Competency 4.

Define and examine the Philippine policing, extradition treaty, and the international
agreement on law enforcement cooperation.
(PRB Res. No. 05 s. 2022)

PHILIPPINE POLICING, EXTRADITION TREATY, AND INTERNATIONAL AGREEMENTS ON LAW ENFORCEMENT COOPER
ATION

Treaty is an international agreement between sovereign states that is governed by international law. It is typically
written, but it can also be concluded through other means. Treaties can take various forms and serve a wide range of
purposes, such as establishing diplomatic relations, defining boundaries, regulating trade, or addressing human rights
issues.
The Philippines has been a party to numerous international treaties and agreements over the years. Here are a few
examples of cases where treaties have been applied in the Philippines:
1. Mutual Defense Treaty with the United States: The Mutual Defense Treaty between the United States and the
Philippines, signed in 1951, has been applied in various instances, particularly during times of regional security
concerns. It is aimed at ensuring the mutual defense and security of both countries. The treaty played a
significant role during the Cold War and continues to be relevant in the context of regional security issues.
2. United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS): The Philippines has used UNCLOS to assert its rights
and claims in the South China Sea. In 2016, the Philippines won a landmark case against China at the Permanent
Court of Arbitration in The Hague, Netherlands, based on UNCLOS, regarding territorial and maritime disputes in
the South China Sea.
3. Paris Agreement on Climate Change: The Philippines is a signatory to the Paris Agreement, an international
treaty aimed at addressing climate change. The country has been involved in implementing measures to reduce
greenhouse gas emissions and adapt to the impacts of climate change as part of its commitment under the
agreement.
4. International Human Rights Treaties: The Philippines is a party to various international human rights treaties,
such as the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR) and the International Covenant on
Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (ICESCR). These treaties influence the country's domestic laws and policies
related to human rights.
5. ASEAN Free Trade Area (AFTA): The Philippines, as a member of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations
(ASEAN), is part of various regional agreements, including AFTA, which aims to promote economic integration
and free trade within the ASEAN region. These agreements have had an impact on the country's trade and
economic policies.
Extradition is a legal process through which one country (the requesting state) formally requests the surrender of an
individual accused or convicted of a crime who is currently in another country (the requested state). Extradition
agreements are established through treaties, and they outline the procedures and conditions under which such transfers
of individuals can occur.

Here are some notable cases where extradition has been applied in the Philippines:
1. Mark Jimenez: Mark Jimenez, a former Philippine congressman, was wanted by the United States for various
charges, including campaign finance violations and tax evasion. He was arrested in the Philippines in 2001 and
faced extradition proceedings. In 2002, the Philippine government approved his extradition to the United States,
and he was subsequently extradited to face trial.
2. Jan Schneider: Jan Schneider, a German national, was arrested in the Philippines in 2016 and faced extradition to
Germany. He was accused of kidnapping his own children and taking them to the Philippines without the
consent of his former spouse. The extradition request was granted, and he was returned to Germany to face
legal proceedings.
3. Manuel Noriega: Although not a Philippine citizen, the case of Manuel Noriega, the former Panamanian dictator,
involved the Philippines. Noriega sought asylum at the Papal Nunciature in Panama City but later surrendered to
the United States military. He was eventually transported to the United States, where he faced drug trafficking
charges. The Philippines played a role in the process of transferring Noriega from Panama to the United States.
4. Xie Liping, a Chinese national wanted for embezzlement and fraud charges in China, was arrested in the
Philippines in 2013. Her extradition was requested by the Chinese government. After a lengthy legal process, the
Philippines approved her extradition in 2016, and she was sent back to China to face charges.
5. Romuald S. Lipinski: A Polish national, was arrested in the Philippines in 2015. He faced extradition to Poland for
charges related to financial crimes and fraud. The Philippine government approved his extradition, and he was
sent to Poland to stand trial.
Distinguish extradition from deportation
EXTRADITION DEPORTATION
Effected at the request of the State of Origin Unilateral act of a local State
Based on offenses committed in the State of Based on causes arising in the local State (factors
origin (criminal offenses) unrelated to criminal activity, such as
immigration violations, national security
concerns, public safety issues, or other grounds
 defined by the local state's immigration and
deportation laws.)
Calls of the return of the fugitive to the State or Undesirable alien may be deported to a State
origin (extradition focuses on returning a fugitive other than his own or the State of origin
to the state of origin at the request of that state
for criminal proceedings)

Basis of Extradition in simpler terms:

1. Treaty Requirement:
To send a person back to their home country to face legal actions (like arrest or trial), there needs to be an agreement
between the country where the person is staying (the State of refuge) and the person's home country (the State of
origin). This agreement is like a special rulebook that both countries agree to follow.
2. Voluntary Extradition:
Even if there isn't a specific agreement (treaty) in place, a country can choose to send someone back to their home
country as a friendly or helpful gesture. This is not required but can be done out of goodwill or to maintain good
relations.
3. Exceptions for Political Crimes:
Not all crimes are treated the same way. In some cases, if a person is accused of a political crime in their home country
(like political protest or rebellion), they may not be sent back even if there's a treaty. This is because countries often
don't want to get involved in political disputes and may consider these cases differently.

What are the fundamental principles governing extradition?

1. Based on the consent of the State expressed in a treaty, which means that countries must have an extradition
treaty in place to allow for the extradition of individuals. These treaties outline the conditions and procedures
for extradition between the two countries involved.
2. Principle of Specialty – a fugitive who is extradited may be tried only for the crime specified in the request for
extradition and included in the list of offenses in the extradition treaty. This principle ensures that a person who
is extradited can only be tried for the specific crime for which extradition was requested. In other words, the
requesting State cannot charge the individual with additional crimes beyond what was specified in the
extradition request and the treaty.
3. Extradition does not depend on the nationality of the person being extradited. It doesn't matter if they are a
citizen of the requesting State, the State they're seeking refuge in, or another State. They can still be extradited
if the treaty allows for it.
4. Political or religious offenders are generally not subject to extradition.
Note: Attendant clause is a provision in an extradition treaty which states that the murder or assassination of
the head of a state or any member of his family will not be considered as a political offense and therefore
extraditable.
5. Extradition typically applies to offenses that have been committed within the territory of the requesting State or
against its interests. In other words, the crime should have a direct connection to the requesting State.
6. Double Criminality Rule – The act for which extradition is sought must be considered a crime in both the
requesting and the requested State. This means that the behavior or act that led to the extradition request must
be illegal in both countries involved for extradition to proceed.

Principle of Dual Criminality - The principle of dual criminality in extradition is quite straightforward. It means that for a
person to be extradited from one country to another, the behavior or action they are accused of must be considered a
crime in both the country requesting extradition and the country that has been asked to extradite the person.
In simpler terms, if something is not a crime in one of these countries, extradition cannot happen. For example, if a
person is accused of a specific offense in Country A and they are found in Country B, the authorities in Country B will
only agree to extradite that person if the behavior they are accused of is also considered a crime in Country B. If it's not
a crime in Country B, extradition would typically not take place.
This principle helps ensure that extradition is based on shared legal standards, so a person can't be extradited for
something that's not considered a crime in the country they are in. It's a way to protect individuals from being sent to
face charges that aren't recognized as criminal in the country where they are found.
Principle of Specialty - The principle of specialty in extradition means that when a person is extradited from one country
to another, they can only be tried for the specific crime or offenses that are listed in the extradition treaty between
those two countries.

In other words, if a person is sent from one country to another for a particular crime, the second country cannot put
them on trial for different crimes unless there's an agreement or an exception. The extradition treaty essentially acts as
a "menu" of allowed offenses, and the person can only be "served" with the charges listed on that menu.
However, there is a way around this rule. If the country that is receiving the extradited person agrees to it, they can be
tried for a crime that's not on the menu. This would require the consent or lack of objection from the requested country.
So, without this consent, the person can only be tried for the specific offenses listed in the treaty to ensure a fair and
agreed-upon extradition process.

Procedure for extradition when a foreign State requests from the Philippines
1. File/issue request through diplomatic representative with:
a. Decision of conviction- This document serves to provide evidence that the individual has been convicted
of a crime in the requesting State. It typically includes details such as the name of the convicted person,
the nature of the crime, the date of conviction, and the sentence imposed. The purpose is to
demonstrate that the individual is indeed a criminal offender in the requesting State, justifying their
extradition.
b. Criminal charge and warrant of arrest- These documents detail the specific criminal charge(s) for which
the individual is sought in the requesting State. The criminal charge outlines the offense in question, and
the warrant of arrest is an official order from a court or law enforcement agency authorizing the arrest
of the individual. These documents are essential to identify the alleged crime and the legal basis for
arrest and extradition.
c. Recital of facts- This is a narrative document that provides an account of the relevant facts and
circumstances surrounding the alleged crime. It helps the authorities in the requested State understand
the case and the basis for the extradition request. It may include a chronological description of events,
witness statements, and other relevant information.
d. Text of applicable law designating the offense- This document includes the legal provisions or statutes
from the laws of the requesting State that describe the specific offense for which the individual is
wanted. It helps ensure that the crime is recognized and punishable in both the requesting and
requested States, as required by the principle of dual criminality.
e. Pertinent papers- This category may encompass various additional documents or evidence related to
the case, such as witness statements, forensic reports, or any other relevant information that supports
the extradition request. These documents serve as supporting evidence to strengthen the case for
extradition.
2. Department of Foreign Affairs forwards request to Department of Justice.
3. Department of Justice files petition for extradition with Regional Trial Court.
4. Upon receipt of a petition for extradition and its supporting documents, the judge must study them and make,
as soon as possible, a prima facie finding whether (a) they are sufficient in form and substance, (b) they show
compliance with the Extradition Treaty and Law, and (c) the person sought is extraditable. At his discretion, the
judge may require the submission of further documentation or may personally examine the affiants and
witnesses of the petitioner. If, in spite of this study and examination, no prima facie finding is possible, the
petition may be dismissed at the discretion of the judge.
5. On the other hand, if the presence of a prima facie case is determined, then the magistrate must immediately
issue a warrant for the arrest of the extraditee, who is at the same time summoned to answer the petition and
to appear at scheduled summary hearings.
6. Hearing (provide counsel de officio if necessary);
7. Appeal to CA within ten days whose decision shall be final and executory;
8. Decision forwarded to DFA through the DOJ;
9. Individual placed at the disposal of the authorities of requesting State – costs and expenses to be shouldered by
requesting State.

Note: The Philippines has extradition treaties with Australia, Canada, the Federated States of Micronesia, Hong
Kong, Indonesia, Republic of Korea, Switzerland, the United States of America and Thailand.

PHILIPPINE TRANSNATIONAL CRIME, ASEAN COOPERATION, and the INTERPOL

INTERPOL (International Criminal Police Organization)

INTERPOL - Interpol whose full name is the International Criminal Police Organization is an organization facilitating
international police cooperation. It is the world’s largest international police organization which facilitates cross- border
police cooperation and supports and assists all organizations, authorities and services whose mission is to prevent or
combat international crimes. At present there are 195 member countries in the INTERPOL although it may change over
time.

In every member country, there's a top-ranking official, usually called the head of the National Central Bureau (NCB).
This official serves as the primary link between their country's law enforcement agencies and INTERPOL, which is like the
worldwide police headquarters. They manage international police communications and collaboration for their country.
In the Philippines, the agency that serves as our NCB is the Philippine Center on Transnational Crime, which is headed by
Police Director Felizardo Serapio Jr. (RET)
NCBs serve as global communication hubs, enabling countries to exchange crucial crime-related information through a
secure network called I-24/7. They function as intermediaries, both seeking and sharing crime data with other countries,
supporting investigations on a worldwide scale.

NCBs collaborate extensively:

 Working closely with their country's law enforcement agencies.
 Coordinating with NCBs and Sub-Bureaus worldwide.
 Connecting with INTERPOL's global offices for assistance and guidance.
Much like researchers, NCBs contribute their nation's crime data to INTERPOL's databases, playing a vital role in solving
cross-border crimes.

Examples of crimes that INTERPOL assists in preventing and combating include:

1. Terrorism: INTERPOL collaborates with member countries to share intelligence and information related to
terrorism, aiding in the identification and tracking of individuals and groups involved in terrorist activities.
2. Drug Trafficking: It helps combat the illegal drug trade by providing support in tracking and apprehending drug
traffickers and disrupting drug trafficking networks.
3. Human Trafficking: INTERPOL assists in locating and rescuing victims of human trafficking, dismantling human
trafficking networks, and prosecuting offenders.
4. Organized Crime: It aids in investigations related to organized crime, such as money laundering, racketeering,
and the activities of criminal syndicates.
5. Cybercrime: INTERPOL addresses various forms of cybercrime, including hacking, online fraud, and the
distribution of malicious software. It supports international efforts to apprehend cybercriminals.
6. Environmental Crimes: This includes crimes like illegal poaching, wildlife trafficking, and the smuggling of
endangered species. INTERPOL works to combat these activities.
7. Corruption: INTERPOL assists in investigating and prosecuting cases of corruption, which can have international
dimensions, involving corrupt practices in multiple countries.
8. Drug Counterfeiting: The organization helps combat the production and distribution of counterfeit medications,
which can have harmful effects on public health.
9. Child Exploitation: INTERPOL is involved in efforts to combat child exploitation, including child pornography and
the online exploitation of minors.
10. Money Laundering: It supports efforts to trace and seize illicitly obtained funds and assets that have been
laundered internationally.
11. Human Rights Violations: INTERPOL can issue notices for individuals wanted for crimes against humanity or war
crimes, assisting in the apprehension of those accused of such offenses.
12. Weapons Smuggling: It collaborates to combat the illegal smuggling of firearms and other weapons across
international borders.
13. Cybersecurity: INTERPOL assists in responding to cyberattacks and helps member countries strengthen their
cybersecurity capabilities.

INTERPOL's role is to facilitate cooperation, intelligence-sharing, and the exchange of information among law
enforcement agencies worldwide to address these and other international crimes. Its work is essential in the global
effort to maintain law and order, protect human rights, and promote security across borders.

INTERPOL ORGANIZATIONAL SET-UP

Interpol Organization
Common Name: Interpol
Abbreviation: ICPO
Formed: September 7, 1923
Legal Personality: Government Agency
Member Countries: 195 member countries (2022) https://www.interpol.int/en/Who-we-are/Member-countries
Governing Body: General Assembly
General Nature:
 Law Enforcement
 Civilian Agency
Headquarters: Charles de Gaulle, Lyon, France ("sharl duh gawl" “Lee-yon”)
National Central Bureaus: 194

INTERPOL’S STRUCTURE
 General Assembly
 Executive Committee
 General Secretariat
 National Central Bureaus
 Advisers
  The commission for the control of Interpol’s files

1. General Assembly- compose of delegates appointed by the governments of member countries. It is the Interpol’s
governing body, meets once a year and takes all the major decisions affecting general policy, the resources needed
for international cooperation, working methods, finances and program of activities. It also elects the organization’s
executive committee.
2. Executive Committee- it is an Interpol’s select deliberative organ which meets three times a year usually in march,
July and immediately before the general assembly.

Role of Executive Committee

 Supervise the execution of the decisions of the General Assembly
 Prepare the agenda for sessions of General Assembly
 Submit to the General Assembly any program of work or project which considers useful
 Supervise the administration and work of the secretary general
The executive committee has 13 members comprising the president of the organization, 3 vice- presidents and 9
delegates. These members are elected by the general Assembly.
Note: The first Filipino President of Interpol in 1980- 1984 is Jolly Bugarin. (Director of the National Bureau of
Investigation from 1967 to 1986)
3. General Secretariat- the general secretariat operates 24 hours a day, 365 a year and run by secretary general. It is
located in Lyon, France. It has seven regional offices across the world, in Argentina, Cameroon, Cote d’ Ivoire (koh-
tuh dee-vwahr), El Salvador, Kenya, Thailand and Zimbabwe. Officials in General Secretariat works in four official
languages: Arabic, English, French and Spanish.

Secretary general- appointed by the General Assembly for a period of 5 years. The secretary general is
effectively the organization’s chief full time official. Responsible for seeing the day-to- day work of international
police cooperation and implementation of the decisions of the general Assembly and Executive Committee.

4. National Central Bureaus- each Interpol member country maintains an NCB staffed by national law enforcement
officers. It is the designated contact point for the general Secretariat, regional offices and other member countries
requiring assistance with overseas investigations and the location and apprehension of fugitives.

The Interpol National Central Bureau – Manila

 Pol. Gen. PNP- Chairman (retired or active)
 Dir. NBI- member
 Commissioner, Bureau of Customs- Member
 Commissioner, BIR- member
 Commissioner, Bureau of Immigration- Member
 Governor, BSP – member
 Executive Dir. DDB- Member
 Commissioner, EIIB (Equitable Investment and Infrastructure Bank).- member

The first four were designated by the president, and the last four were unanimously chosen by members of the
National Law Enforcement Coordinating Committee (NALECC) as authorized by the president through NALECC
resolution 93- 10 dated July 21, 1993.

5. Advisers- these are experts in advisory capacity appointed by the Executive Committee and confirmed by the
general Assembly.
6. Commission for the Control of Interpol’s Files (CCF)- an independent body whose mandate is threefold:
 To ensure that the processing of personal information by INTERPOL complies with the organization’s
regulations.
 To advise INTERPOL on any project, operation, set of rules or other matter involving the processing of
personal information and
 To process requests concerning the information contained in Interpol’s files.
Ex: Imagine a person, let's call them Alex, discovers that his name and personal information are included in
INTERPOL's database. However, Alex has never been involved in any criminal activity and doesn't understand
why his information is in the database. He is concerned about his privacy and reputation.

In this situation:
 To ensure compliance with INTERPOL's regulations: Alex can file a complaint with the CCF, expressing
their concern that their personal information is being processed by INTERPOL without proper
justification. The CCF would review the case to ensure that INTERPOL's handling of Alex's information
aligns with its regulations.
  To advise INTERPOL: The CCF, upon reviewing Alex's case, might advise INTERPOL to reevaluate the
inclusion of Alex's information in their database. They could suggest that INTERPOL should clarify why
the information was added and whether there is a legitimate reason for it.
 To process requests: Alex, through the CCF, can formally request an explanation for the presence of
their personal information in INTERPOL's files. The CCF would investigate the matter, ensuring that the
request is properly handled and that Alex receives a response regarding the information contained in
INTERPOL's files.
Roles of Interpol
• To ensure and promote the widest possible mutual assistance between all criminal police authorities within the
limits of the laws existing in the different countries and in the spirit of the Universal declaration of the Human
Rights.
• To establish and develop all institutions likely to contribute effectively to the prevention and suppression of
ordinary law crimes.

INTERPOL’S 4 Core Functions

1) A secure global communications system known as I-24/7 to enable police to exchange information in real
time.
 I-24/7 - The system was created in January 2003, and is an enhanced communication service and an
innovative, user-friendly tool for international law enforcement. Information about suspected individuals
and groups and their activities is exchanged between INTERPOL’s member countries and its General
Secretariat in a fast, reliable and secure manner.
 I-LINK - I-link is a unique and dynamic operational system that centralizes and continually enhances
database features. It will also help make connections between seemingly unrelated investigations, by
identifying common threads. Officers in National Central Bureaus (NCBs) and other authorized users are able
to access I-link through I-24/7 network.
I-24/7 serves as the comprehensive global communications system for INTERPOL, I-LINK is a specialized
operational component within I-24/7.
2) Operational databases which are active memory of police services.
In fighting transnational crime, international police cooperation “lives” on information. This means that
without information that is timely, accurate, relevant and complete, cooperation is limited, if not impossible.
INTERPOL has, therefore, developed broad range of global databases, incorporating key information such as
names of criminals and suspected individuals, fingerprints, photographs, DNA profiles, requests for wanted
persons, lost and stolen travel documents, stolen vehicles, and weapons related to criminal cases.
The information contained in these databases can be critical to assisting member countries in the event
of terrorist incidents or related investigations. Analysis of the information associated with these databases is
also extremely beneficial in achieving positive results in fighting and investigating terrorism cases, particularly
concerning making positive identifications. INTERPOL databases include:
 ASF (Advance Passenger Information System) Stolen/Lost Travel Documents (SLTD) Databases - This
database has subsequently proven to be an effective tool for intercepting such individuals when attempting
to cross borders. Since its creation, the across crime areas, the database has helped field officers with
innumerable cases of individuals using fraudulent travel documents. In many cases where the documents
were identified as lost or stolen, they were ultimately linked to high-profile cases involving suspected
terrorists and war criminals. If a passenger's travel documents are flagged as stolen or lost, the system alerts
border control and law enforcement authorities. This identification helps prevent individuals with fraudulent
or compromised documents from crossing international borders.
 Automated Fingerprint Identification System (AFIS) - INTERPOL recommends its best practices the
implementation and utilization of its Automated Fingerprint Identification System (AFIS). Through the
INTERPOL AFIS Expert Working Group (IAEWG), INTERPOL promotes the use of standards for the capture,
storage, and transmission of fingerprints, electronically. The IAEWG’s focus is to provide general guidance to
countries/organizations acquiring, developing, integrating, and operating national AFIS systems. The IAEWG
actively promotes implementable approaches to the international electronic exchange of fingerprint images
and data.

Fingerprints included in the AFIS database:

1. Criminal Offenders
2. Suspects and Persons of Interest
3. Missing Persons
4. Deceased Individuals
5. Border Control and Immigration
6. International Cooperation

 INTERPOL DNA Unit - The objective of the INTERPOL DNA Unit is to ultimately provide strategic and
technical support to enhance member state’s DNA profiling capacity, and promote its widespread use in the
international law enforcement environment.
 In order to assist member states and encourage DNA profile comparison across international borders,
the DNA Unit created and developed a DNA Database together with the INTERPOL DNA Monitoring Expert
Group.
The INTERPOL DNA Database (library) introduces a data matching system with the capacity to connect
its international profile matching system to all member states using DNA profiling in law enforcement. DNA
profiles can be stored and searched across international borders using the INTERPOL Standard Set of Loci
(ISSOL).

The DNA profiles stored in the INTERPOL database typically involve:

1. Criminal Offenders:
2. Suspects and Persons of Interest:
3. Unidentified Remains:
4. Missing Persons:
5. Victims of Crimes:

 Stolen Vehicle Database - The INTERPOL General Secretariat developed the Automated Search Facility
Stolen Motor Vehicle (ASF-SMV) database to support police in member countries in the fight against
international vehicle theft and trafficking.
 IWeTS - It is a tool which will provide Member States with the capabilities to trace illicit firearms that are
seized through law enforcement investigations and activities in their countries. The value of such a system
for law enforcement is that it will make it easier to initiate the trace of a specific weapon. Furthermore, this
database will be able to enhance investigations relating to criminal and terrorism matters at both the
national and international levels.

Information found in a firearm tracing database like IWeTS includes:

Firearm Identification Number (Serial Number):
a. Firearm Identification Number (Serial Number)
b. Make and Model:
c. Caliber or Gauge:
d. Type of Firearm:
e. Barrel Length:
f. Color and Material:
g. Date of Manufacture:
h. Country of Manufacture:
i. Previous Owners:
j. Circumstances of Seizure (location, date, and context of the seizure)

 Integrated Solutions to Access INTERPOLs Databases-FIND / MIND - new technological components or

Integrated Solutions to allow for instant access for example to its database on stolen and lost travel
documents. This new technology called FIND / MIND refers to the two different ways of connecting
INTERPOL’s databases at border entry points or other field locations.
FIND (Field Information Support): allows real‐time online access to INTERPOL databases, while MIND
(Mobile Information and Network Device): contains a copy of these databases. This offline copy is updated
periodically, within 48 hours or less (Enders & Sandler, 2011)

 INTERPOL Money Laundering Automated Search Services (IMLASS) - This will assist anti-money laundering
and terrorism financing investigators and analysts throughout the world to automatically compare
suspected money laundering and terrorism financing-related queries against database records submitted by
INTERPOL’s member countries.

 Border and Ports Security Center - The goal of the Center will be to increase security at borders and all
points of entry by supporting member countries in the monitoring, prevention and investigation of
fraudulent and illegal activities in these areas.

3) Operational support 24h/24 - It makes available INTERPOL’s know-how, expertise and best practices to all
authorities, services and organizations world-wide, whose mission is to prevent, detect and suppress different
crimes.

INTERPOL’s broad range of ‘support services’ includes the following:

a. INTERPOL’s Command and Coordination Center (CCC)
b. Incident Response Teams
c. INTERPOL Network of Experts
d. INTERPOL Vulnerable Targets Referral Centre
e. INTERPOL Major Event Support Teams
 f. The INTERPOL Notices System
g. The Fusion Task Force (FTF)
h. Criminal Analysis Unit

INTERPOL’s Command and Coordination Center (CCC)

 This operates around the clock- 24 hours a day, 7 days a week- in each of INTERPOL’s four official languages
(English, French, Spanish and Arabic). The CCC serves as the first point of contact for any member country
faced with a crisis and/or terrorist situation.
 The Center’s staff monitors INTERPOL messages exchanged between member countries and ensures that
the full resources of the Organization are ready and available whenever and wherever they might be
needed. For instance, if a terrorist attack or natural disaster occurs, the CCC mobilizes to offer and
coordinate the Organization’s response. All messages and requests for information and assistance from the
affected member countries are treated with the highest priority.

Incident Response Teams

 In the aftermath of a terrorist act or other critical incident, the affected member country/countries often
request INTERPOL’s support in the form of an Incident Response Team (IRT).
 The IRT consists of onsite specialized personnel who are able to provide investigative and analytical support
directly from the incident location. As a result of the circumstantial elements, INTERPOL evaluates the
situation and assists member countries in determining the police requirements needed to further provide
specific support, expertise and information. In simple terms, the IRT is like a special team that can go directly
to where something has happened, and INTERPOL helps figure out exactly what kind of help the local police
might need to solve the case or deal with the situation.
 INTERPOL deploys police officers with special law enforcement expertise to the area where the specific
incident has occurred, and provides not only specialized police officers, but forensic experts and criminal
analysts as well.

Incident Response Team (IRT):

Focus: The IRT is specifically designed to respond to critical incidents, such as terrorist attacks or major
crimes, providing immediate on-the-ground support.

Purpose: The primary purpose of the IRT is to assist member countries in the aftermath of significant
incidents by deploying a team of experts for investigative and analytical support.

Scope: The IRT has a narrower focus, concentrating on rapid response and assistance in the specific c
ontext of critical incidents.

INTERPOL Network of Experts - The objective of this strategy, once completed will be to enable, at the requests
of a member country, the deployment of a team of said experts, upon short notice, to any location in the world
where there is appropriate need, with the team maintaining direct links to the Command and Coordination
Center at all times.

INTERPOL Network of Experts:

Focus: The Network of Experts has a broader focus, encompassing various fields of expertise, including
cybersecurity, forensics, counter-terrorism, and more.

Purpose: The purpose of the Network of Experts is to create a strategy for deploying specialized teams
to address a wide range of challenges based on member countries' requests.

Scope: The Network of Experts has a more extensive scope, allowing for the deployment of
multidisciplinary teams tailored to specific needs beyond immediate crisis response.

INTERPOL Vulnerable Targets Referral Centre - The main objective of the center is to identify responsible units
and relevant experts in countries where vulnerable target protection strategies have already been developed
and have this contact information available in order to bring those with relevant expertise together with those
who are in need of such information.
Hypothetical Example:
Scenario: Country X has recently experienced a series of cyber attacks targeting its critical infrastructure,
including power grids and financial systems. The government of Country X recognizes the need to
enhance its cybersecurity measures to protect these vulnerable targets.
1. Request for Assistance:
Country X formally reaches out to INTERPOL, seeking assistance in improving its cybersecurity strategies
to safeguard critical infrastructure.
2. Activation of the INTERPOL Vulnerable Targets Referral Centre:
 INTERPOL activates its Vulnerable Targets Referral Centre to address the request. The center's main
objective is to identify responsible units and relevant experts in countries where effective cybersecurity
protection strategies have been developed.
3. Identification of Responsible Units:
The center identifies that Country Y has a well-established cybersecurity unit within its national police
force, which has successfully developed and implemented strategies to protect vulnerable targets
against cyber threats.
4. Connecting Countries X and Y:
INTERPOL facilitates communication between Country X and the cybersecurity unit in Country Y. The
contact information and expertise of the relevant experts are shared.
5. Knowledge Exchange and Collaboration:
Experts from Country Y provide insights, best practices, and guidance to counterparts in Country X. This
includes recommendations on cybersecurity protocols, threat intelligence sharing, and measures to
strengthen resilience against cyber attacks.
6. Ongoing Support:
The collaboration doesn't end with a single exchange. The Vulnerable Targets Referral Centre remains a
conduit for ongoing support and information sharing between the two countries. They may participate
in joint training exercises, share updates on emerging threats, and continue to collaborate in
strengthening cybersecurity measures.

INTERPOL Major Event Support Teams

 An important objective of this strategy is to help member countries plan for prevention of attacks and/or
disruptive action during major events, and to subsequently manage the consequences of such incidents.
 This includes making available relevant INTERPOL services, such as I-24/7, INTERPOL databases and threat
assessments, in support of the organizing country. INTERPOL has established a mechanism for regular global
sharing of good practices in securing international major events, where one-member country organizing an
event can learn from other countries which recently hosted similar events.

Types of major events that INTERPOL typically supports:

1. International Summits and Conferences:

 G20 Summits
 United Nations General Assembly meetings
 Regional political or economic summits
2. Sporting Events:
 FIFA World Cup
 Olympic Games
 International athletic competitions
3. Large-scale Public Gatherings:
 Music festivals
 Cultural events
 Religious gatherings
4. Dignitary Visits:
 Visits by heads of state
 High-profile political events
5. Global Security Threats:
 Responses to global security threats, such as terrorist activities
 Public health emergencies and pandemics
6. Joint Law Enforcement Operations:
 Coordinated efforts to combat transnational crime
 Operations against human trafficking, drug trafficking, and organized crime

The Fusion Task Force (FTF)

Fusion task force generally refers to a collaborative and integrated law enforcement unit that combines
resources and expertise from various agencies to address specific challenges, often related to transnational or
organized crime.

 The primary objective is to identify members of criminal groups involved in international terrorist activity
through the establishment of a network of law enforcement contact officers.
 The task force has put into place regionally focused projects which are designed to identify active terrorist’s
groups and their membership in specific regions.
  The Task Force also solicits, collects, and shares information and intelligence, provides analytical support and
enhances the capacity of member countries to address the threats of terrorism and organized crime. The Task
Force maintains a dedicated global database of information on terrorist groups, organizations and individuals.

Criminal Analysis Unit

The Criminal Analysis Unit of INTERPOL focuses on analyzing and interpreting criminal information to support
member countries in preventing and solving crimes. Using advanced analytical tools and databases, they provide
timely insights, threat assessments, and intelligence to enhance global law enforcement cooperation. The unit plays
a crucial role in identifying patterns, trends, and connections within criminal activities, aiding in the development of
effective strategies for crime prevention and investigation.

 It contributes to investigations by assisting officers working at the General Secretariat and in member countries
by conducting research and analysis of crime trends.
 This service includes the collection, analysis, evaluation, exchange, and storage of information which INTERPOL’s
headquarters receives from its member countries.
 In providing this service, INTERPOL’s goal is not only to inform its member countries of new developments in the
context of criminal activities, but also to provide national law enforcement authorities with additional
information which might be helpful to the progress of an on-going investigation or contribute to the initiation of
a new one.

4) Training & Development.

 It plays a key role in INTERPOL’s overall mission to promote international police cooperation. The aim is to help
officials in INTERPOL’s member countries to improve their operational effectiveness, enhance their skills and
build their capacity to address the increasingly globalized and sophisticated nature of criminality today.

INTERPOL’S 6 Priority Areas

1. Public Safety & Terrorism 4. Financial & Hi-tech Crimes
2. Criminal Organization 5. Trafficking in human beings & anti-corruption
3. Drug-related Crimes 6. Fugitive investigation support

INTERPOL in the Philippines

 INTERPOL Manila, Philippine Center on Transnational Crime (PCTC) is located at: 2nd Floor, PNP Computer
Service Building, Camp Crame, Quezon City, 1111 Philippines.
 INTERPOL Manila is an integral part of PCTC. Its mission is to serve as the liaison office and main coordinating
body for international police cooperation on behalf of all law enforcement agencies in the Philippines. Its main
duties include:
1. Monitoring and coordinating law enforcement activities relating to transnational crimes affecting the
Philippines;
2. Operating and maintaining an operations centre to serve as the focal point for international cooperation on
transnational crime for all law enforcement agencies in the Philippines;
3. Acting as a National Law Enforcement and Corrections Technology Center (NALECC) Sub Committee in the
monitoring of crime and activities which threaten national security and the economy.
 INTERPOL Manila works around the clock and uses English as its main working language.
 The National Central Bureau (NCB)-Interpol Manila traces its beginning in 1961 when the Philippines became a
member of the INTERPOL, with the National Bureau of Investigation (NBI) as its focal point. Since then, the
NCB-INTERPOL Manila has undergone changes, which enable it to confront the challenges of the times.
 In one of the General Assembly meetings of the ICPO-INTERPOL, it has been decided and adopted that the
National Central Bureau shall be handled by the controlling body or Headquarters of the Criminal Police
Organization of a member State to be able to do its undertakings with authority.
 In compliance thereto, the President of the Philippines, President Fidel V. Ramos, issued Memorandum Order
No. 92 on February 15, 1993 designating the Philippine National Police as the INTERPOL National Central
Bureau for the Philippines, the Chief, Philippine National Police (PNP) as its concurrent Chairman.

The Interpol National Central Bureau – Manila, Philippines

Chairman: Director General Philippine National Police
Members:
1. Director, National Bureau of Investigation 7. Commissioner, Economic Intelligence and
2. Commissioner, Bureau of Customs Investigation Bureau (replaced by PCTC Exec.
3. Commissioner, Bureau of Internal Revenue Dir)
4. Commissioner, Bureau of Immigration
5. Governor, Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas
6. Executive Director, Dangerous Drug Board
  The first four were designated by the President, and the last four were unanimously chosen by members of the
National Law Enforcement Coordinating Committee (NALECC) as authorized by the President thru NALECC
Resolution 93-10 dated July 21, 1993.

INTERPOL’S DISTINCTIVE SIGNS

The Emblem use since 1950, comprises the following elements:

 The globe- represents the worldwide activities of the INTERPOL
 The olive branches- symbolize peace
 The vertical sword- representing police action
 The scales- symbolize justice

INTERPOL’S NOTICES
INTERPOL notices serve as a communication tool for member countries, facilitating international police
cooperation in various law enforcement matters. INTERPOL notices are distributed to law enforcement agencies and
relevant authorities in the member countries of INTERPOL. The notices serve as a means of communication and
cooperation among these countries in addressing various law enforcement matters. Here's a brief overview of the
recipients for some of the key INTERPOL notices:

Red Notice
To seek the arrest or provisional arrest of wanted persons with a view to extradition.

Blue Notice
To locate, identify or obtain information on a person of interest in a criminal investigation.

Green Notice
To warn about a person's criminal activities if that person is considered to be a possible threat to public
safety.

Yellow Notice
To help locate missing persons, often minors, or to help identify persons who are unable to identify
themselves.

Black Notice
To seek information on unidentified bodies.

Orange Notice
To warn of an event, a person, an object or a process representing an imminent threat and danger to persons
or property.

Purple Notice
To provide information on modus operandi, objects, devices and concealment methods used by criminals.

Scenario: Suppose Philippines is seeking the apprehension and extradition of Juan who is wanted for a serious criminal
offense, such as terrorism, committed within its jurisdiction. Philippines believes that Juan has fled its borders and may
be hiding in US.

Operational Steps:

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 1. Red Notice Issuance:

Philippines, through its national law enforcement agency, requests INTERPOL to issue a Red Notice for Juan. The Red
Notice includes information about Juan's identity, the alleged crime, and the arrest warrant issued by Philippines.

2. Distribution to Member Countries:

INTERPOL issues the Red Notice and distributes it to the law enforcement agencies and relevant authorities in all
member countries, including US.

3. Border Control and Law Enforcement Alert (US):

Law enforcement agencies and border control authorities in US receive the Red Notice. They are now alerted to the
presence of Juan within their borders.

4. Provisional Arrest (US):

Based on the Red Notice, US may decide to provisionally arrest Juan. This temporary detention allows US to assess
the validity of the arrest warrant and extradition request from Philippines.

5. Extradition Request (Philippines):

Philippines having learned of Juan provisional arrest in US, formally submits an extradition request along with
supporting legal documents and evidence.

6. Extradition Hearing (US):

US conducts an extradition hearing to determine whether the legal requirements for extradition are met. Juan may
have the opportunity to challenge the extradition request during this process.

7. Release or Extradition (US):

Depending on the outcome of the extradition hearing, Juan may be released if the legal requirements are not met,
or US may decide to extradite Juan to Philippines.

Philippine Center on Transnational Crime

 Its mission was to formulate and implement a concerted program of action of all law enforcement and
government agencies for the prevention and control of transnational crimes. It is created by E.O. 62 dated
January 15, 1999.

PCTC is mandated to undertake investigations on the following:

1) Illicit drug trafficking
2) Money laundering
3) Terrorism
4) Arms smuggling
5) Trafficking in persons
6) Piracy
7) Any crime which impacts the stability and security of the Philippines.

The PCTC is assisted by the Philippine’s 22 national law enforcement agencies:

1) Philippine National Police
2) National Bureau of Investigation
3) Department of Justice
4) Anti-Money Laundering Council
5) Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas (Philippine Central Bank)
6) Bureau of Customs
7) Bureau of Immigration
8) Bureau of Internal Revenue
9) Dangerous Drugs Board
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 10) Department of Finance
11) Department of Foreign Affairs
12) Department of Tourism
13) Philippine Coast Guard
14) Philippine Center on Transnational Crime
15) Philippine Drug Enforcement Agency
16) Optical Media Board
17) Philippine Overseas Employment Administration
18) Philippine Ports Authority
19) Philippine Postal Corporation
20) Presidential Anti-Organized Crime Commission
21) Securities and Exchange Commission
22) Office for Transportation Security

INTERNATIONAL ASSOCIATION OF CHIEFS OF POLICE (IACP)

 A dynamic organization that serves as the professional voice of law enforcement. IACP is a comprehensive
professional organization that supports the law enforcement leaders of today and develops the leaders of
tomorrow.
 The world’s oldest and largest nonprofit membership organization of police executives, with over 20,000
members in over 89 different countries. IACP’s leadership consists of the operating chief executives of
international, federal, state and local agencies of all sizes.
 It was founded in Chicago in 1893 as the National Chiefs of Police Union. The primary goal of this organization
was to apprehend and return criminals who had fled the agency jurisdictions in which they were wanted. The
organization has expanded over the years with the goals of advancing the science and art of police work,
promoting improved practices throughout the law enforcement community and foster cooperation and
information exchange among police administrators.

On April 24, 2023, Police Major General Benjamin Acorda, Jr. was appointed by President Ferdinand
“Bongbong” Marcos, Jr. to serve as the Chief of the Philippine National Police Force.

ASSOCIATION OF SOUTHEAST ASIAN NATIONS CHIEFS OF NATIONAL POLICE (ASEANAPOL)

The first formal meeting of the Chiefs of ASEAN Police was held in Manila, Philippines on October 21 to 23, 1981.
 To discuss matters of law enforcement and crime control.
 This annual meeting was called ASEANAPOL Conference.
 The basic requirement for a country to become a member of ASEANAPOL is that the country shall first be a
member of ASEAN and the application shall be tabled at the conference for approval.
 The members of ASEANAPOL were originally Malaysia, Singapore, Thailand, Indonesia and the Philippines.
 1984, Royal Brunei Police joined the conference for the first time.
 1996, The Republic of Vietnam National Police joined the conference
 1998, Laos General Department of Police and Myanmar police force joined the conference
 2000, Cambodia National Police joined the conference

The current members of ASEANAPOL are the following:

1) Brunei
2) Cambodia
3) Indonesia
4) Laos People Democratic Republic
5) Malaysia
6) Myanmar
7) Philippines
8) Singapore
9) Thailand
10) Vietnam

ASEANAPOL Vision and Mission

 Vision: “Together we keep this region safe”.
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  Mission: “Preventing and combating transnational crime through a greater nexus and creative policing
collaboration."

ASEANAPOL EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE

 The Executive Committee shall comprise of Deputy Heads of delegation attending the annual Conference. The
Executive Committee shall meet annually, immediately before the Conference.
 The Executive Director of the ASEANAPOL Secretariat shall present a report of its activities, including amongst
others, issues on financial performance, procurement of works, supplies and services and control and
management of contracts, to the Executive Committee.
 The Executive Committee shall provide a summary report of the activities of the Secretariat to the Heads of
Delegation at the Conference and at the Closing Plenary Session of the Conference.

EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR
 The Executive Director of the Secretariat shall be appointed by the ASEANAPOL Conference upon
nomination on a rotational basis in alphabetical order for a term of two years.
 The Executive Director of the Secretariat shall be a Senior Police Officer of the rank of Colonel and above or
its equivalent.
 The Executive Director will be assisted by Director for Police Services and Director for Plans and
Programmes shall be a Senior Police Officer of the rank of Major and above or its equivalent.

ASEANAPOL CONFERENCE
 The Conference shall be held annually on a rotational basis amongst member countries. The Conference will be
attended by the Chiefs of Police.
 The tenure of services is:
a) Executive Director - 2 years
b) Directors - 2 to 3 years
 During the 29th ASEANAPOL Conference in Hanoi, Vietnam in 2009, the Terms of Reference on the
establishment of ASEANAPOL Secretariat was endorsed. Kuala Lumpur was made the permanent seat for the
Secretariat.
 The ASEANAPOL Secretariat was fully operational from the 1st January 2010.

Objectives of ASEANAPOL
1) Enhance police professionalism
2) Forge stronger regional cooperation in policing
3) Promote lasting friendship amongst police officers of member countries

ASEANAPOL Emblem

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PARTICIPATION OF PNP PERSONNEL IN UN PEACEKEEPING MISSIONS
 Peacekeeping is defined by the United Nation as a unique and dynamic instrument developed by the
organization as a way to help countries torn by conflict create the conditions for lasting peace.
 Peace keepers monitor and observe peace processes in post- conflict areas and assist ex- combatants in
implementing the peace agreements they may have signed.
 Accordingly, UN peacekeepers (often referred to as the Blue Beret because of their light blue berets or helmets)
can include soldiers, police officers and civilian personnel.
Various international deployments involving the Philippine National Police (PNP) in different countries:
1. Cambodia (1992-1993):
UN Transitional Authority in Cambodia (UNTAC): The mission aimed to bring about free and fair elections and to
restore stability and peace in Cambodia after years of conflict.
2. Haiti (1994-1995; 2004-present):
Operation Uphold Democracy in Haiti – International Police Monitors Component: This mission aimed to restore
democratic governance and stability in Haiti.
3. East Timor (1999-2002):
UN Mission in East Timor (UNAMET): The mission oversaw the popular consultation in East Timor.
UN Transitional Administration in East Timor (UNTAET): This mission helped East Timor transition to
independence.
4. Timor-Leste (2002–present):
UN Mission of Support in East Timor (UNMISET): Continued support for Timor-Leste after its independence.
UN Office in Timor-Leste (UNOTIL): Provided support during the initial years of Timor-Leste's independence.
UN Integrated Mission in Timor-Leste (UNMIT): Supported Timor-Leste's development and stability.
5. Kosovo (1999-2009):
UN Interim Administration Mission in Kosovo (UNMIK): Aimed to provide interim governance and facilitate the
development of self-governing institutions in Kosovo.
6. Iraq (2003-2004):
Philippine Humanitarian Contingent in Iraq (PHCI): Involved in humanitarian efforts during the Iraq War.
7. Liberia (2004–present):
UN Mission in Liberia (UNMIL): Worked to stabilize Liberia and support its transition to peace.
8. Afghanistan (2004–2009):
UN Assistance Mission in Afghanistan (UNAMA): A mission aimed at assisting the Afghan government in various
aspects, including security and development.
9. The Sudan (Southern) (2005–present):
UN Mission in the Sudan (UNMIS): Focused on supporting the implementation of the Comprehensive Peace
Agreement in Southern Sudan.
10. Côte d'Ivoire (2005-07):
UN Operation in Côte d'Ivoire (ONUCI): Aimed at maintaining peace and stability in Côte d'Ivoire.
11. Nepal (2007-2008):
UN Mission in Nepal (UNMIN): Assisted in the monitoring of the arms and armies during the peace process in
Nepal.
12. Georgia (2007–2009):
UN Observer Mission in Georgia (UNOMIG): Focused on monitoring and reporting on the situation in Georgia.
13. Lebanon (2008):
UN Independent International Investigation Commission in Lebanon (UNIIIC): Investigated the assassination of
former Lebanese Prime Minister Rafik Hariri.
14. The Sudan (Western) (2008–present):
UN-African Union Hybrid Mission in Darfur (UNAMID): A joint mission aimed at bringing stability to the Darfur
region of Sudan.
These missions reflect the Philippines' contributions to international peacekeeping efforts under the umbrella of
the United Nations and other international organizations.
Among the luminaries of the PNP Contingent is Police Director Rodolfo A Tor, who became the first Filipino
police commissioner of a UN operation. In 2006, he was tasked to head the UN Integrated Mission in Timor-Leste, one of
the largest civilian police operations established by the UN. The PNP Contingent's first female member was
noncommissioned Senior Police Officer 2 Ester A Mardicas (deployed to East Timor in August 1999), while its first
female police commissioned officer was Police Inspector Aurisa I Mitra (deployed to Kosovo in July 2000).
The PNP Contingent has no fatalities in the line of fire. The 1993 deaths of Senior Police Officers 4 Winston
Zerrudo and Edilberto Evangelista, both UNTAC Police, were due to non-hostile causes.
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 As of 30 June 2010, the PNP Contingent has sent 1,600-plus police officers to UN and other international peace
support operations and humanitarian relief missions. Several police officers have been deployed more than once in their
careers. It has delivered an estimated minimum of 3.5 million work-hours in the mission areas.
The PNP Contingent awaits the deployment of the Philippine Formed Police Unit, or FPU, of which creation was
approved by the National Police Commission in 2006.

SELECTION, QUALIFICATION AND TERMS OF DEPLOYMENT

Coverage of the UNSAT Pre qualifying
1. Examination will be as follows:
 1st stage written examination - Reading comprehension, Listening comprehension and Report Writing
 2nd Stage - Driving Proficiency Test
 3rd Stage - Firing Proficiency Test
2. Age Requirement
 All applicants must not be less than twenty five years old (25) or more fifty three years old (53) upon actual
deployment
3. Rank Requirement
 For Police Commissioned Officer (PCOs): Only those with the rank of Police Senior Inspector, Police Chief
Inspector or Police Superintendent are allowed to apply.
 For Police Non- Commissioned Officer (PNCOs): Only those within the rank bracket of Police Officer 3 to
Police Officer 4 are allowed to apply.
 All applicants must have been appointed in permanent status in their respective present ranks.
4. Service Requirement
 All applicants must have attained a minimum of five (5) years of active police service (excluding cadetship,
officer orientation/ trainee course and police basic course) by the first day of the UNSAT examination.
-END-
DISCLAIMER:
This document does not claim any originality and cannot be used as a substitute for prescribed textbooks. The information
presented here is merely a collection by the committee members for their respective teaching assignments. Various sources as
mentioned at the end of the document as well as freely available material from internet were consulted for preparing this document.
The ownership of the information lies with the respective authors or institutions.

References:
 Garcia, M. A. 2021. COMPARATIVE MODELS OF POLICING: A Textbook for the 21st Century for Criminology and Criminal
Justice. Wiseman Books Trading Inc. Quezon City
 Petralba, P.JA. 2013. Hornbook on International and Philippine Human Rights Laws. QC: Rex.
 UST Golden Notes

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