𝜃
0 16
𝜋
1 1 1 3
= [−2 cos 𝜃 − cos 3𝜃 + cos 5𝜃]
16 3 5 0

1 𝜋 1 1 5𝜋 1 1
= (−2 cos − cos 𝜋 + cos − (−2 cos 0 − cos 0 + cos 0))
16 3 3 5 3 3 5

1 1 1 1 1
= (−1 + + − (−2 − + ))
16 3 10 3 5
47
=
480

11a 𝑒 𝑛𝑖𝜃 + 𝑒 −𝑛𝑖𝜃

= cos 𝑛𝜃 + 𝑖 sin 𝑛𝜃 + cos 𝑛𝜃 − 𝑖 sin 𝑛𝜃
= 2 cos 𝑛𝜃

11b Since
5𝑧 4 − 11𝑧 3 + 16𝑧 2 − 11𝑧 + 5 = 0
𝑧 2 (5𝑧 2 − 11𝑧 + 16 − 11𝑧 −1 + 5𝑧 −2 ) = 0
𝑧 2 (5(𝑧 2 + 𝑧 −2 ) − 11(𝑧 + 𝑧 −1 ) + 16) = 0
Since the roots have modulus 1, we have 𝑧 ≠ 0, and so,
5(2 cos 2𝜃) − 11(2 cos 𝜃) + 16 = 0
5 cos 2𝜃 − 11 cos 𝜃 + 8 = 0

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Chapter 3 worked solutions – Complex numbers II: de Moivre and Euler

11c Using the result from part b,

5 cos 2𝜃 − 11 cos 𝜃 + 8 = 0
5(2cos2 𝜃 − 1) − 11 cos 𝜃 + 8 = 0
10 cos2 𝜃 − 5 − 11 cos 𝜃 + 8 = 0
10 cos2 𝜃 − 11 cos 𝜃 + 3 = 0
(5 cos 𝜃 − 3)(2 cos 𝜃 − 1) = 0
Hence, we have
3 1
cos 𝜃 = or
5 2
3 √52 − 32 4
When cos 𝜃 = , sin 𝜃 = ± =±
5 5 5
1 √22 − 1 √3
When cos 𝜃 = , sin 𝜃 = ± =±
2 2 2
3 4 1 √3
Hence the roots are 𝑧 = ± 𝑖, ± 𝑖
5 5 2 2

12 1−𝑖
𝜋
= √2𝑒 −𝑖 4
𝜋
= 𝑒 ln √2 𝑒 −𝑖 4
𝑖𝜋
= 𝑒 ln √2− 4
1 𝜋
Comparing this with 𝑒 𝑎+𝑖𝑏 gives 𝑎 = ln √2 = 2 ln 2 and 𝑏 = − 4 .

13a cos(𝐴 + 𝐵) + cos(𝐴 − 𝐵)

= cos 𝐴 cos 𝐵 − sin 𝐴 sin 𝐵 + cos 𝐴 cos 𝐵 + sin 𝐴 sin 𝐵
= 2 cos 𝐴 cos 𝐵

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Chapter 3 worked solutions – Complex numbers II: de Moivre and Euler

𝛼+𝛽 𝛼−𝛽
13b Let 𝐴 = and 𝐵 = , thus
2 2

𝛼+𝛽 𝛼−𝛽
2 cos ( ) cos ( )
2 2
𝛼+𝛽 𝛼−𝛽 𝛼+𝛽 𝛼−𝛽
= cos (( )+( )) + cos (( )−( ))
2 2 2 2

= cos 𝛼 + cos 𝛽

13c sin(𝐴 + 𝐵) + sin(𝐴 − 𝐵)

= sin 𝐴 cos 𝐵 + cos 𝐴 sin 𝐵 + sin 𝐴 cos 𝐵 − cos 𝐴 sin 𝐵
= 2 sin 𝐴 cos 𝐵
𝛼+𝛽 𝛼−𝛽
Let 𝐴 = and 𝐵 = , thus
2 2

𝛼+𝛽 𝛼−𝛽
2 sin ( ) cos ( )
2 2
𝛼+𝛽 𝛼−𝛽 𝛼+𝛽 𝛼−𝛽
= sin (( )+( )) + sin (( )−( ))
2 2 2 2

= sin 𝛼 + sin 𝛽
as required

13d 𝑒 𝑖𝛼 + 𝑒 𝑖𝛽
= cos 𝛼 + 𝑖 sin 𝛼 + cos 𝛽 + 𝑖 sin 𝛽
= (cos 𝛼 + cos 𝛽) + 𝑖(sin 𝛼 + sin 𝛽)
𝛼+𝛽 𝛼−𝛽 𝛼+𝛽 𝛼−𝛽
= 2 cos ( ) cos ( ) + 𝑖 (2 sin ( ) cos ( )) (using part b and c)
2 2 2 2
𝛼−𝛽 𝛼+𝛽 𝛼+𝛽
= 2 cos ( ) [cos ( ) + 𝑖 sin ( )]
2 2 2
𝛼 − 𝛽 𝑖 (𝛼+𝛽)
= 2 cos ( ) 𝑒2
2

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Chapter 3 worked solutions – Complex numbers II: de Moivre and Euler

14ai cos 𝛼 + cos 𝛽

1 𝑖𝛼 1
= (𝑒 + 𝑒 −𝑖𝛼 ) + (𝑒 𝑖𝛽 + 𝑒 −𝑖𝛽 )
2 2
1 𝑖𝛼
= (𝑒 + 𝑒 𝑖𝛽 + 𝑒 −𝑖𝛼 + 𝑒 −𝑖𝛽 )
2
1 𝑖 (𝛼+𝛽) 𝑖
(𝛼+𝛽)
𝑖
(𝛼−𝛽)
𝑖
(𝛼−𝛽)
= (𝑒 2 + 𝑒 −2 ) (𝑒 2 + 𝑒 −2 )
2
1 𝑖 (𝛼+𝛽) 𝑖
(𝛼+𝛽) 1 𝑖 (𝛼−𝛽) 𝑖
(𝛼−𝛽)
= 2 ( (𝑒 2 + 𝑒 −2 )) ( (𝑒 2 + 𝑒 −2 ))
2 2
𝛼+𝛽 𝛼−𝛽
= 2 cos ( ) cos ( )
2 2

14aii sin 𝛼 + sin 𝛽

1 𝑖𝛼 1
= (𝑒 − 𝑒 −𝑖𝛼 ) + (𝑒 𝑖𝛽 − 𝑒 −𝑖𝛽 )
2𝑖 2𝑖
1 𝑖𝛼
= (𝑒 + 𝑒 𝑖𝛽 − 𝑒 −𝑖𝛼 − 𝑒 −𝑖𝛽 )
2𝑖
1 𝑖 (𝛼+𝛽) 𝑖
(𝛼+𝛽)
𝑖
(𝛼−𝛽)
𝑖
(𝛼−𝛽)
= (𝑒 2 − 𝑒 −2 ) (𝑒 2 + 𝑒 −2 )
2𝑖
1 𝑖 (𝛼+𝛽) 𝑖
(𝛼+𝛽) 1 𝑖 (𝛼−𝛽) 𝑖
(𝛼−𝛽)
= 2 ( (𝑒 2 − 𝑒 −2 )) ( (𝑒 2 + 𝑒 −2 ))
2𝑖 2
𝛼+𝛽 𝛼−𝛽
= 2 sin ( ) cos ( )
2 2

14b tan 𝜃
sin 𝜃
=
cos 𝜃
1 𝑖𝜃
(𝑒 − 𝑒 −𝑖𝜃 )
= 2𝑖
1 𝑖𝜃
(𝑒 + 𝑒 −𝑖𝜃 )
2
(𝑒 𝑖𝜃 − 𝑒 −𝑖𝜃 )
=
𝑖(𝑒 𝑖𝜃 + 𝑒 −𝑖𝜃 )

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Chapter 3 worked solutions – Complex numbers II: de Moivre and Euler

14c tan 2𝜃

(𝑒 2𝑖𝜃 − 𝑒 −2𝑖𝜃 )
=
𝑖(𝑒 2𝑖𝜃 + 𝑒 −2𝑖𝜃 )
2 2𝑖𝜃
(𝑒 − 𝑒 −2𝑖𝜃 )
= 𝑖
2(𝑒 2𝑖𝜃 + 𝑒 −2𝑖𝜃 )
2 2𝑖𝜃
(𝑒 − 𝑒 −2𝑖𝜃 )
= 2𝑖𝜃 𝑖
𝑒 + 𝑒 −2𝑖𝜃 + 𝑒 2𝑖𝜃 + 𝑒 −2𝑖𝜃
2 2𝑖𝜃
(𝑒 − 𝑒 −2𝑖𝜃 )
= 2𝑖𝜃 𝑖
𝑒 + 2 + 𝑒 −2𝑖𝜃 + 𝑒 2𝑖𝜃 − 2 + 𝑒 −2𝑖𝜃
2 𝑖𝜃
(𝑒 − 𝑒 −𝑖𝜃 )(𝑒 𝑖𝜃 + 𝑒 −𝑖𝜃 )
𝑖
= 𝑖𝜃
(𝑒 + 𝑒 −𝑖𝜃 )2 + (𝑒 𝑖𝜃 − 𝑒 −𝑖𝜃 )2

(𝑒 𝑖𝜃 − 𝑒 −𝑖𝜃 )
2 ( 𝑖𝜃 )
𝑖(𝑒 + 𝑒 −𝑖𝜃 )
=
(𝑒 𝑖𝜃 − 𝑒 −𝑖𝜃 )2
1 + 𝑖𝜃
(𝑒 + 𝑒 −𝑖𝜃 )2

(𝑒 𝑖𝜃 − 𝑒 −𝑖𝜃 )
2 ( 𝑖𝜃 )
𝑖(𝑒 + 𝑒 −𝑖𝜃 )
= 2
(𝑒 𝑖𝜃 − 𝑒 −𝑖𝜃 )
1−( )
𝑖(𝑒 𝑖𝜃 + 𝑒 −𝑖𝜃 )
2 tan 𝜃
=
1 − tan2 𝜃

15a 𝑧 + 𝑧2 + 𝑧3 + ⋯ + 𝑧𝑛
This is a geometric series with 𝑎 = 𝑧 and 𝑟 = 𝑧. Hence, the sum of the geometric
series is
𝑎(𝑟 𝑛 − 1)
𝑆𝑛 =
𝑟−1
𝑧(𝑧 𝑛 − 1)
=
𝑧−1
𝑧 𝑛+1 − 𝑧
=
𝑧−1

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Chapter 3 worked solutions – Complex numbers II: de Moivre and Euler

15b Using part a we have

2
𝑧 𝑛+1 − 𝑧𝑛
𝑧 + 𝑧 + ⋯+ 𝑧 =
𝑧−1
Putting 𝑧 = 𝑒 𝑖𝜃 gives

2 𝑛 (𝑒 𝑖(𝑛+1)𝜃 − 𝑒 𝑖𝜃 )
𝑒 𝑖𝜃 + (𝑒 𝑖𝜃 ) + ⋯ + (𝑒 𝑖𝜃 ) =
𝑒 𝑖𝜃 − 1
(𝑒 𝑖(𝑛+1)𝜃 − 𝑒 𝑖𝜃 )
𝑒 𝑖𝜃 + 𝑒 2𝑖𝜃 + ⋯ + 𝑒 𝑛𝑖𝜃 =
𝑒 𝑖𝜃 − 1

𝑖𝜃 2𝑖𝜃 𝑛𝑖𝜃
𝑒 𝑖𝜃 (𝑒 𝑖𝑛𝜃 − 1)
𝑒 +𝑒 + ⋯+ 𝑒 =
𝑒 𝑖𝜃 − 1
(𝑒 𝑖𝑛𝜃 − 1)
𝑒 𝑖𝜃 + 𝑒 2𝑖𝜃 + ⋯ + 𝑒 𝑛𝑖𝜃 =
1 − 𝑒 −𝑖𝜃
1 1 1
𝑒 2𝑖𝑛𝜃 (𝑒 2𝑖𝑛𝜃 − 𝑒 −2𝑖𝑛𝜃 )
𝑒 𝑖𝜃 + 𝑒 2𝑖𝜃 + ⋯ + 𝑒 𝑛𝑖𝜃 = 1 1 1
𝑒 −2𝑖𝜃 (𝑒 2𝑖𝜃 − 𝑒 −2𝑖𝜃 )
1 1 1
𝑒 2𝑖(𝑛+1)𝜃 (𝑒 2𝑖𝑛𝜃 − 𝑒 −2𝑖𝑛𝜃 )
𝑒 𝑖𝜃 + 𝑒 2𝑖𝜃 + ⋯ + 𝑒 𝑛𝑖𝜃 = 1 1
(𝑒 2𝑖𝜃 − 𝑒 −2𝑖𝜃 )
1 1
𝑒 2𝑖(𝑛+1)𝜃 (2𝑖 sin 2 𝑛𝜃)
𝑒 𝑖𝜃 + 𝑒 2𝑖𝜃 + ⋯ + 𝑒 𝑛𝑖𝜃 =
1
2𝑖 sin 2 𝜃
1 1
𝑒 2𝑖(𝑛+1)𝜃 (sin 2 𝑛𝜃)
𝑒 𝑖𝜃 + 𝑒 2𝑖𝜃 + ⋯ + 𝑒 𝑛𝑖𝜃 =
1
sin 2 𝜃

Expanding both sides, we get

cos 𝜃 + 𝑖 sin 𝜃 + cos 2𝜃 + 𝑖 sin 2𝜃 + ⋯ + cos 𝑛𝜃 + 𝑖 sin 𝑛𝜃
1 1 1
(cos 2 (𝑛 + 1)𝜃 + 𝑖 sin 2 (𝑛 + 1)𝜃) (sin 2 𝑛𝜃)
=
1
sin 2 𝜃

Equating the imaginary component in the above equation gives

1 1
sin 2 (𝑛 + 1)𝜃 (sin 2 𝑛𝜃)
sin 𝜃 + sin 2𝜃 + ⋯ + sin 𝑛𝜃 =
1
sin 2 𝜃

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Chapter 3 worked solutions – Complex numbers II: de Moivre and Euler

𝜋
15c Let 𝜃 = 𝑛, then using the result from part b we have

1 𝜋 1 𝜋
𝜋 2𝜋 3𝜋 (𝑛 − 1)𝜋 𝑛𝜋 sin 2 𝑛 (𝑛) sin 2 (𝑛 + 1) 𝑛
sin + sin + sin + ⋯ + sin + sin =
𝑛 𝑛 𝑛 𝑛 𝑛 1 𝜋
sin 2 (𝑛)

1 1 1
𝜋 2𝜋 3𝜋 (𝑛 − 1)𝜋 sin 2 𝜋 sin 2 (1 + 𝑛) 𝜋
sin + sin + sin + ⋯ + sin + sin 𝜋 =
𝑛 𝑛 𝑛 𝑛 1 𝜋
sin 2 (𝑛 )

1 1 1
𝜋 2𝜋 3𝜋 (𝑛 − 1)𝜋 sin 2 𝜋 sin 2 (1 + 𝑛) 𝜋
sin + sin + sin + ⋯ + sin +0=
𝑛 𝑛 𝑛 𝑛 1 𝜋
sin 2 (𝑛)
𝜋 𝜋
𝜋 2𝜋 3𝜋 (𝑛 − 1)𝜋 (1) sin ( 2 + 2𝑛)
sin + sin + sin + ⋯ + sin =
𝑛 𝑛 𝑛 𝑛 1 𝜋
sin 2 (𝑛)
𝜋
𝜋 2𝜋 3𝜋 (𝑛 − 1)𝜋 cos (2𝑛)
sin + sin + sin + ⋯ + sin =
𝑛 𝑛 𝑛 𝑛 1 𝜋
sin 2 (𝑛)

𝜋 2𝜋 3𝜋 (𝑛 − 1)𝜋 𝜋
sin + sin + sin + ⋯ + sin = cot
𝑛 𝑛 𝑛 𝑛 2𝑛

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Chapter 3 worked solutions – Complex numbers II: de Moivre and Euler

Solutions to Exercise 3E Enrichment questions

16 LHS

𝑒 (𝛼+𝛽)𝑖 − 𝑒 −(𝛼+𝛽)𝑖
=
𝑖(𝑒 (𝛼+𝛽)𝑖 + 𝑒 −(𝛼+𝛽)𝑖 )
RHS
𝑒 𝑖𝛼 − 𝑒 −𝑖𝛼 𝑒 𝑖𝛽 − 𝑒 −𝑖𝛽
+
𝑖(𝑒 𝑖𝛼 + 𝑒 −𝑖𝛼 ) 𝑖(𝑒 𝑖𝛽 + 𝑒 −𝑖𝛽 )
=
𝑒 𝑖𝛼 − 𝑒 −𝑖𝛼 𝑒 𝑖𝛽 − 𝑒 −𝑖𝛽
1 + 𝑖𝛼 .
( 𝑒 + 𝑒 −𝑖𝛼 𝑒 𝑖𝛽 + 𝑒 −𝑖𝛽 )
(𝑒 𝑖𝛼 − 𝑒 −𝑖𝛼 )(𝑒 𝑖𝛽 + 𝑒 −𝑖𝛽 ) + (𝑒 𝑖𝛽 − 𝑒 −𝑖𝛽 )(𝑒 𝑖𝛼 + 𝑒 −𝑖𝛼 )
=
𝑖[(𝑒 𝑖𝛼 + 𝑒 −𝑖𝛼 )(𝑒 𝑖𝛽 + 𝑒 −𝑖𝛽 ) + (𝑒 𝑖𝛼 − 𝑒 −𝑖𝛼 )(𝑒 𝑖𝛽 − 𝑒 −𝑖𝛽 )]

𝑒 𝑖(𝛼+𝛽) + 𝑒 𝑖(𝛼−𝛽) − 𝑒 𝑖(𝛽−𝛼) − 𝑒 −𝑖(𝛼+𝛽) + 𝑒 𝑖(𝛼+𝛽) + 𝑒 𝑖(𝛽−𝛼) − 𝑒 𝑖(𝛼−𝛽) − 𝑒 −𝑖(𝛼+𝛽)

=
𝑖[𝑒 𝑖(𝛼+𝛽) + 𝑒 𝑖(𝛼−𝛽) + 𝑒 𝑖(𝛽−𝛼) + 𝑒 −𝑖(𝛼+𝛽) + 𝑒 𝑖(𝛼+𝛽) − 𝑒 𝑖(𝛼−𝛽) − 𝑒 𝑖(𝛽−𝛼) + 𝑒 −𝑖(𝛼+𝛽) ]
2(𝑒 𝑖(𝛼+𝛽) − 𝑒 −𝑖(𝛼+𝛽) )
=
2𝑖(𝑒 𝑖(𝛼+𝛽) + 𝑒 −𝑖(𝛼+𝛽) )
𝑒 𝑖(𝛼+𝛽) − 𝑒 −𝑖(𝛼+𝛽)
=
𝑖(𝑒 𝑖(𝛼+𝛽) − 𝑒 −𝑖(𝛼+𝛽) )
= LHS

17a 𝑧 2𝑛+1 = 1

So, 𝑒 𝑖(2𝑛+1)𝜃 = 𝑒 𝑖2𝑘𝜋 , where 𝑧 = 𝑒 𝑖𝜃 and 𝑘 is an integer

Thus (2𝑛 + 1)𝜃 = 2𝑘𝜋, which gives,
2𝑘𝜋
𝜃= , and for principal values − 𝑛 ≤ 𝑘 ≤ 𝑛
(2𝑛 + 1)
Note: The answers in the textbook are equivalent when converted to principal
values. The proof is left as an exercise.

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Chapter 3 worked solutions – Complex numbers II: de Moivre and Euler

17b 𝑧 2𝑛+1 − 1 = 0
So, by the factor theorem and part a:
𝑧 2𝑛+1 − 1
𝑛
2𝑘𝜋
= ∏ (𝑧 − 𝑒 𝑖𝜃 ), 𝜃 =
2𝑛 + 1
𝑘=−𝑛
𝑛

= (𝑧 − 1) ∏(𝑧 − 𝑒 𝑖𝜃 )(𝑧 − 𝑒 −𝑖𝜃 )

𝑘=1
𝑛

= (𝑧 − 1) ∏(𝑧 2 − (𝑒 𝑖𝜃 + 𝑒 −𝑖𝜃 )𝑧 + 1)
𝑘=1
𝑛
2𝑘𝜋
= (𝑧 − 1) ∏ (𝑧 2 − 2 (cos ) 𝑧 + 1)
2𝑛 + 1
𝑘=1

But 𝑧 2𝑛+1 − 1 = (𝑧 − 1)(𝑧 2𝑛 + 𝑧 2𝑛−1 + ⋯ + 𝑧 + 1) (By G.P. theory.)

Hence,
𝑛
2𝑘𝜋
𝑧 2𝑛 + 𝑧 2𝑛−1 + ⋯ + 𝑧 + 1 = ∏ (𝑧 2 − 2 (cos ) 𝑧 + 1)
2𝑛 + 1
𝑘=1

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Chapter 3 worked solutions – Complex numbers II: de Moivre and Euler

17c When 𝑧 = 1,
LHS
= 12𝑛 + 12𝑛−1 + ⋯ + 12 + 11 + 1
= 2𝑛 + 1
RHS
𝑛
2𝑘𝜋
= ∏ (2 − 2 (cos ) 𝑧)
2𝑛 + 1
𝑘=1
𝑛
𝑘𝜋
= ∏ (2. 2. sin2 ) (double angle)
2𝑛 + 1
𝑘=1

Hence,
2𝑛 + 1
𝑛
𝑘𝜋 2
= ∏ (2 sin )
2𝑛 + 1
𝑘=1

𝑛 2
𝑘𝜋
= (∏ 2 sin )
2𝑛 + 1
𝑘=1

Thus
𝑛
𝑘𝜋
∏ 2 sin = √2𝑛 + 1
2𝑛 + 1
𝑘=1

Viz:
𝜋 2𝜋 3𝜋 𝑛𝜋
2𝑛 sin sin sin … sin = √2𝑛 + 1
2𝑛 + 1 2𝑛 + 1 2𝑛 + 1 2𝑛 + 1

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Chapter 3 worked solutions – Complex numbers II: de Moivre and Euler

Solutions to Exercise 3F Chapter review

1a (cos 𝜃 + 𝑖 sin 𝜃)3 (cos 2𝜃 + 𝑖 sin 2𝜃)2
= (cis 𝜃)3 (cis 2𝜃)2
= cis 3𝜃 cis 4𝜃
= cis 7𝜃

1b
(cos 𝜃 + 𝑖 sin 𝜃)4
(cos 𝜃 − 𝑖 sin 𝜃)2
(cis 𝜃)4
=
(cis(−𝜃))2
cis 4𝜃
=
cis(−2𝜃)
= cis 6𝜃

2
𝑖𝜋 3
−
(𝑒 7)

𝜋 4
(𝑒 𝑖 7 )
3𝜋
𝑒 −𝑖 7
= 4𝜋
𝑒𝑖 7
7𝜋
= 𝑒 −𝑖 7
= 𝑒 −𝑖𝜋
= −1

3a 1−𝑖
1
= √1 + 1cis (tan−1 − )
1
𝜋
= √2 cis (− )
4

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Chapter 3 worked solutions – Complex numbers II: de Moivre and Euler

3b (1 − 𝑖)13
13
𝜋
= (√2 cis (− ))
4
13 𝜋
= (√2) cis (− × 13)
4
13𝜋
= 26 √2 cis (− )
4
13𝜋
= 26 √2 cis (− + 4𝜋)
4
3𝜋
= 26 √2 cis ( )
4
1 𝑖
= 26 √2 (− + )
√2 √2
= −64 + 64𝑖

12 12
4a (√3 + 𝑖) + (√3 − 𝑖)
𝜋 12 𝜋 12
−
= (2𝑒 6 ) + (2𝑒 6)

= 212 𝑒 2𝜋 + 212 𝑒 −2𝜋

= 212 + 212
= 2 × 212
= 213

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Chapter 3 worked solutions – Complex numbers II: de Moivre and Euler

𝑛 𝑛
4b i (√3 + 𝑖) + (√3 − 𝑖)
𝜋 𝑛 𝜋 𝑛
= (2𝑒 6 ) + (2𝑒 − 6 )
𝑛𝜋 𝑛𝜋
= 212 𝑒 6 + 212 𝑒 − 6
𝑛𝜋 𝑛𝜋
= 212 𝑒 6 + 212 𝑒 − 6
𝑛𝜋 𝑛𝜋
= 212 (𝑒 6 + 𝑒− 6 )
𝑛𝜋 𝑛𝜋 𝑛𝜋 𝑛𝜋
= 212 (cos + 𝑖 sin + cos − 𝑖 sin )
6 6 6 6
𝑛𝜋
= 213 cos
6
which is real
𝑛 𝑛
4b ii (√3 + 𝑖) + (√3 − 𝑖)
𝑛𝜋 𝑛𝜋
is rational when 213 cos is rational and hence when cos is rational. This is
6 6
when 𝑛 is even or a multiple of 3.

5a cos 6𝜃 + 𝑖 sin 6𝜃
= cis 6𝜃
= (cis 𝜃)6
= (cos 𝜃 + 𝑖 sin 𝜃)6
= cos6 𝜃 + 6𝑖 cos5 𝜃 sin 𝜃 + 15𝑖 2 cos4 𝜃 sin2 𝜃 + 20𝑖 3 cos 3 𝜃 sin3 𝜃
+15𝑖 4 cos 2 𝜃 sin4 𝜃 + 6𝑖 5 cos 𝜃 sin5 𝜃 + 𝑖 6 sin6 𝜃
= cos6 𝜃 + 6𝑖 cos5 𝜃 sin 𝜃 − 15 cos 4 𝜃 sin2 𝜃 − 20𝑖 cos 3 𝜃 sin3 𝜃
+15 cos2 𝜃 sin4 𝜃 + 6𝑖 cos 𝜃 sin5 𝜃 − sin6 𝜃
= (cos 6 𝜃 − 15 cos 4 𝜃 sin2 𝜃 + 15 cos2 𝜃 sin4 𝜃 − sin6 𝜃)
+ 𝑖(6 cos5 𝜃 sin 𝜃 − 20 cos 3 𝜃 sin3 𝜃 + 6 cos 𝜃 sin5 𝜃)
Equating the real components of the above equation gives
cos 6𝜃 = cos 6 𝜃 − 15 cos4 𝜃 sin2 𝜃 + 15 cos 2 𝜃 sin4 𝜃 − sin6 𝜃
Equating the imaginary components of the above equation gives
sin 6𝜃 = 6 cos5 𝜃 sin 𝜃 − 20 cos3 𝜃 sin3 𝜃 + 6 cos 𝜃 sin5 𝜃

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Chapter 3 worked solutions – Complex numbers II: de Moivre and Euler

5b tan 6𝜃
sin 6𝜃
=
cos 6𝜃
6 cos 5 𝜃 sin 𝜃 − 20 cos 3 𝜃 sin3 𝜃 + 6 cos 𝜃 sin5 𝜃
=
cos6 𝜃 − 15 cos4 𝜃 sin2 𝜃 + 15 cos2 𝜃 sin4 𝜃 − sin6 𝜃
6 cos 5 𝜃 sin 𝜃 − 20 cos 3 𝜃 sin3 𝜃 + 6 cos 𝜃 sin5 𝜃 cos6 𝜃
= ÷
cos6 𝜃 − 15 cos4 𝜃 sin2 𝜃 + 15 cos2 𝜃 sin4 𝜃 − sin6 𝜃 cos6 𝜃
6 tan 𝜃 − 20 tan3 𝜃 + 6 tan5 𝜃
=
1 − 15 tan2 𝜃 + 15 tan4 𝜃 − tan6 𝜃
6𝑡 − 20𝑡 3 + 6𝑡 5
=
1 − 15𝑡 2 + 15𝑡 4 − 𝑡 6
2𝑡(3 − 10𝑡 2 + 3𝑡 4 )
=
1 − 15𝑡 2 + 15𝑡 4 − 𝑡 6

6a

1 4
(𝑧 + )
𝑧
1 1 1 1
= 𝑧 4 + 4𝑧 3 ( ) + 6𝑧 2 ( 2 ) + 4𝑧 ( 3 ) + ( 4 )
𝑧 𝑧 𝑧 𝑧
= 𝑧 4 + 4𝑧 2 + 6 + 4𝑧 −2 + 𝑧 −4

1 4
(𝑧 − )
𝑧
1 1 1 1
= 𝑧 4 − 4𝑧 3 ( ) + 6𝑧 2 ( 2 ) − 4𝑧 ( 3 ) + ( 4 )
𝑧 𝑧 𝑧 𝑧
= 𝑧 4 − 4𝑧 2 + 6 − 4𝑧 −2 + 𝑧 −4

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Chapter 3 worked solutions – Complex numbers II: de Moivre and Euler

6b Adding the above two results from part a,

1 4 1 4
(𝑧 + ) + (𝑧 − ) = 2(𝑧 4 + 6 + 𝑧 −4 )
𝑧 𝑧
1 4 1 4
(𝑧 + ) + (𝑧 − ) = 2(𝑧 4 + 𝑧 −4 + 6)
𝑧 𝑧
(2 cos 𝜃)4 + (2𝑖 sin 𝜃)4 = 2(2cos 4𝜃 + 6)
16 cos4 𝜃 + 16 sin4 𝜃 = 4(cos 4𝜃 + 3)
1
cos4 𝜃 + sin4 𝜃 = (cos 4𝜃 + 3)
4

7a If 𝜔 is a cube root of −1 it follows that

𝜔3 = −1
Now
(−𝜔2 )3
= −𝜔6
= −(𝜔3 )2
= −(−1)2
= −1
Hence −𝜔2 is a cube root of −1.

7b (6𝜔 + 1)(6𝜔2 − 1)
= 36𝜔3 + 6(𝜔2 − 𝜔) − 1
= 36(−1) − 6(𝜔 − 𝜔2 ) − 1
= −36 − 6(𝜔 − 𝜔2 − 1) − 6 − 1
Since 𝜔 − 𝜔2 − 1 is the sum of the cube roots of −1, and because there is no
coefficient of 𝜔2 in 𝜔3 − 1 = 0, it follows that 𝜔 − 𝜔2 − 1 = 0. Hence,
(6𝜔 + 1)(6𝜔2 − 1)
= −36 − 6(𝜔 − 𝜔2 − 1) − 6 − 1
= −36 − 6(0) − 6 − 1
= −43

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Chapter 3 worked solutions – Complex numbers II: de Moivre and Euler

8 𝑧 3 − 8𝑖 = 0
𝑧 3 = 8𝑖

Let 𝑧 = 𝑟𝑒 𝑖𝜃 , then 𝑧 3 = 𝑟 3 𝑒 3𝑖𝜃 . Taking the modulus of both sides we have 𝑟 3 = 8,

𝜋
and so we must have 𝑟 = 2 and 𝑒 𝑖3𝜃 = 𝑖. Hence, we must have 3𝜃 = 2 + 2𝑛𝜋,
(1+4𝑛)𝜋
where 𝑛 is an integer, and so 𝜃 = . Hence, taking 𝑛 = −1, 0, 1 we see that
6
the roots are,
iπ iπ i5π
𝑧 = 2e− 2 , 2e 6 , 2e 6

9a 2 + 2𝑖
𝜋
= √22 + 22 cis ( )
4
𝜋
= 2√2 cis ( )
4
𝜋
Let 𝑧 = 𝑟 cis(𝜃) be a cube root of 2√2 cis ( 4 ). It follows that
𝜋
𝑧 3 = 2√2 cis ( )
4
𝜋
𝑟 3 cis(3𝜃) = 2√2 cis ( )
4
Taking the modulus, we see that 𝑟 3 = 2√2 and hence 𝑟 = √2. Then we must also
𝜋 (8𝑛+1)𝜋
have that 3𝜃 = 2𝑛𝜋 + 4 = , where 𝑛 is an integer. Thus,
4

(8𝑛 + 1)𝜋
𝜃= where 𝑛 is an integer
12
and so
(8𝑛 + 1)𝜋
𝑧 = √2 cis ( )
12

Taking 𝑛 = −1, 0, 1 we see that the 3 roots are,

𝑘𝜋
𝑧 = √2 cis ( ) for 𝑘 = −7, 1, 9
12

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Chapter 3 worked solutions – Complex numbers II: de Moivre and Euler

9b Let 𝑧 = 𝑟 cis 𝜃 be a sixth root of 𝑖, it follows that

π
𝑧 6 = 𝑟 6 cis 6θ = 𝑖 = cis 2

Hence comparing modulus, we see that 𝑟 = 1, and by comparing argument we

𝜋
see that, 6𝜃 = 2𝑛𝜋 + 2 where 𝑛 is an integer. Thus,

(4𝑛 + 1)𝜋
𝜃=
12
and so, the sixth roots have the form
(4𝑛 + 1)𝜋
𝑧 = cis ( ) where 𝑛 is an integer
12

Taking 𝑛 = −3, −2, −1, 0, 1, 2, we have the six roots as,

𝑘𝜋
𝑧 = cis ( ) for 𝑘 = −11, −7, −3, 1, 5, 9
12

10a 𝑧
𝑖𝜋 5𝑖𝜋
= 4√3𝑒 3 − 4𝑒 6

𝜋 𝜋 5𝜋 5𝜋
= 4√3 (cos + 𝑖 sin ) − 4 (cos + 𝑖 sin )
3 3 6 6
1 𝑖√3 √3 𝑖
= 4√3 ( + ) − 4 (− + )
2 2 2 2

= 4√3 + 4𝑖

√3 𝑖
= 8( + )
2 2
𝑖𝜋
= 8𝑒 6

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Chapter 3 worked solutions – Complex numbers II: de Moivre and Euler

10b Using part a we have

𝑧 𝑧 2 𝑧 3
+𝑖( ) +( )
8 8 8
𝑖𝜋 𝑖𝜋 2 𝑖𝜋 3
8𝑒 6 8𝑒 6 8𝑒 6
= +𝑖( ) +( )
8 8 8

𝑖𝜋 𝑖𝜋 2 𝑖𝜋 3
= 𝑒 6 + 𝑖 (𝑒 6 ) + (𝑒 6 )

𝑖𝜋 𝑖𝜋 𝑖𝜋
= 𝑒 6 + 𝑖𝑒 3 + 𝑒 2
𝜋 𝜋 𝜋 𝜋 𝜋 𝜋
= cos + 𝑖 sin + 𝑖 cos + 𝑖 2 sin + cos + 𝑖 sin
6 6 3 3 2 2
√3 𝑖 𝑖 √3
= + + − 𝑖+0+𝑖
2 2 2 2
= 2𝑖

10c Let 𝜆 = 𝑟𝑒 𝑖𝜃 be a cube root of 𝑧. It follows that

𝑖𝜋
𝜆3 = 𝑟 3 𝑒 3𝑖𝜃 = 8𝑒 6
Comparing modulus, we see that 𝑟 3 = 8 and so 𝑟 = 2. Then comparing argument,
𝜋 (12𝑛+1)𝜋
we see that 3𝜃 = 2𝑛𝜋 + 6 = , where 𝑛 is an integer. Hence,
6

(12𝑛 + 1)𝜋
𝜃=
18
Thus, the roots are of the form
(12𝑛+1)𝜋
𝜆 = 2𝑒 18 where 𝑛 is an integer
Taking 𝑛 = −1, 0, 1, we see that the three cube roots of 𝑧 are,
11𝑖𝜋 𝑖𝜋 13𝑖𝜋
𝜆 = 2𝑒 − 18 , 2𝑒 18 , 2𝑒 18

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Chapter 3 worked solutions – Complex numbers II: de Moivre and Euler

11a (𝑧 − 𝑧 −1 )7

= 𝑧 7 − 7(𝑧 6 )(𝑧 −1 ) + 21(𝑧 5 )(𝑧 −2 ) − 35(𝑧 4 )(𝑧 −3 ) + 35(𝑧 3 )(𝑧 −4 ) − 21(𝑧 2 )(𝑧 −5 )
+7(𝑧)(𝑧 −6 ) − 𝑧 −7
= 𝑧 7 − 7𝑧 5 + 21𝑧 3 − 35𝑧 + 35𝑧 −1 − 21𝑧 −3 + 7𝑧 −5 − 𝑧 −7
= (𝑧 7 − 𝑧 −7 ) − 7(𝑧 5 − 𝑧 −5 ) + 21(𝑧 3 − 𝑧 −3 ) − 35(𝑧 − 𝑧 −1 )

11b 𝑧 = cos 𝜃 + 𝑖 sin 𝜃 = cis 𝜃

𝑧 − 𝑧 −1 = cis 𝜃 − cis(−𝜃)
= cos 𝜃 + 𝑖 sin 𝜃 − (cos 𝜃 − 𝑖 sin 𝜃)
= 2𝑖 sin 𝜃

𝑧 𝑛 = cos 𝑛𝜃 + 𝑖 sin 𝑛𝜃 = cis 𝑛𝜃

𝑧 𝑛 − 𝑧 −𝑛 = cis 𝑛𝜃 − cis(−𝑛𝜃)
= cos 𝑛𝜃 + 𝑖 sin 𝑛𝜃 − (cos 𝑛𝜃 − 𝑖 sin 𝑛𝜃)
= 2𝑖 sin 𝑛𝜃

11c sin7 𝜃
= 𝑖 8 sin7 𝜃
7
𝑧 − 𝑧 −1
=( )
2𝑖
𝑖
= (𝑧 − 𝑧 −1 )7
128
𝑖
= ((𝑧 7 − 𝑧 −7 ) − 7(𝑧 5 − 𝑧 −5 ) + 21(𝑧 3 − 𝑧 −3 ) − 35(𝑧 − 𝑧 −1 ))
128
𝑖
= (2𝑖 sin 7𝜃 − 7(2𝑖 sin 5𝜃) + 21(2𝑖 sin 3𝜃) − 35(2𝑖 sin 𝜃))
128
1
=− (2 sin 7𝜃 − 7(2 sin 5𝜃) + 21(2 sin 3𝜃) − 35(2 sin 𝜃))
128
1
= (35 sin 𝜃 − 21 sin 3𝜃 + 7 sin 5𝜃 − sin 7𝜃)
64

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Chapter 3 worked solutions – Complex numbers II: de Moivre and Euler

11d Using part c

∫(35 sin 𝜃 − 64 sin7 𝜃) 𝑑𝜃

1
= ∫ (35 sin 𝜃 − 64 ( (35 sin 𝜃 − 21 sin 3𝜃 + 7 sin 5𝜃 − sin 7𝜃))) 𝑑𝜃
64

= ∫(35 sin 𝜃 − (35 sin 𝜃 − 21 sin 3𝜃 + 7 sin 5𝜃 − sin 7𝜃)) 𝑑𝜃

= ∫(21 sin 3𝜃 − 7 sin 5𝜃 + sin 7𝜃) 𝑑𝜃

7 1
= −7 cos 3𝜃 + cos 5𝜃 − cos 7𝜃 + 𝐶
5 7

12a cos 5𝜃 + 𝑖 sin 5𝜃

= cis 5𝜃
= (cis 𝜃)5
= (cos 𝜃 + 𝑖 sin 𝜃)5
= cos5 𝜃 + 5𝑖 cos4 𝜃 sin 𝜃 + 10𝑖 2 cos3 𝜃 sin2 𝜃 + 10𝑖 3 cos 2 𝜃 sin3 𝜃
+5𝑖 4 cos 𝜃 sin4 𝜃 + 𝑖 5 sin5 𝜃
= cos5 𝜃 + 5𝑖 cos4 𝜃 sin 𝜃 − 10 cos 3 𝜃 sin2 𝜃 − 10𝑖 cos 2 𝜃 sin3 𝜃
+5 cos 𝜃 sin4 𝜃 + 𝑖 sin5 𝜃
Equating real components in the above equation gives
cos 5𝜃
= cos5 𝜃 − 10 cos3 𝜃 sin2 𝜃 + 5 cos 𝜃 sin4 𝜃
= cos5 𝜃 − 10 cos3 𝜃 (1 − cos2 𝜃) + 5 cos 𝜃 (1 − cos 2 𝜃)2
= cos5 𝜃 − 10 cos3 𝜃 (1 − cos2 𝜃) + 5 cos 𝜃 (1 − 2 cos2 𝜃 + cos 4 𝜃)
= 16 cos5 𝜃 − 20 cos 3 𝜃 + 5 cos 𝜃

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Chapter 3 worked solutions – Complex numbers II: de Moivre and Euler

12b 16𝑥 4 − 20𝑥 2 + 5 = 0

Let 𝑥 = cos 𝜃, then we have
16 cos4 𝜃 − 20 cos 2 𝜃 + 5 = 0
cos 𝜃 (16 cos 4 𝜃 − 20 cos2 𝜃 + 5) = 0 × cos 𝜃
16 cos5 𝜃 − 20 cos 3 𝜃 + 5 cos 𝜃 = 0
cos 5𝜃 = 0 (using part a)
Thus, we must have
𝜋 3𝜋 5𝜋 7𝜋 9𝜋
5𝜃 = , , , ,
2 2 2 2 2
𝜋 3𝜋 𝜋 7𝜋 9𝜋
𝜃= , , , ,
10 10 2 10 10
𝜋
We omit 2 as that solution was introduced when we multiplied the equation by
cos𝜃.
𝜋 3𝜋 7𝜋 9𝜋
So the solutions are 𝜃 = , , ,
10 10 10 10
𝜋 3𝜋 7𝜋 9𝜋
Hence the solutions are 𝑥 = cos , cos , cos , cos
10 10 10 10

12c The product of the roots is

𝜋 3𝜋 7𝜋 9𝜋 5
cos cos cos cos =
10 10 10 10 16
𝜋 3𝜋 7𝜋 9𝜋 5
cos cos (−cos (𝜋 − )) (−cos (𝜋 − )) =
10 10 10 10 16
𝜋 3𝜋 3𝜋 𝜋 5
cos cos cos cos =
10 10 10 10 16
𝜋 3𝜋 2 5
(cos cos ) =
10 10 16
𝜋 3𝜋 √5
cos cos =±
10 10 4
𝜋 3𝜋
But cos 10 , cos 10 > 0 and so

𝜋 3𝜋 √5
cos cos =
10 10 4

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Chapter 3 worked solutions – Complex numbers II: de Moivre and Euler

12d Let 𝑢 = 2𝑥 2 − 1
4𝑢2 − 2𝑢 − 1
= 4(2𝑥 2 − 1)2 − 2(2𝑥 2 − 1) − 1
= 4(4𝑥 4 − 4𝑥 2 + 1) − (4𝑥 2 − 2) − 1
= 16𝑥 4 − 20𝑥 2 + 5
=0

𝜋
12e 𝑥 = cos 10 is a solution to 16𝑥 4 − 20𝑥 2 + 5 = 0, and using the double angle
identity we have,
𝜋
cos
5
𝜋
= 2 cos2 −1
10
= 2𝑥 2 − 1
From part d, 𝑢 = 2𝑥 2 − 1 is a solution to the equation 4𝑢2 − 2𝑢 − 1 = 0. So,
𝜋
letting 𝑢 = cos , the solutions to the equation become,
5
𝜋
cos
5
−(−2) ± √(−2)2 − 4(4)(−1)
=
2(4)
2 ± √4 + 16
=
8
2 ± 2√5
=
8
1 ± √5
=
4
𝜋 𝜋 1 + √5
But since cos > 0, we have cos =
5 5 4

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Chapter 3 worked solutions – Complex numbers II: de Moivre and Euler

13a Begin by noting that

𝑒 𝑖𝜃 = cos 𝜃 + 𝑖 sin 𝜃 (1)

and that
𝑒 −𝑖𝜃 = cos(−𝜃) + 𝑖 sin(−𝜃)
Hence

𝑒 −𝑖𝜃 = cos 𝜃 − 𝑖 sin 𝜃 (2)

(1) + (2):

𝑒 𝑖𝜃 + 𝑒 −𝑖𝜃
= cos 𝜃 + 𝑖 sin 𝜃 + cos 𝜃 − 𝑖 sin 𝜃
= 2 cos 𝜃
Hence
1 𝑖𝜃
cos 𝜃 = (𝑒 + 𝑒 −𝑖𝜃 )
2
(1) − (2):

𝑒 𝑖𝜃 − 𝑒 −𝑖𝜃
= cos 𝜃 + 𝑖 sin 𝜃 − (cos 𝜃 − 𝑖 sin 𝜃)
= 2𝑖 sin 𝜃
Hence
1 𝑖𝜃
sin 𝜃 = (𝑒 − 𝑒 −𝑖𝜃 )
2𝑖

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Chapter 3 worked solutions – Complex numbers II: de Moivre and Euler

13b i 2 cos 2 𝜃
2
1
= 2 ( (𝑒 𝑖𝜃 + 𝑒 −𝑖𝜃 ))
2

1
= 2 ( (𝑒 2𝑖𝜃 + 2𝑒 0 + 𝑒 −2𝑖𝜃 ))
4
1 2𝑖𝜃
= (𝑒 + 2 + 𝑒 −2𝑖𝜃 )
2
1
= (cos 2𝜃 + 𝑖 sin 2𝜃 + 2 + cos 2𝜃 − 𝑖 sin 2𝜃)
2
1
= (2 + 2 cos 2𝜃)
2
= 1 + cos 2𝜃

13b ii 2 sin2 𝜃
2
1
= 2 ( (𝑒 𝑖𝜃 − 𝑒 −𝑖𝜃 ))
2𝑖

1
= 2 ( (𝑒 2𝑖𝜃 − 2𝑒 0 + 𝑒 −2𝑖𝜃 ))
−4
1
= − (𝑒 2𝑖𝜃 − 2 + 𝑒 −2𝑖𝜃 )
2
1
= − (cos 2𝜃 + 𝑖 sin 2𝜃 − 2 + cos 2𝜃 − 𝑖 sin 2𝜃)
2
1
= − (−2 + 2 cos 2𝜃)
2
= 1 − cos 2𝜃

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Chapter 3 worked solutions – Complex numbers II: de Moivre and Euler

13b iii cos(𝛼 − 𝛽)

1 𝑖(𝛼−𝛽)
= (𝑒 + 𝑒 −𝑖(𝛼−𝛽) )
2
1
= (2𝑒 𝑖(𝛼−𝛽) + 2𝑒 𝑖(−𝛼+𝛽) )
4
1 𝑖(𝛼+𝛽)
= (𝑒 + 𝑒 𝑖(𝛼−𝛽) + 𝑒 𝑖(−𝛼+𝛽) + 𝑒 𝑖(−𝛼−𝛽) − 𝑒 𝑖(𝛼+𝛽) + 𝑒 𝑖(𝛼−𝛽) + 𝑒 𝑖(−𝛼+𝛽)
4
− 𝑒 𝑖(−𝛼−𝛽) )
1 𝑖(𝛼+𝛽)
= (𝑒 + 𝑒 𝑖(𝛼−𝛽) + 𝑒 𝑖(−𝛼+𝛽) + 𝑒 𝑖(−𝛼−𝛽) )
4
1
− (𝑒 𝑖(𝛼+𝛽) − 𝑒 𝑖(𝛼−𝛽) − 𝑒 𝑖(−𝛼+𝛽) + 𝑒 𝑖(−𝛼−𝛽) )
4
1 𝑖𝛼 1 1 1
= (𝑒 + 𝑒 −𝑖𝛼 ) × (𝑒 𝑖𝛽 + 𝑒 −𝑖𝛽 ) + (𝑒 𝑖𝛼 − 𝑒 −𝑖𝛼 ) × (𝑒 𝑖𝛽 − 𝑒 −𝑖𝛽 )
2 2 2𝑖 2𝑖
= cos 𝛼 cos 𝛽 + sin 𝛼 sin 𝛽

13b iv sin(𝛼 − 𝛽)
1 𝑖(𝛼−𝛽)
= (𝑒 − 𝑒 −𝑖(𝛼−𝛽) )
2𝑖
1
= (2𝑒 𝑖(𝛼−𝛽) − 2𝑒 −𝑖(𝛼−𝛽) )
4𝑖
1 𝑖(𝛼+𝛽)
= (𝑒 + 𝑒 𝑖(𝛼−𝛽) − 𝑒 𝑖(−𝛼+𝛽) − 𝑒 𝑖(−𝛼−𝛽) − 𝑒 𝑖(𝛼+𝛽) + 𝑒 𝑖(𝛼−𝛽) − 𝑒 𝑖(−𝛼+𝛽)
4𝑖
+ 𝑒 𝑖(−𝛼−𝛽) )
1
= ((𝑒 𝑖𝛼 − 𝑒 −𝑖𝛼 )(𝑒 𝑖𝛽 + 𝑒 −𝑖𝛽 ) − (𝑒 𝑖𝛼 + 𝑒 −𝑖𝛼 )(𝑒 𝑖𝛽 − 𝑒 −𝑖𝛽 ))
4𝑖
1 1 1 1
= ( (𝑒 𝑖𝛼 − 𝑒 −𝑖𝛼 )) ( (𝑒 𝑖𝛽 + 𝑒 −𝑖𝛽 )) − ( (𝑒 𝑖𝛼 + 𝑒 −𝑖𝛼 )) ( (𝑒 𝑖𝛽 − 𝑒 −𝑖𝛽 ))
2𝑖 2 2𝑖 2

= sin 𝛼 cos 𝛽 − cos 𝛼 sin 𝛽

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Chapter 3 worked solutions – Complex numbers II: de Moivre and Euler

14a Let 𝑧 = 𝑟cis 𝜃 be a seventh root of −1, then

𝑧 7 = 𝑟 7 (cis 𝜃)7 = 𝑟 7 cis 7𝜃 = −1
It follows by comparing modulus, then that 𝑟 = 1 and so cis 7𝜃 = −1
Hence cos 7𝜃 = −1 and so 7𝜃 = ±𝜋, ±3𝜋, ±5𝜋, 7𝜋
𝜋 3𝜋 5𝜋
Thus 𝜃 = ± 7 , ± ,± , 𝜋 and so the roots are
7 7

𝜋 3𝜋 5𝜋
𝑧 = cis (± ) , cis (± ) , cis (± ) , cis(𝜋)
7 7 7
This is,
𝜋 3𝜋 5𝜋
𝑧 = cis (± ) , cis (± ) , cis (± ) , −1
7 7 7

14b i The roots of the equation 𝑧 7 = −1 are the same as the roots of the equation
𝑧 7 + 1 = 0. Since there is no coefficient of 𝑧 6 , it follows that the sum of the roots
of the equation is equal to zero. Hence
𝜋 𝜋 3𝜋 3𝜋 5𝜋 5𝜋
cis ( ) + cis (− ) + cis ( ) + cis (− ) + cis ( ) + cis (− ) + (−1) = 0
7 7 7 7 7 7
𝜋 𝜋 𝜋 𝜋 3𝜋 3𝜋 3𝜋 3𝜋
(cos + 𝑖 sin ) + (cos − 𝑖 sin ) + (cos + 𝑖 sin ) + (cos − 𝑖 sin )
7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7
5𝜋 5𝜋 5𝜋 5𝜋
+ (cos + 𝑖 sin ) + (cos − 𝑖 sin ) + (−1) = 0
7 7 7 7
𝜋 3𝜋 5𝜋
2 cos + 2 cos + 2 cos −1=0
7 7 7
𝜋 3𝜋 5𝜋
2 cos + 2 cos + 2 cos =1
7 7 7
𝜋 3𝜋 5𝜋 1
cos + cos + cos =
7 7 7 2

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Chapter 3 worked solutions – Complex numbers II: de Moivre and Euler

14b ii Writing 𝑧 7 + 1 as a product of factors (using part a) gives

𝑧7 + 1
𝜋 𝜋 3𝜋
= (𝑧 − (−1)) (𝑧 − cis ( )) (𝑧 − cis (− )) (𝑧 − cis ( ))
7 7 7

3𝜋 5𝜋 5𝜋
(𝑧 − cis (− )) (𝑧 − cis ( )) (𝑧 − cis (− ))
7 7 7

𝜋 𝜋 𝜋 𝜋
= (𝑧 + 1) (𝑧 2 − 𝑧 (cis ( ) + cis (− )) + cis ( ) cis (− ))
7 7 7 7

3𝜋 3𝜋 3𝜋 3𝜋
(𝑧 2 − 𝑧 (cis ( ) + cis (− )) + cis ( ) cis (− ))
7 7 7 7

5𝜋 5𝜋 5𝜋 5𝜋
(𝑧 2 − 𝑧 (cis ( ) + cis (− )) + cis ( ) cis (− ))
7 7 7 7

𝜋
= (𝑧 + 1) (𝑧 2 − 2𝑧 cos + cis(0))
7
3𝜋 5𝜋
(𝑧 2 − 2𝑧 cos + cis(0)) (𝑧 2 − 2𝑧 cos + cis(0))
7 7
𝜋 3𝜋 5𝜋
= (𝑧 + 1) (𝑧 2 − 2𝑧 cos + 1) (𝑧 2 − 2𝑧 cos + 1) (𝑧 2 − 2𝑧 cos + 1)
7 7 7

14b iii (𝑧 + 1)(𝑧 6 − 75 + 𝑧 4 − 𝑧 3 + 𝑧 2 − 𝑧 + 1)

= 𝑧 7 − 76 + 𝑧 5 − 𝑧 4 + 𝑧 3 − 𝑧 2 + 𝑧 + 𝑧 6 − 75 + 𝑧 4 − 𝑧 3 + 𝑧 2 − 𝑧 + 1
= 𝑧7 + 1
Hence
(𝑧 + 1)(𝑧 6 − 75 + 𝑧 4 − 𝑧 3 + 𝑧 2 − 𝑧 + 1)
= 𝑧7 + 1
𝜋 3𝜋 5𝜋
= (𝑧 + 1) (𝑧 2 − 2𝑧 cos + 1) (𝑧 2 − 2𝑧 cos + 1) (𝑧 2 − 2𝑧 cos + 1)
7 7 7
Thus
𝑧6 − 𝑧5 + 𝑧4 − 𝑧3 + 𝑧2 − 𝑧 + 1
𝜋 3𝜋 5𝜋
= (𝑧 2 − 2𝑧 cos + 1) (𝑧 2 − 2𝑧 cos + 1) (𝑧 2 − 2𝑧 cos + 1)
7 7 7

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Chapter 3 worked solutions – Complex numbers II: de Moivre and Euler

14c Dividing both sides of the identity in part b iii by 𝑧 3 gives

𝑧 3 − 𝑧 2 + 𝑧 − 1 + 𝑧 −1 − 𝑧 −2 + 𝑧 −3
𝜋 3𝜋 5𝜋
(𝑧 2 − 2𝑧 cos 7 + 1) (𝑧 2 − 2𝑧 cos 7 + 1) (𝑧 2 − 2𝑧 cos 7 + 1)
=
𝑧 𝑧 𝑧
(𝑧 3 + 𝑧 −3 ) − (𝑧 2 + 𝑧 −2 ) + (𝑧 + 𝑧 −1 ) − 1
𝜋 3𝜋 5𝜋
= (𝑧 − 2 cos + 𝑧 −1 )(𝑧 − 2 cos + 𝑧 −1 )(𝑧 − 2 cos + 𝑧 −1 )
7 7 7
𝜋 3𝜋 5𝜋
= ((𝑧 + 𝑧 −1 ) − 2 cos ) ((𝑧 + 𝑧 −1 ) − 2 cos ) ((𝑧 + 𝑧 −1 ) − 2 cos )
7 7 7

We have already seen that 𝑧 𝑛 + 𝑧 −𝑛 = 2 cos 𝑛𝜃 and so we have

2 cos 3𝜃 − 2 cos 2𝜃 + 2 cos 𝜃 − 1
𝜋 3𝜋 5𝜋
= (2 cos 𝜃 − 2 cos ) (2 cos 𝜃 − 2 cos ) (2 cos 𝜃 − 2 cos )
7 7 7
𝜋 3𝜋 5𝜋
= 8 (cos 𝜃 − cos ) (cos 𝜃 − cos ) (cos 𝜃 − cos )
7 7 7

15a Let 𝑧 = 𝑟𝑒 𝑖𝜃 be a fifth root of unity, so that

𝑧 5 = 𝑟 5 𝑒 5𝑖𝜃 = 1 = 𝑒 𝑖2𝜋𝑛 , where 𝑛 is an integer

Comparing modulus, we see that 𝑟 = 1 and comparing argument we see that we
must have 5𝜃 = 2𝜋𝑛 where n is an integer. Hence,
2𝜋𝑛
𝜃=
5
Taking 𝑛 = −2, −1, 0, 1, 2 we find that the 5 roots of unity are,
𝑖2𝜋 𝑖4𝜋
𝑧 = 𝑒 0, 𝑒 ± ±
5 ,𝑒 5

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Chapter 3 worked solutions – Complex numbers II: de Moivre and Euler

15b i 𝑢 + 𝑣
= 𝛼 + 𝛼4 + 𝛼2 + 𝛼3
= 𝛼 + 𝛼2 + 𝛼3 + 𝛼4
Now we can factorise the equation 𝑧 5 − 1 as
𝑧5 − 1
= (𝑧 − 1)(𝑧 4 + 𝑧 3 + 𝑧 2 + 𝑧 + 1)
Then since 𝛼 is a root of the equation 𝑧 5 − 1, it follows that
(𝛼 − 1)(𝛼 4 + 𝛼 3 + 𝛼 2 + 𝛼 + 1) = 0
𝑖2𝜋
and since 𝛼 = 𝑒 5 ≠ 1 it must be the case that,
𝛼4 + 𝛼3 + 𝛼2 + 𝛼 + 1 = 0
or
𝑢 + 𝑣 = 𝛼 4 + 𝛼 3 + 𝛼 2 + 𝛼 = −1

Now squaring 𝑢 − 𝑣 gives

(𝑢 − 𝑣)2
= 𝑢2 − 2𝑢𝑣 + 𝑣 2
= (𝛼 + 𝛼 4 )2 − 2(𝛼 + 𝛼 4 )(𝛼 2 + 𝛼 3 ) + (𝛼 2 + 𝛼 3 )2
= (𝛼 2 + 2𝛼 5 + 𝛼 8 ) − 2(𝛼 3 + 𝛼 4 + 𝛼 6 + 𝛼 7 ) + (𝛼 4 + 2𝛼 5 + 𝛼 6 )
= (𝛼 2 + 2 + 𝛼 3 ) − 2(𝛼 3 + 𝛼 4 + 𝛼 + 𝛼 2 ) + (𝛼 4 + 2 + 𝛼) (Noting that α5 = 1)
= 4 − (𝛼 3 + 𝛼 4 + 𝛼 + 𝛼 2 )
= 4 − (−1) (from the working above 𝛼 4 + 𝛼 3 + 𝛼 2 + 𝛼 = −1)
=5
Hence, taking the square root we must have,

𝑢 − 𝑣 = ±√5
Now,
8π 8π 2π
𝛼 4 = cis ( 5 ) = cis (2𝜋 − ) = cis (− ) = 𝛼 −1
5 5

and

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Chapter 3 worked solutions – Complex numbers II: de Moivre and Euler

6π 6π 4π
𝛼 3 = cis ( ) = cis (2𝜋 − ) = cis (− ) = 𝛼 −2
5 5 5
Hence, using the fact that 𝑧 𝑛 + 𝑧 −𝑛 = 2 cos 𝑛𝜃 we have that,
2𝜋
𝑢 = 𝛼 + 𝛼 4 = 𝛼 + 𝛼 −1 = 2 cos
5
and
4𝜋
𝑣 = 𝛼 2 + 𝛼 3 = 𝛼 2 + 𝛼 −2 = 2 cos
5
2𝜋 4𝜋
Thus, we see that 𝑢 = 2 cos > 0 and 𝑣 = 2 cos < 0. So we see that both 𝑢 =
5 5
2𝜋 4𝜋
2 cos > 0 and − 𝑣 = −2 cos > 0, and as such conclude that 𝑢 − 𝑣 > 0. Thus,
5 5
we can omit the negative sign and have,

𝑢 − 𝑣 = √5

15b ii Using part i we have,

2𝑢 = 𝑢 + 𝑣 + 𝑢 − 𝑣 = −1 + √5
Thus,

−1 + √5
𝑢=
2
2𝜋
Now, we also have from the working in part i that, 𝑢 = 2 cos . Thus, we see
5
that

2𝜋 −1 + √5
𝑢 = 2 cos =
5 2
or that

2𝜋 −1 + √5
cos =
5 4

16a 𝑧 𝑛 + 𝑧 −𝑛
= (cis 𝜃)𝑛 + (cis 𝜃)−𝑛
= cis 𝑛𝜃 + cis(−𝑛𝜃)
= cos 𝑛𝜃 + 𝑖 sin 𝑛𝜃 + cos 𝑛𝜃 − 𝑖 sin 𝑛𝜃
= 2 cos 𝑛𝜃

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Chapter 3 worked solutions – Complex numbers II: de Moivre and Euler

16b sin(𝐴 + 𝐵) − sin(𝐴 − 𝐵)

= sin 𝐴 cos 𝐵 + cos 𝐴 sin 𝐵 − (sin 𝐴 cos 𝐵 − cos 𝐴 sin 𝐵)
= 2 cos 𝐴 sin 𝐵

16c (𝑧 2𝑛 + 𝑧 2𝑛−2 + 𝑧 2𝑛−4 + ⋯ + 𝑧 −2𝑛 ) sin 𝜃

= ((𝑧 2𝑛 + 𝑧 −2𝑛 ) + (𝑧 2𝑛−2 + 𝑧 −2𝑛+2 ) + ⋯ + (𝑧 2 + 𝑧 −2 ) + 𝑧 0 ) sin 𝜃

= (2 cos 2𝑛𝜃 + 2 cos(2𝑛 − 2)𝜃 + ⋯ + cos 0) sin 𝜃

= 2 cos 2𝑛𝜃 sin 𝜃 + 2 cos(2𝑛 − 2)𝜃 sin 𝜃 + ⋯ + cos 0 sin 𝜃
= (sin(2𝑛𝜃 + 𝜃) − sin(2𝑛𝜃 − 𝜃)) + (sin(2(𝑛 − 1)𝜃 + 𝜃) − sin(2(𝑛 − 1)𝜃 − 𝜃))
+ ⋯ + sin 𝜃
= (sin(2𝑛𝜃 + 𝜃) − sin(2𝑛𝜃 − 𝜃)) + (sin(2𝑛𝜃 − 𝜃) − sin(2𝑛𝜃 − 2𝜃))
+ ⋯ (sin 2𝜃 − sin 𝜃) + sin 𝜃
= sin(2𝑛𝜃 + 𝜃)
= sin(2𝑛 + 1)𝜃

16d Using the result in part c with 𝑛 = 3

(𝑧 6 + 𝑧 4 + 𝑧 2 + 𝑧 0 + 𝑧 −2 + 𝑧 −4 + 𝑧 −6 ) sin 𝜃 = sin 7𝜃
sin 7𝜃
𝑧 6 + 𝑧 4 + 𝑧 2 + 𝑧 0 + 𝑧 −2 + 𝑧 −4 + 𝑧 −6 =
sin 𝜃
sin 7𝜃
(𝑧 6 + 𝑧 −6 ) + (𝑧 4 + 𝑧 −4 ) + (𝑧 2 + 𝑧 −2 ) + 1 =
sin 𝜃
sin 7𝜃
2 cos 6𝜃 + 2 cos 4𝜃 + 2 cos 2𝜃 + 1 =
sin 𝜃
sin 7𝜃
2(4 cos 3 2𝜃 − 3 cos 2𝜃) + 2(2 cos2 2𝜃 − 1) + 2 cos 2𝜃 + 1 =
sin 𝜃
sin 7𝜃
8 cos3 2𝜃 + 4 cos2 2𝜃 − 4 cos 2𝜃 − 1 =
sin 𝜃

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Chapter 3 worked solutions – Complex numbers II: de Moivre and Euler

17 sin 𝛼 − sin 𝛽
1 𝑖𝛼 1
= (𝑒 − 𝑒 −𝑖𝛼 ) − (𝑒 𝑖𝛽 − 𝑒 −𝑖𝛽 )
2𝑖 2𝑖
1 𝑖𝛼
= (𝑒 − 𝑒 𝑖𝛽 + 𝑒 −𝑖𝛽 − 𝑒 −𝑖𝛼 )
2𝑖
1 𝑖(𝛼+𝛽 ) −𝑖(
𝛼+𝛽
) 𝑖(
𝛼−𝛽
) −𝑖(
𝛼−𝛽
)
= (𝑒 2 +𝑒 2 ) (𝑒 2 −𝑒 2 )
2𝑖

1 𝑖(𝛼+𝛽) −𝑖(
𝛼+𝛽
) 1 𝑖(𝛼−𝛽 ) −𝑖(
𝛼−𝛽
)
= 2 ([ (𝑒 2 + 𝑒 2 )] [ (𝑒 2 − 𝑒 2 )])
2 2𝑖
𝛼+𝛽 𝛼−𝛽
= 2 cos ( ) sin ( )
2 2

18a (1 + 2𝜔 + 3𝜔2 + 4𝜔3 + ⋯ + 𝑛𝜔𝑛−1 )(𝜔 − 1)

= 𝜔 − 1 + 2𝜔2 − 2𝜔 + 3𝜔3 − 3𝜔2 + 4𝜔4 − 4𝜔3 + ⋯ + 𝑛𝜔𝑛 − 𝑛𝜔𝑛−1
= −1 − 𝜔 − 𝜔2 − 𝜔3 − ⋯ − 𝜔𝑛−1 + 𝑛𝜔𝑛
= −(1 + 𝜔 + 𝜔2 + ⋯ + 𝜔𝑛−1 ) + 𝑛𝜔𝑛
Since 𝜔 is an 𝑛th root of unity, 𝜔𝑛 = 1 and 1 + 𝜔 + 𝜔2 + ⋯ + 𝜔𝑛−1 = 0. This
follows from the definition and the fact that we can factorise.
𝜔𝑛 − 1 = (𝜔 − 1)(1 + +𝜔2 + ⋯ + 𝜔𝑛−1 ) = 0
and since 𝜔 ≠ 0, we must have that 1 + +𝜔2 + ⋯ + 𝜔𝑛−1 = 0. Using these
results, we find that,
(1 + 2𝜔 + 3𝜔2 + 4𝜔3 + ⋯ + 𝑛𝜔𝑛−1 )(𝜔 − 1)
= −0 + 𝑛(1)
=𝑛

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Chapter 3 worked solutions – Complex numbers II: de Moivre and Euler

18b
1 𝑧 −1
=
𝑧 2 − 1 𝑧 − 𝑧 −1
Let 𝑧 = cis 𝜃 then we have using above
1 (cis 𝜃)−1
=
(cis 𝜃)2 − 1 cis 𝜃 − (cis 𝜃)−1
1 cis(−𝜃)
=
cis 2𝜃 − 1 cis 𝜃 − cis(−𝜃)
1 cos 𝜃 − 𝑖 sin 𝜃
=
cos 2𝜃 + 𝑖 sin 2𝜃 − 1 cos 𝜃 + 𝑖 sin 𝜃 − (cos 𝜃 − 𝑖 sin 𝜃)
1 cos 𝜃 − 𝑖 sin 𝜃
=
cos 2𝜃 + 𝑖 sin 2𝜃 − 1 2𝑖 sin 𝜃

𝜋
18c Considering the above equation, let 𝜃 = 𝑛. It follows that
𝜋 𝜋
1 cos 𝑛 − 𝑖 sin 𝑛
= 𝜋
2𝜋 2𝜋 2𝑖 sin
cos + 𝑖 sin −1 𝑛
𝑛 𝑛
Using the definition of 𝜔 we have
1
𝜔−1
𝜋 𝜋
cos 𝑛 𝑖 sin 𝑛
= 𝜋− 𝜋
2𝑖 sin 𝑛 2𝑖 sin 𝑛
𝜋 𝜋
cos 𝑛 sin 𝑛
= −𝑖 𝜋− 𝜋
2 sin 𝑛 2 sin 𝑛
𝜋
1 cos 𝑛
=− −𝑖 𝜋
2 2 sin 𝑛

1 1
Hence the real part of is − .
𝜔−1 2

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Chapter 3 worked solutions – Complex numbers II: de Moivre and Euler

2π
18d Now, to begin let 𝑛 = 5, then we have that 𝜔 = cis( 5 ), and we see that

2𝜋 5
𝜔5 = cis ( ) = cis(2π) = 1
5
Hence, 𝜔 is a fifth root of unity. Then we can apply the result of part a and write.
(1 + 2𝜔 + 3𝜔2 + 4𝜔3 + 5𝜔5 )(𝜔 − 1) = 5
Since, 𝜔 ≠ 1 we can divide the above expression by (𝜔 − 1) and get,
5
1 + 2𝜔 + 3𝜔2 + 4𝜔3 + 5𝜔5 =
𝜔−1
Subbing in 𝜔 we have,

5 2π 2𝜋 2 2𝜋 3 2𝜋 4
= 1 + 2cis ( ) + 3cis ( ) + 4cis ( ) + 5cis ( )
𝜔−1 5 5 5 5
5 2π 4𝜋 6𝜋 8𝜋
= 1 + 2cis ( ) + 3cis ( ) + 4cis ( ) + 5cis ( )
𝜔−1 5 5 5 5
Now, taking the real part of both sides of the equation, recalling that Re(cis𝜃) =
cos 𝜃, we have for the RHS
2π 4𝜋 6𝜋 8𝜋
Re (1 + 2cis ( ) + 3cis ( ) + 4cis ( ) + 5cis ( ))
5 5 5 5

2π 4𝜋 6𝜋 8𝜋
= Re(1) + Re (2cis ( )) + Re (3cis ( )) + Re (4cis ( )) + Re (5cis ( ))
5 5 5 5

2π 4𝜋 6𝜋 8𝜋
= 1 + 2Re (cis ( )) + 3Re (cis ( )) + 4Re (cis ( )) + 5Re (cis ( ))
5 5 5 5
2𝜋 4𝜋 6𝜋 8𝜋
= 1 + 2 cos + 3 cos + 4 cos + 5 cos
5 5 5 5
Now, for the LHS using the result of part c, we have
5
Re ( )
𝜔−1
1
= 5Re ( )
𝜔−1
1
= 5 (− )
2
5
=−
2

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Chapter 3 worked solutions – Complex numbers II: de Moivre and Euler

Hence, equating the real parts of the RHS and LHS of the equation we see that,
2𝜋 4𝜋 6𝜋 8𝜋 5
1 + 2 cos + 3 cos + 4 cos + 5 cos =−
5 5 5 5 2

18e Now using the result from part d, we have that

2𝜋 4𝜋 6𝜋 8𝜋
1 + 2 cos + 3 cos + 4 cos + 5 cos
5 5 5 5
2𝜋 4𝜋 6𝜋 8𝜋
= 1 + 2 cos − 3 cos (𝜋 − ) − 4 cos (𝜋 − ) + 5 cos ( − 2𝜋)
5 5 5 5
2𝜋 𝜋 𝜋 2𝜋
= 1 + 2 cos − 3 cos − 4 cos ( ) + 5 cos ( )
5 5 5 5
2𝜋 𝜋
= 1 + 7 cos − 7 cos
5 5
𝜋 𝜋
= 1 + 7 (2cos2 − 1) − 7 cos (Using the double angle identity)
5 5
𝜋 𝜋
= 14 cos 2 − 7 cos − 6
5 5
5
= − (from part d)
2
Thus, we have
𝜋 𝜋 5
14 cos 2 − 7 cos − 6 = − , or
5 5 2
𝜋 𝜋
4 cos 2 − 2 cos − 1 = 0
5 5
Solving this quadratic equation gives
𝜋
cos
5
2 ± √4 − 4(4)(−1)
=
8
2 ± √20
=
8
1 ± √5
=
4
𝜋 𝜋 1 + √5
and since cos > 0, we can conclude that cos =
5 5 4

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