7/8

SELF-LEARNING MATERIAL

1
 TLE
Technical Dafting
Development Team of the Module

Authors: KRISTINE D. CABARDO / MARILYN S. SABLADA /

MELANIE D. DE GUIA
Editor/Reviewer: Celedonio B. Balderas Jr.
Management Team: Gemma G. Cortez, Ed.D., CID - Chief
Leylanie V. Adao, EPS - LR
Joel D. Salazar, EPS In-charge
SDO Dasmariñas City

4. Guide in Using Learner’s Module

5.
6. For the Parents/Guardian
This module is designed to assist you as the learning facilitator at
home. It provides you with activities and lesson information that the
learners need to accomplish in a distance learning modality.

For the Learner

This module is designed to guide you in your independent learning
activities at your own pace and time. This also aims to help you acquire
the competencies required by the Department of Education at the comfort
of your home.
You are expected to answer all activities on separate sheets of paper
and submit the outputs to your respective teachers on the time and date
agreed upon.

2
 Quarter1 Module1
TECHNICAL DRAFTING
Use of Tools and Equipment (UT)

I What I need to know?

Welcome to the world of TECHNICAL DRAFTING!

This Module is an exploratory course which leads you to Technical Drafting

National Certificate Level II (NC II). It covers 5 common competencies that a
Grade 7/Grade 8 Technology and Livelihood Education (TLE) learner like you
must possess, namely:
1. Use of tools and Equipment (UT) in Technical Drafting;
2. Maintain Hand Tools, Drawing instruments, Equipment and
Paraphernalia (MT);
3. Perform Mensuration and Calculation (MC);
4. Prepare and Interpret Technical Drawing (TD); and
5. Practice Occupational Health and Safety Procedure (OS).

These five common competencies are covered separately in five lessons.

Each lesson is directed to one or two learning outcomes shown below.

Lesson 1: Use of tools and Equipment (UT) in Technical Drafting

LO1. Prepare hand tools and equipment in technical drafting

Lesson 2: Maintain Hand Tools, Drawing instruments, Equipment and

Paraphernalia (MT)
LO1. Maintain hand tools, drawing instruments, equipment, and
paraphernalia
LO 2. Inspect hand tools, drawing instruments, equipment, and
paraphernalia received in technical drafting
LO 3. Prepare an inspection report of the hand tools, drawing
instruments, equipment, and paraphernalia received in technical
drafting

Lesson 3: Perform Mensuration and Calculation (MC)

LO 1. Select measuring instruments
LO 2. Carry out mensuration and calculation

3
Lesson 4: Prepare and Interpret Technical Drawing (TD)
LO 1. Analyze signs, symbols, and data
LO 2. Interpret technical drawings and plans

Lesson 5: Practice Occupational Health and Safety Procedure (OHSP)

LO 1. Identify hazards and risks
LO 2. Evaluate and control hazards and risks
LO 3. Maintain Occupational Health and Safety

Your success in this exploratory course on Technical Drafting is shown in

your ability to achieve the performance standards found in each lesson.

4
 I What is new?
4 PICs1 WORD. Shown are four photos in a grid, all of which share a common
word. Figure out the common word based on word length, which is provided
to you, and a selection of possible letters. Write your answers on separate
sheets of paper.

AONGPLTWDRIB DEOGIFMRDCIVZ

1. _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 2. _ _ _ _ _ _ _

GMKIHNAS PDEJTAS RENGASI DSELHI

3. _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 4. _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _

5
 MPACQORMSVS IUSTGND HRUBS

5. _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 6. _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _

6
 D What I know?

PRETEST

I. Match Column A with Column B. Write the letter of the correct answer on a
separate sheet of paper.

COLUMN A COLUMN B
1. It is used to draw horizontal lines, and guide for using a. templates
Triangles. b. t - square
2. It is used to draw arcs, circles and ellipses. c. compass
3. It is a pencil used for general purpose work in drawing. d. medium
pencil
4. It is used to erase unwanted marks on the drawing paper. e. hard pencil
5. It is used as patterns in projecting drawings of different f. eraser
shapes.
II. Identify the following pictures of materials and tools in technical drafting
by choosing the correct answer from the box below. Write your answers on
your notebook.

1. 2. 3. _______________

4. ___________________ 5. ______________________

7
 D What is in?

A. In your own words, explain and answer the questions below. Write your
answers on a separate sheet of paper.

1. How do drafting tools, materials and equipment differ?

_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________

2. Why do we need to use drafting tools, materials and equipment according

to its job requirements?

B. As a beginner, you need to purchase tools. From the box below, choose
the tools to include in your basic drafting kit? Write and explain your answer
on a separate sheet of paper.

>drawing board >drawing paper > Irregular curve

>T-square >dividers >scale
>compass >template >protractor
>pencil >set of triangles >masking take
>technical pen >mechanical pencil >eraser
>erasing shield >dusting brush >template
>sharpener

Answers:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

Explanations:

8
 D What is it?

Basic Drafting Tools, Materials, Equipment and Their Uses

Tools are articles used in drafting which are durable or permanent and
are hand-held. They are also referred to as implements.

Materials are supplies that are consumed and should be replaced from
time to time. They are also called consumables.

Equipment are items which are more or less durable and permanently
needed for a particular activity or purpose.

There are a wide variety of drafting tools, materials and equipment used
in Technical Drafting. The drafting tools, materials and equipment in this
module include most of the basic ones but enough for your initial
understanding about Technical Drafting.

TOOLS USES/FUNCTIONS

1. Ruler is used to measure or draw straight lines.

2. Triangles are used to project lines from a

horizontal base for projecting isometric drawing and
lines in an oblique drawing. It is usually made from
light transparent celluloid materials. There are two
kinds of triangles: 30 x 60 and 45 x 45.
3. T-square is a drawing instrument used when
making horizontal lines. It is also used for guiding
triangles when drawing vertical lines. It is made of
wood, plastic or the combination of both. There are
three (3) types of T-square, namely:
A. Fixed Head. The head is fastened to the
blade. It is used for ordinary work.
B. Movable Head/Adjustable Head. It has one
fixed and one adjustable head and used only
for occasional drawing.
C. Detachable Head/Removable Head. It is
designed for comfort when carrying the T-
square.
4. French curve is usually used in order to project
some irregular shapes of curve in a particular
drawing. These irregular shapes are made from
various geometric curves.

9
.
5. Triangular Scale is usually used for measuring,
reducing and enlarging the measurement of a
drawing. The scale has metric and English
calibration systems and is graduated in decimals, in
feet as well as in inches.

6. Compass is used to draw circles as well as arcs

which can also be used as base drawing in projecting
lines.

7. Divider is an instrument for measuring,

transferring, or marking off distances. It consists of
two straight adjustable legs hinged together and
ending in sharp points.

8. Technical Pen is a pen used for inking lines in

drawing. It comes in different points/sizes.

9. Template is an instrument that has different

shapes, holes and designs. It is used as patterns in
projecting drawings of different shapes.

10. Erasing shield is a thin plate (as of metal or

celluloid) with holes usually of several sizes used to
confine an erasure to a limited area.

11. Pencil sharpener is a device used to make the

tip of a pencil sharp so that it can be used for writing
or drawing.

12. Protractor is a semi-circular instrument divided

into 180 equal parts, each of which is called a
degree. It is used to determine graduations of the
degrees when measuring arcs, angles and circles.
High quality protractor is usually made of plastic.

13. Dusting brush features wooden handle for the

easy removal of eraser shavings, dust and dirt from
drawings and/or drafting surfaces without
smudging.

10
 MATERIALS USES / FUNCTIONS
1. Drawing pencil is used to sketch drawings.
Drawing pencils vary according to the grade of
softness or hardness of their lead. The grade of
pencil to use depends on the quality of paper. Also,
the type of line work required needs to be
considered.
a. Hard pencils are used where extreme accuracy
is required especially working on graphs,
diagrams and charts (H- 6H).
b. Medium pencils are used for general purpose
work in drawing (HB).
c. Soft pencils are too soft to be used in
mechanical drafting. They are very useful for
artwork of various kinds (B-8B).
2. Drawing paper comes in various types. Hard and
soft surface drawing papers are highly recommended
to be the best. This type does not groove easily when
pressure is applied to the pencil. Oslo paper is
commonly used, but bond paper is also
recommended.

3. Eraser is used to erase unwanted marks on the

drawing paper. It is usually made up of rubber.

4. Masking tape is used for fastening the drawing

paper on the drawing table or drawing board because
it does not damage the board and the paper if
removed by pulling it off.

EQUIPMENT USES / FUNCTIONS

1. Drafting table is a multipurpose desk used by
architects, engineers and artists. It is a stable or
adjustable platform for drawing and reading
blueprints.

2. Drafting chair/stool is specifically designed for

maximum effectiveness for engineers, artists, or
people in any line of work who find it easier to work
on an elevated surface, such as a countertop light
box, drafting table, or standing desk.

It is not enough to learn the concepts on Basic Drafting Tools,

Materials, Equipment and their uses. Be sure that you are also able to
demonstrate the skills in using them. So, pick your tools and learn how
to use them.
11
E What is more?
A. Below are pictures of drafting tools, materials and equipment. Name the
tools, materials or equipment based on the specific task. Write your answers
on a separate sheet of paper.

Tasks/Uses Tools Materials Equipment

1. Used when drawing horizontal lines
and supporting triangles when drawing
vertical lines
2. Used in drawing arcs and circles
3. Used to erase unwanted marks on the
drawing paper
4. Used to enlarge or reduce
measurement and distances to a
regular portion in the drawing paper
5. Used to sketch drawings

B. Classify the items as tools, materials and equipment in Technical Drafting.

Choose your answer from the box below. Write your answers on a separate
sheet of paper.

> Triangular scale > Template >Eraser > Drawing pencil

> Compass > Pencil sharpener > Triangle > Dusting brush
> Divider > Ruler >Drafting table > T-square
> Masking tape > Protractor > French curve >Drafting chair
> Erasing shield > Drawing paper

Drafting Materials Drafting Tools Drafting Equipment

12
 E
W What I can do?
Below is a simple activity for you to work on. Practice the task by following the
given procedure and be guided by the scoring rubrics.

A. Proper Manipulation of the T-square

You can follow the video from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aPR-
8CijVNI&t=46s.

Tool: T – Square
Equipment: Drawing Table or Drawing Board

Procedure:
1. Clean the work area and prepare all the tools and equipment needed.
2. Place the head of the T-square against the edge of the drafting table. Use the
left side of the table if you are right-handed and the right side of the table
if you are left-handed.
3. Slide the working head of the T-square against the working edge of the
drawing table. The two edges should be in constant contact until the
desired position.

https://prezi.com/ifpcv3kid9em/proper-manipulation-of-drafting-
instruments/?frame=d22d9707e20dd45851bf611397cf067be42629a3

Note: Do not use the T-square on uneven or rough surfaces and never cut paper
along its working edge.

B. Setting up drawing paper

You can follow the video from https://www.youtube.com/watch?
v=kkZN_aQp5DQ.

Materials: Drawing paper and Masking tape

Tool: T – Square
Equipment: Drawing Table or drawing board

Procedure:
1. Clean the work area and prepare all the tools, materials and equipment
needed.
13
2. Press the T-square firmly against the working edge of the drawing table.
3. Place the drawing paper close to the working edge of the drawing table and
working head of the T-square depending on whether you are right or left-
handed, while the paper is placed on the top edge of the T-square.
4. Fasten the upper left portion of the drawing paper followed by the lower right
portion and finally the remaining corners.

Note: Always fasten larger backing sheet of thicker drawing paper on the board
first.

C. Drawing Horizontal lines

You can follow the video from
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_186EFmniXs.

Materials: Drawing paper, Masking tape and Drawing pencil

Tools: T – Square
Equipment: Drawing Table or drawing board

Procedure:
1. Clean the work area and prepare all the tools, materials and equipment
needed.
2. Press the head of the T-square against the working edge of the drawing table
and lean the pencil to the desired direction of the line inclined at more or
less 60 degrees with the drawing table.

https://etc.usf.edu/clipart/keyword/t-square-1

14
3. Maintain the position of the pencil while you glide lightly on the blade of the
T- square.
4. Draw the line from left to right rotating occasionally to produce uniform line
weights. Reverse this step if you are left-handed.

D. Drawing Inclined lines

You can follow the video from
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_186EFmniXs.

Materials: Drawing paper. Masking tape, and Pencil

Tools: T – Square, Triangle (30º X 60º and 45º x 45º)
Equipment: Drawing Table or drawing board

Procedure:
1. Clean the work area and prepare all the tools, materials and equipment
needed.
2. Use 45 º triangle or 30º X 60º to draw inclined lines.

https://etc.usf.edu/clipart/keyword/t-square-1
15
3. Place the triangle on top of the blade of the T-square with the vertical edge
on the left.
4. Using 30º X 60º, flip the triangle over so the long-angled edge is facing your
drawing hand. Draw a 60-degree line.

https://kids.britannica.com/students/assembly/view/53646

5. Turn the triangle so the long straightedge is flushed with the T-square.
Draw a 30-degree line along the long-angled edge.

https://kids.britannica.com/students/assembly/view/53646

6. Slide the T-square up while leaving the triangle in place. Draw another
30-degree line parallel to the first 30-degree line.
7. Place a 45˚ x 45˚ x 90˚ triangle. Draw a 45˚ line.

https://kids.britannica.com/students/assembly/view/53646

16
Find out how well you performed the activity by accomplishing the Scoring
Rubric honestly and sincerely. Copy the table below and answer this on a
separate sheet of paper.

Learner’s Name: Date:

Competency: Test Attempt
1st 2nd 3rd

Directions: Over all evaluations

4–Can perform the skills
Assess your performance in without supervision and with
the following critical tasks initiative and adaptability to
and performance criteria problem situations
below. 3-Can perform the skill
satisfactory without
Rate yourself based on the assistance or supervision
overall evaluation on the
right side. 2-Can perform the skill
satisfactory but requires
some assistance and/or
supervision
1–Can perform parts of the
skill satisfactorily but
requires considerable
assistance and/or
supervision
PERFORMANCE STANDARD YE NO N/A
S
For acceptable achievement, all items should
receive either a “Yes” or “N/A” response.

17
 E What else can I do?
Collect pictures of different drafting tools, materials and equipment. Paste
them on a separate sheet of paper and indicate their names. Classify them into
drafting tools, materials or equipment and explain their uses. Be guided by the
scoring rubrics below.

1. 2.

NAME
NAME
CLASSIFICATION
CLASSIFICATION
USES
USES

3. 4.

NAME
NAME
CLASSIFICATION
CLASSIFICATION
USES
USES

18
5. 6.

NAME NAME
CLASSIFICATION CLASSIFICATION
USES USES

7. 8.

NAME NAME

CLASSIFICATION CLASSIFICATION

USES USES

9. 10.

NAME NAME
CLASSIFICATION CLASSIFICATION
USES USES

19
Scoring Rubrics:

CRITERIA 5 points 3 points 1 point

Accuracy The output is The output is The output is done
accurately done satisfactorily done under the
without any help with some supervision of the
from the parents guidance from the parents or
or guardians. parents or guardians.
guardians.
Layout/ The output is The output is The layout and
Presentation properly laid out satisfactorily laid presentation are
and satisfactorily out and presented fairly done even
presented. with some with the guidance
guidance from the of the teacher.
parents or
guardians.
Speed The output is done The output is done
The output is not
on or before the after the allotted
thoroughly
given time. time. finished even after
the given
deadline.
Neatness The output is free The output has one The output has
from any erasures. to three erasures. four or more
erasures.

Rating Scale

POINTS EARNED NUMERICAL DESCRIPTIVE

15 – 20 90 – 100 Very Good

10 – 14 86 – 90 Good

5–9 81 - 85 Fair

1–4 75 - 80 Needs Improvement

20
 A What I have learned?
From each letter below, write something related to the topic, “Use of Drafting
Tools, Materials and Equipment.” The letter must be at the beginning, middle
or end of the word for your topic. You can also draw an example of the word
if that will help. Write your answers on a separate sheet of paper.

Example:
1 P Pencil– the most important 6 D
tool in drawing.

2 T 7 R

3 E 8 A

4 C 9 F

5 H 10 T

21
 A What I can achieve?

I. Read the statement carefully and select the drafting material, tool or
equipment applicable to the specific job described. Write only the letter of the
correct answer on a separate sheet of paper.

1. It is a drafting tool used for drawing horizontal lines.

a. Compass b. Triangle c. T- square d. Triangular Scales

2. It is a drafting material used for fastening the drawing paper on the drawing
table.
a. Compass b. Divider c. Masking Tape d. Triangle

3. The main function of this tool is to reproduce the measurements of an object

to any size.
a. Compass b. Protractor c. Triangle d. Triangular Scales

4. This drafting tool is used to protect the rest of the drawing when removing
unnecessary lines.
a. Erasing Shield b. Eraser c. Masking Tape d. Pencil Sharpener

5. This drafting tool is used when drawing vertical lines.

a. Compass b. Triangle c. Triangular Scales d. Ruler

II. Write TRUE if the statement is correct and FALSE if it is wrong. Write your
answers on your notebook.

1. Erasing shield is a tool used to confine an erasure to a limited area.

2. Use T-square on uneven or rough surfaces and never cut paper along its
working edge.

3. In setting a drawing paper, always fasten larger backing sheet of thicker

drawing paper on the board first.

4. Scotch tape is the best material used for fastening the drawing paper on the
drawing table or drawing board.

5. Use 45-degree or 30 degrees x 60-degree triangle to draw vertical lines.

22
Answer

23
 References
French and Vierck. (1960). Engineering Drawing (10th edition). MacGraw,
Hill Book Company

Gieseck, Mitchell, G & Spencer. (1999). Technical Drawing (ed.). The

Macmillan Company

Manaois, G.M., (2009). Drafting 1(ed.). Metro Manila: Phoenix Press INC

Norman, S. (1977). Introduction to Technical Drawing (ed.) Delmar

Publishing

Spencer /Atkins. Technical Drafting: Metric Design and Computation,

National Bookstore, Inc.

Tutorial
Ben French (January 17, 2014) “Introduction to your drawing Equipment”,
Retrieved July 17, 2020 from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TiK-
wLCTOas

Others:

Department of Education, TLE Learners’ Modules

https://prezi.com/ifpcv3kid9em/proper-manipulation-of-drafting-
instruments/

https://api.creativecommons.engineering/v1/thumbs/d98306c7-7a20-
435e-80bb-ebded0f8980a

24
 Quarter1 Module 2
Maintain Hand Tools,
Drawing Instruments,
Equipment and other
Paraphernalia
I What is new?
List possible ways on how to maintain the hand tools, drawing instruments
as shown in the pictures below. Write your answers on a separate sheet of
paper.

Drawing Room/Station

1.
2.
3.

T-square Drawing Pencils Triangles

1. 1. 1.
2. 2. 2.
3. 3. 3.

25
D What I know?
Read the statement carefully. Write the letter of the correct answer on
a separate sheet of paper.

1. This form shows proof or receipt of goods or services.

a. delivery receipt form c. purchase order form
b. inventory form d. requisition slip form
2. This form contains specified quantities of described goods at agreed
terms and at a designated time and place.
a. delivery receipt form c. purchase order form
b. inventory form d. requisition slip form
3. This form is a printed document on which a request was made.
a. delivery receipt form c. purchase order form
b. inventory form d. requisition slip form
4. This form contains information about name, number, purchase
information and cost of goods and displays on a balance sheet.
a. delivery receipt form c. purchase order form
b. inventory form d. requisition slip form
5. This department is in-charge of unloading, unpacking of incoming
materials, checking, and identifying goods received with descriptions on
the purchase order.
a. accounting department c. receiving department
b. budget department d. sales department

Write T if the statement is True and F if the statement is False. Write the
letter of the correct answer on a separate sheet of paper.

_____ 1. Avoid unnecessary sliding of T-square or triangles across the

drawing.
_____ 2. T-square is preferably hung when not in use.
_____ 3. Report defective measuring tools and any hazard to instructor
immediately.
_____ 4. After using a tool, clean it thoroughly with a damp cloth.
_____ 5. Be sure to check and then clean tools before and after using them.

26
 D What is in?

A. Explain your answers to the questions below. Write them on a separate

sheet.
1. How do you take proper care and maintenance of drawing tools?
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
2. How do you maintain a drawing table?
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
3. How do you clean drafting tools?
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
4. What are the procedures in storing drafting tools and materials?
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________

27
 D What is it?
Procedure in Setting up Drawing Tools, Materials and Equipment and
Standard Procedure

In preparation for a required task in Mechanical Drafting, students

should plan, prepare, and select tools and materials for a particular
drawing activity. This is to ensure the correct setting of standard procedure
and accuracy of drawings.

The drawing tools, materials and equipment are very expensive

items, however these are important in all drafting tasks. Considering its
cost and value in drafting activity, it is also important to take care and
maintain its usability.

With this, the following considerations are strictly emphasized as

Standard Operating Procedure during and after the utilization of the
drafting tools, materials and equipment.

a. Before the start of drafting activity

1. Select the tools, materials and equipment needed in the assigned
task.
2. Properly set up the required tools and materials in a place
convenient for you to move and execute your work.
3. Clean the table and tools, see to it that these are free from
dust and other elements that might cause damage to your
work.
4. Wash your hands with clean water.

Tools and instruments are ready for the assigned task

28
 Workplace and drawing tables are ready for the students.

b. Activity proper:

1. Perform the activity by following the standard operating

procedure per job requirement.
2. Properly manipulate all the tools and equipment that are
used in the activity.
3. In case of errors or mistakes along the way (for instance
misprinting of lines, letters, and other forms of mistakes), use
appropriate eraser.

Students during actual drafting activity

c. After the activity:

1. Submit your output to your teacher for checking.

2. Check all the tools and materials to ensure that nothing is lost.
3. Return the tools and materials to the tool keeper.
4. Withdraw your borrower’s card from the tool keeper and
sign out to show that you have returned the borrowed tools and
materials.
5. Clean your workstation before leaving.

29
Checking of the returned tools and instruments for proper safekeeping

Cleaning of the workstation before leaving

Proper Care and Maintenance

It is essential to take proper care of the drafting tools, materials, and

equipment. Below are some tips to properly use and take care of them.
1. Avoid dropping your tools and equipment.
2. Never use measuring tools in cutting paper.
3. Wipe off the surface and edges of triangles and T-squares.
4. Sharpen and store your pencils properly after use.
5. Find or create an organizer where you can hang your measuring tools.
6. Have a separate container for making tools.
7. Keep your drawing sheets in a plastic tube to protect them from dust
and dirt.
8. Never lend or borrow drafting tools and materials.

30
 Clean/Store Drafting Measuring Tools

1. Be sure to inspect tools before using them. This is to check if they are in
working condition. This can be detected when there is ease and speed
when in use.
2. After using a tool, clean it thoroughly with a damp cloth. Wipe it dry
with another piece of cloth before keeping it.
3. When not in use, the T-square is preferably hung by inserting the
hole to a nail (attached to a wall) at the end of its blade.
4. Do not abuse or misuse any piece of drawing instruments.
5. Avoid throwing a tool to anybody; instead, hand it over to him carefully.
6. Avoid setting off the distances individually by moving the scale to a new
position from time to time, because slight errors in the measurements may
accumulate and give rise to a large error.
7. Avoid unnecessary sliding of T-square or triangles protect the
drawing. Pick up the triangle by its tip and tilt the T-square blade
upward slightly before moving.
8. Do not pull too much the steel tape of pull-push rule to the coil spring
to avoid damage.
9. Oil the movable parts of the measuring tools such as zigzag rules,
calipers, dividers, and compasses to avoid stock-up.
10.Report defective measuring tools and any hazard to instructor
immediately.

Other important practices to be observe in the work station.

The following are important practices that must be observed in the work
setting.

1. Observe safety precautions:

a. Never smoke inside the work station.
b. Never use any tools and equipment without having it clean
first.
c. Avoid talking with your co-students during working period.
d. Always turn off the lights, air condition, ceiling fan,
computer units, and other equipment before leaving the
work station.
e. Maintain cleanliness in the work station.
f. Use tools and equipment properly.
2. Observe punctuality.
3. Avoid quarrelling with your co-students.
4. Observe and practice the value of respect.
5. Return the borrowed tools and equipment on time.
6. Observe and practice proper disposal of waste.

31
 Procedures in receiving and storing tools and materials

The Receiving Department has the function to unload and unpack

incoming materials; check quantities received against the shippers
packing list; identify goods received with descriptions on the purchase
order; prepare a receiving report; notify the purchasing department of
descriptions discovered; arrange for inspection when necessary; notify the
purchasing department of any damage in transit; and rout accepted
materials to the appropriate manufacturer’s location.

The form also provides a space for the inspection department to

note either the complete approval of the shipment or the quantity rejected
or the reason for the rejection. Inspection does not take place immediately
after receipt of the materials. The receiving report is distributed as follows:
the receiving department keeps one copy and sends another copy to the
purchasing department as notice of the arrival of the materials. All other
copies go to the inspection department and are distributed when
inspection is completed.

After inspection, one copy of the receiving report, with the

inspection result is sent to the accounting department, where it is
matched with the purchase order and the vender’s invoice and the paid
customer. Other copies go to various departments such as materials and
production planning. One copy accompanies the materials, so that the
storekeeper knows the quantity and the kind of materials received.

INVENTORY
Inventory is an idle stock of physical goods that contain economic
value, and are held in various forms by an organization in its custody
awaiting packing, processing, transformation, use or sale in a future point
of time

INVENTORY FORM

The Inventory Form contains information about items (name,

number, sales and purchase information, and cost of goods sold account
information) that any business purchases for sale, tracks in inventory,
and displays on a balance sheet.

VARIOUS FORMS

Accurate entry/ies in different forms used in drafting works

is essentially important in order to purchase right, accurate and complete
number of drawing materials, tools and instruments needed in a specific
drafting job. Here are sample various forms used in drafting works.

32
A. Sample Requisition Slip Form

This is an official paper in the form of a printed document on which a

request is made.

Name:
Project:
Classification:
Purpose:

B. Sample Purchase Requisition Form

Below is a sample purchase requisition form. For standard

materials, little information other than the stock number may be needed
and for other purchases requests, it may be necessary to give particular
descriptions, blueprints, catalogue numbers, weights, standards, brand
names, exact quantities to order, and suggested prices. One copy remains
with the originating employee, and the original is sent to the purchasing
department for execution of the request.

33
C. Sample Delivery Receipt Form

Delivery Receipt Form shows proof or receipt of goods or services. The

receiver acknowledges receiving a consignment of goods from supplier.
The buyer signs it before it is returned to the seller. This officially takes
care of uncertainties on the part of the supplier who gets to know the
safe and timely arrival of goods to their designated destination.

Name of Supplying Company:

Delivery Receipt:
Supplier’s Address:
Date:

34
I hereby acknowledge receipt of the following in perfect condition as per the
set of conditions of our supply contract from the firm of
____________________ (Name of supplying company).

Order No.: ________________

Invoice No.: ______________ Date actually received: _____________

D. Sample Inventory Form of Drawing Tools and Instruments

35
E. Sample Borrower’s Slip

It is not enough that you only learn concepts on maintaining

hand tools and other drawing instruments. Be sure that you are also
able to demonstrate the skills. Pick your tools and learn how to
properly maintain them.

36
 E What is more?
Create a slideshow presentation that states the proper usage and care
of drafting tools or equipment. Be guided by the rubric below.

Clearly stated the proper uses and taking care of tools

or equipment - 50
Over-all appearance - 20
Creativity -20
Originality -10
100%

Identify what type of form is being described in each question. Fill in the
missing letters to unlock the answer. Write your answers on a separate sheet
of paper.

1. It is an idle stock of physical goods that contains economic value and

are held in various forms by an organization in its custody awaiting
packing, processing, transforming, using or selling in a future point of
time.
_NV__T__RY

2. It contains information about items (name, number, sales and purchase

information, and cost of goods sold account information) that any business
purchases for sale, tracks in inventory, and displays on a balance sheet.
I__EN_O__ F__M

3. It shows proof or receipt of goods or services.

D__I_E_Y R_C_I_T __RM

4. It is an official paper in the form of a printed document on which a request

in made.
REQ__SI__ON S__P FO__

5. For standard materials, little information other than the stock number
may be needed and for other purchase requests, it may be necessary to
give particular descriptions, blueprints, catalogue numbers, weights,
standards, brand names, exact quantities to order, and suggested prices.
P_RC__SE R_QU_S_T__N F_R_

37
 E What I can do?
Demonstrate the proper care and maintenance of the hand tools, drawing
instruments, equipment and paraphernalia found at home. Ask your
parent or guardian to assess your work by following the evaluation tool
below.

38
 E What else can I do?
Convert a particular space in your house as your workplace. Follow the
procedures in the proper setup of a workplace. Ask your parent or
guardian to assess your work by following the evaluation tool below.

A What I have learned?

Compose a 4-5 paragraph essay about the following:

1. State the ways on how to properly take care of your drafting tools and
materials as well as your workstation.

2. State the advantages of maintaining drafting tools, materials and

workstation.

Write your answers on a separate sheet of paper.

39
 A What I can achieve?
A. Write T if the statement is True and F if it is False. Write your answer
in a separate sheet of paper.

_____ 1. Be sure to check and clean tools before and after using them.
_____ 2. Avoid unnecessary sliding of T-square or triangles across the
drawing.
_____ 3. Report defective measuring tools and any hazard to instructor
immediately.
_____ 4. T-square is preferably hung when not in use.
_____ 5. After using a tool, clean it thoroughly with a damp cloth.

B. Read the statements carefully. Write the letter of the correct answer
on a separate sheet of paper.

1. This department is in-charge of unloading, unpacking of incoming materials,

check, identify goods received with descriptions on the purchase order.
A. accounting department C. receiving department
B. budget department D. sales department
2. This form is a printed document on which a request is made.
A. delivery receipt form C. purchase order form
B. inventory form D. requisition slip form
3. This form shows proof or receipt of goods or services.
A. delivery receipt form C. purchase order form
B. inventory form D. requisition slip form
4. This form contains specified quantities of described goods at agreed terms
and at a designated time and place.
A. delivery receipt form C. purchase order form
B. inventory form D. requisition slip form
5. This form contains information about name, number, purchase information
and cost of goods and displays on a balance sheet.
A. delivery receipt form C. purchase order form
B. inventory form D. requisition slip form

40
Answer

B
C
A
D
C
Multiple Choice

T
T Purchase Requisition Form
T Requisition Slip Form
Delivery Receipt Form
T Inventory Form
T Inventor
True or False .B

What I can achieve? What is more?

41
 Reference

Presentation

Mustangbols (2017, December 30) “Maintain Hand Tools, Equipment and

Paraphernalia”, Retrieved July 17, 2020, from
https://www.mustangbols.com/animation-2d/maintain

Steemph.cebu ( 2017, September) “Drafting Materials and their Proper

Maintenance/ Steemph.Cebu’s 5th Art Guide, Retrieved July 17, 2020 from
https://steemit.com/art/@steemph.cebu/drafting-materials-and-
their-proper-maintenance-or steemph-cebu-s-5th-art-guide

Tutorial
Ben French (January 17, 2014) “Introduction to your drawing Equipment”,
Retrieved July 17, 2020 from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TiK-
wLCTOas

Others
Department of Education, TLE Learners’ Modules

42
 Quarter1 Module 3
Perform Mensuration and
Calculation
(MC)

I What is new?
Word Hunt. Identify eight drafting tools found in the grid, each word
running in one of eight possible directions: horizontally, vertically or
diagonally. Write the words that you can find on a separate sheet of paper.

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.

43
 D What I know?
A. Match Column A with Column B. Write the letter of the correct answer on
a separate sheet of paper.

A. Column A Column B
1. A measuring tool used to layout an angle or an arc a. Tape ruler
2. The most popular type of measuring tool, usually b. Protractor
6 or 12 inches in length c. Ruler
3. Its main purpose is to reproduce, reduce or enlarge the d. Triangle
dimension of size on a drawing. e. T-Square
4. It is used for drawing vertical and oblique lines. f. Compass
5. It is used for measuring and setting of angles g. Scale
other than those obtainable with the triangles. h. Measuring
Tools
6. These are used for measuring dimensions, i. divider
and implementing any work with precision.
7. This is used as guide in drawing horizontal lines.
8. This instrument is used to draw circles, arcs, radii, and parts of many
symbols.
9. It is a concave, spring-steel blade ranging from 1/4" to 1" wide and 6 to
about 300 feet in length.
10. It helps a drafter keep the proportions accurate.

B: Convert fractions into decimals.

1. ¼ to decimal
2. ¾ to decimal
3. 7/16 to decimal
4. 3/8 to decimal
5. 1/8 to decimal

C: Convert the Metric measurement system to English measurement

system and vice versa.
1. 25 cm = inches
2. 63 m = feet
3. 50 to = meters
4. 13 inches = meters
5. 10 mm = inch

44
 D What is in?

A. In your own words, explain and answer the questions below. Write your
answer on a separate sheet of paper.

1. Why measurement is important in today’s technology?

2. Why is it important in manufacturing and producing foods?

3. Why is it important in drafting and drawing?

4. Imagine how things will be if there are no measurements done in

planning a house, preparing a recipe, or manufacturing a product?

45
 D What is it?
Different measuring tools/instruments and their application

An understanding of measurement is essential for all parts of

manufacturing and production technology. Measurements must be uniform
so that people have common understanding and application in the
production and use of manufactured objects.

Measuring tools are used for the purpose of measuring dimensions and
implementing any work with precision. They are also used largely for
carrying out different types of measurements.

Importance of Measuring Tools

Measuring tools are essential for examining a finished product or

semi- finished product. The inspection or examination operations include
checking or testing an object based on the required dimensions given in a
diagram or a sketch. Measurements taken must be accurate.

Different Measuring Tools

1. T-Square is used as guide in drawing horizontal lines and in measuring

up to 48” straight line.

https://www.slideshare.net/knowellton/k-to-12-mechanical-drafting-
learning-module-25476578

2. Triangles are used for drawing vertical and oblique lines. The most
commonly used triangles are the 45˚ and 30˚ x 60˚. The illustration below
shows the proper use of the T-square and triangle in drawing lines and
measuring.

47
3. Ruler is the most popular type of measuring tool. It is usually 6 or 12 inches
in length. It is needed for measuring sizes and distances.

4.
Ruler
4. Triangular Scale is used in general drawing. Its main purpose is to
reproduce the dimension in full size, to reduce or to enlarge them in a drawing.
Scales help a drafter keep the proportions accurate.

Triangular scale

Steps in Using Scale

a. Place the edge of the scale parallel to the line being measured.
b. Face the edge of the scale that you read toward your non-dominant
side if it is oriented vertically or away from you if it is oriented
horizontally. This helps keep you from casting shadows on the relevant
face of the scale as you work.
c. Make light marks to indicate the distance you are measuring or
drawing out, as measured by the scale.
d. Adjust dividers with the scale by making a pencil line as long as the
dividers should be wide, using the scale as a guide. Then, adjust the
dividers by orienting the points on the ends of the pencil line. Adjusting
the dividers by placing the points directly on the scale might nick the
surface of the scale, making it hard to read.

48
5. Protractor is used for measuring and setting of angles other than those
obtainable with the triangles.

Protractor

6. Tape or tape ruler is a concave, spring-steel blade ranging from 1/4"

to 1" wide and 6 to about 300 feet in length and coiled inside a carrying
case. Metric tape ruler comes in comparable widths and lengths up to 10
meters. It provides an easy means for accurately measuring curved
surfaces.

Tape or tape ruler

49
7. Compass is used to draw circles, arcs, radii and parts of many symbols.

Compass
Steps in Using a Compass

a. Place the point of the drafting compass at the center point of the circle
you intend to draw. If you are drawing an arc, imagine that the arc
extends all the way around into a circle and place the point of the
compass at the center of that imaginary circle.

b. Adjust the leaded end of the compass so that it touches where you like
the edge of the arc or circle to be. If you are drawing an arc at a specific
distance from the center point, make a line of the desired distance, adjust
the point and leaded end of the compass against the ends of that line,
and then place the point of the compass back at the center point of your
circle or arc.

c. Grasp the middle of the compass between your thumb and fingers.
Twist your fingers, applying light downward pressure on the compass
to mark out the desired length of arc or circle with the leaded end of
the compass.

8. Divider is similar to the compass in construction. As the name implies,

divider is used for dividing distances into a number of equal parts using
the trial-and-error method.

Divider
50
Steps in Using a Divider

a. Align each arm of the dividers so that one point is laying on the
start point of the measurement you want to transfer, and the other
divider point is laying on the endpoint of that same measurement.

b. Lift the dividers off the measurement you intend to transfer,

being careful not to change their alignment.

c. Place the dividers over the location you like to transfer the
measurement and make a pencil mark to indicate where each of the
divider’s pointers sits. This duplicates the measurement.

TRADE MATHEMATICS / MEASUREMENT

Measuring accurately is a skill that should be developed. Inaccurate

measurement would mean waste of time, effort and materials. The
development of the skill in measuring starts with the ability to read
measurement.

An orthographic or pictorial view of an object cannot be used as a working

guide in the construction of an object without complete and accurate
dimensions indicated in the drawing.

Two systems of measurement

There are two systems of measurement: the English system which

originated in England and the Metric system or Systems International (S.I)
which originated in France. The basic unit in the Systems International
measurement is called meter. Meter is divided into 100 centimeters. Each
centimeter is divided into 10 millimeters. They are abbreviated as follows:
Millimeters mm
Centimeters cm
Decimeters dm
Meters M

In the English system, inch is divided into 16 graduations and the

smallest graduation is read 1/16.

To read measurement exceeding 1 inch, say 2” and for smaller

graduations, it is read and written as 2” 4/16 or 2 ¼. 1 foot + 2 inches + 3
smaller graduations is read and written as 14” 3/16.
51
 In the Systems International measurement, the centimeter is
divided into 10 millimeters as shown below.

Metric System of Measurement (linear equivalent)

10 millimeters (mm.) = 1 centimeter (cm.)

10 centimeters (cm.) = 1 decimeter (dm.)
10 decimeter (dm.) = 1 meter (m.)
10 meters (m.) = 1 decameter (Dm.)
10 decameter (Dm.) = 1 hectometer (Hm.)
10 hectometer (Hm.) = 1 kilometer (Km.)
10 kilometer (Km.) = 1 mayriameter (Mn.)

English System of Measurement (linear equivalent)

12 inches (in.) = 1 foot (ft.)

3 feet (ft.) = 1 yard (yd.)

Metric Conversion Table

1 millimeter = 0.03937 inches (in.)

1 centimeter = 3937 inches (in.)
1 meter = 39.37 inches (in.)

English Conversion Table

1 inch (in.) = .0254 mm. = 2.54 cm. =.0254 (m

1 foot (ft.) = 304.8 mm. = 30.48 cm = .3048 (m.)
1 yard (yd.) = 914.4 mm = 91.4 cm = .9144 (m.)

Conversion Formulas

Length in inches x 0.0254 = length in meters

Length in inches x 2.54 = length in centimeters
Length in feet ÷ 3.28 = length in meters
Length in meters x 39.37 = length in inches
Length in inches ÷ 39.37 = length in meters
Length in feet x 0.305 = length in meters
Length in feet x 30.5 = length in centimeters

52
Changing Fractions to Decimals

Any rational number can be changed from fractional form to decimal

form. This is done by simply dividing the numerator by the denominator.

Illustrative Examples
B. 3/5 =
A. 4/5 =_

Divide 4 by 5 Divide 3 by 4

Therefore, 4/5 = 0.8 Therefore, 3/4 = 0.75

Rounding Off Decimals

Metric measurements in decimals are often long numbers. They

must often be rounded to a convenient number of digits. In this text,
most metric dimensions are either whole millimeter or two-place decimals
that have been rounded off. To help round off your own calculation, rules
of rounding are discussed below.

1. If the first number to be eliminated is less than 5, simply drop it (and

the number to the right of it) and let the last significant digit stand.

Example: Round off 25.4 mm to whole millimeter.

Solution: Simply drop the .4.
Answer: 25

Example: Round off 0.3125 (5/16) into two significant digits.

Solution: The first number to be eliminated is 2. Simply
drop it and all numbers to its right (5).
Answer: 0.31

2. If the number to be eliminated is 5 or more, drop the number, then add

one to the last digit retained.
Examples:
a. Round off 78.6 into its nearest ones.
Solution: The number to be rounded off is 6 which is
greater than 5, drop 6 and add one to the last digit
retained.
Answer: 79

b. Round off 92.65 into its nearest tenths.

Solution: The number to be rounded off is 5, drop 5 and
add one to 6 which is the last digit retained.
Answer: 92.

53
Conversion of Decimals to Fractions

A decimal is changed to a fraction by using 10 or any power of 10 as

denominator of the given decimal. Then change to lowest term when possible.

Illustrative Examples
A. 0.4 =4 or 2
10 5

B. 0.25= 25 or 1
100 4

A. 0.328 = 328 or 82 or 41
1000 250 125

Millimeters Equivalent of Decimals and Fractions of an Inch.

This table is used to find the equivalent decimal numbers and

millimeters of a given fraction.

54
 E What is more?
A. Write the correct measurements as indicated by extension lines below on
a separate sheet of paper.

B. By using the correct measuring tools or instrument, draw the sample

figure below. Sketch your output in a short bond paper.

Drawing of Lines, Angles and Circles

1. Parallel lines 2. Circle 3. Perpendicular lines

4. Obtuse triangle 5. Architectural ornament

55
Criteria for Assessment: Analytic Rubrics Scoring

CRITERIA 5 points 3 points 1 point

The output is The output is The output is

accurately satisfactorily done under the
Accuracy done without done with supervision of
any help from some guidance the teacher.
the teacher. from the
teacher.
The output is The output is Layout and
properly laid satisfactorily presentation
Layout/Presentation out and laid out and fairly done
satisfactorily presented with with full
presented. some guidance guidance of the
from the teacher.
teacher.
The output is The output is The output is
done on or done after the not thoroughly
Speed before the allotted time. finished even
given time. after the given
deadline.
The output is The output has The output has
Neatness free from any one to three four or more
erasures. erasures. erasures.

Rating Scale
POINTS EARNED NUMERICAL DESCRIPTIVE
15 – 20 90 – 100 Very Good
10 – 14 86 – 90 Good
5–9 81 - 85 Fair
1–4 75 - 80 Needs Improvement

56
 E What I can do?

A. Convert fractions into decimals and vice versa. Write your answer on a
separate sheet of paper.

1. 1/8
2. 3/4
3. 3/8
4. 0.25
5. 0.6

B. Round off the following numbers into two decimal points. Write your
answer on a separate sheet of paper.
1. 178.3456
2. 24.2009
3. 8.09625
4. 2.3821
5. 12.7566

C. Create a short video presentation that demonstrates the proper usage

of the following measuring instruments and submit your work in our group
chat.

a. Triangular scale b. Compass c. Divider

Supplies and materials needed:

- drawing paper -drawing pencil -eraser

Tools and equipment needed:

-Triangular scale -compass -divider

57
Use this Demonstration Checklist to assess your performance.

Student’s Name
Teacher’s Name Perform Basic Mensuration and
Calculation
Unit of competency Uses of Measuring Instruments
Date of assessment
Time of assessment
Instructions for demonstration
Given the necessary materials, the student/s must be able to use the
measuring instruments correctly.
Materials and Equipment:
Triangular scale
Compass
Divider
To show if skill is
demonstrated
During the demonstration, the student can: Yes No N/A
Perform this skill satisfactorily without o o o
assistance or supervision
Perform this skill without supervision and
with initiative and adaptability to problem o o o
situations
Perform this skill satisfactorily without
assistance and/or supervision o o o

Perform this skill satisfactorily but requires

some assistance and/or supervision o o o

Perform parts of this skill satisfactorily, but

requires considerable assistance and/or o o o
supervision

The student’s demonstration was:

Satisfactory o Not Satisfactory o

58
 E What else can I do?
In a separate sheet of paper create a song or poem about mensuration and
calculation in technical drafting. Use the rubrics below as your guide.

Exceeded Met most Met some Did not meet

Expectations Expectations Expectations Expectations
4 pts 3 pts 2 pts 1 pt

lyrics The song The song lyrics The song The song
lyrics are are good, the lyrics are lyrics are not
outstanding, words somewhat coherent.
the words memorable coherent. The The words
memorable, and the song song lyrics not
and the song lyrics are are well memorable.
lyrics are enthusiasticall received by
enthusiastical y received by the audience.
ly received by the audience.
the audience.

creativity The student The student The song The song

composed an composed an composed is composed is
original song original song not very not very
with a clear but there are original, but original. The
theme. some elements there are message is
that are not some not
excellent. elements that conveyed.
are not
excellent.

Information The writer The writer The writer The writer

expressed expressed expressed expressed
factual factual factual factual
information information in information information
and a creative in manner in manner
incorporated manner and that showed that showed
at least three incorporated 2 little effort. no effort.
problems and problems and a The
one solution in solution performance
a creative showing of the song
manner, acceptable did not meet
showing effort. The the
acceptable performance of expectations.
effort. The the song met
performance expectations.
of the song
was excellent.

59
Organization The writer The writer The writer The song
clearly lacked one of lacked two of was
organized the following: the following: unorganized
information, clearly clearly and difficult
used mostly organized organized to follow.
correct information, information,
grammar and correct correct
spelling and grammar and grammar and
used legible spelling usage, spelling
handwriting. and/or legible usage,
handwriting. and/or
legible
handwriting.

Audience The writer The writer The writer The writer

demonstrates demonstrates a demonstrates demonstrate
a clear sense general sense little sense of s no sense of
of audience of audience audience and audience,
and uses the and uses some does not uses limited
appropriate vocabulary for adjust the vocabulary,
vocabulary for that audience. vocabulary and makes
that audience. for an no
audience. adjustments
.

Mechanics The essay The essay The essay The essay

contains few, contains some contains contains
if any, errors errors in the numerous serious
in the conventions of errors in the errors in the
conventions of the English conventions conventions
the English language but of the English of the
language, does little to language but English
understandin interfere with may interfere language
g that slang understanding with the which
may be used . understandin interferes in
in song or rap. g. the
understandi
ng.

60
 A What I have learned?
From each letter below, write something related to the topic. “Mensuration
and calculation. The letter must be at the beginning, middle or end of the
word for your topic. You can also draw an example of the word if that will
help. Write your answers on a separate sheet of paper.

Example:

1 C 6 R
Compass– a tool used in
drawing arcs and circles

2 O 7 S

3 N 8 I

4 V 9 O

5 E 10 N

61
 A What I can achieve?
A. Convert fractions into decimals. Write your answers on a separate sheet
of paper.

1. ¼ to decimal
2. ¾ to decimal
3. 7/16 to decimal
4. 3/8 to decimal
5. 1/8 to decimal

B. Identify the correct measurements as indicated by extension lines below.

Write your answers on a separate sheet of paper.

C. Choose the letter of the correct answer and write your answers on a
separate sheet of paper.

11. It is a measuring tool used to layout an angle or an arc.

a. compass b. divider c. tape ruler d. protractor

12. It helps a drafter to keep the proportions accurate.

a. T-square b. triangle c. scale d. ruler

13. This is used for measuring and setting of angles other than those
obtainable with the triangles.
a. compass b. divider c. tape ruler d. protractor

14. This is used as guide in drawing horizontal lines.

a. T-square b. triangle c. scale d. ruler

15. It is an instrument used to draw circles, arcs, radii and parts of many
symbols.
a. compass b. divider c. tape ruler d.
protractor
62
16. It is a concave, spring-steel blade ranging from 1/4” to 1” wide and 6 to
about 300 ft. in length.
a. scale b. ruler c. meter stick d. tape ruler

17. It provides an easy means for accurately measuring

curved surfaces.
a. tape ruler b. scale c. divider d. protractor

18. It is the most popular type of measuring tools, usually 6 to 12 inches in

length.
a. scale b. ruler c. meter stick d. tape
ruler

19. It is used for drawing vertical lines and oblique lines.

a. T-square b. triangle c. scale d. ruler

20. Its main purpose is to reproduce, reduce or enlarge the dimension of size
on a drawing.
a. T-square b. triangle c. scale d. ruler

D. Convert the metric measurement system to English measurement

system and vice-versa. Write your answer on a separate sheet of paper.

21. 60 cm = inches

22. 3 ½ in. = cm

23. 50 in. = cm

24. 75cm = meters

25. 10 in. = ft

63
Answer

64
 Reference

French and Vierck. (1960). Engineering Drawing (10th edition). MacGraw,

Hill Book Company

Gieseck, Mitchell, G & Spencer. (1999). Technical Drawing (ed.). The

Macmillan Company

Leiva, J ().Operation Instruction Universal Bevel Protractor Retrieved from

https: //www. https://ourpastimes.com/how-to-create-simple-floor-
plans-12444140.html

Manaois, G.M., (2009). Drafting 1 and 2 (ed.). Metro Manila: Phoenix Press
INC

Norman, S. (1977). Introduction to Technical Drawing (ed.) Delmar

Publishing

Spencer /Atkins. Technical Drafting: Metric Design and Computation,

National Bookstore, Inc.

Others:

Department of Education, TLE Learners’ Modules

65
 Quarter1 Module 4
Prepare and Interpret Technical
Drafting (TD)

I What is new?

Study the scrambled letters and rearrange them to form words. Try to give
meaning to the terminologies that you form using your own words. Write
your answer on a separate sheet of paper.

1. HABEALPT FO NILSE (3 words)

Answer: _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
Meaning:
_______________________________________________________________________

2. REFE NHAD RADINGW (3 words)

Answer: _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
Meaning:
_______________________________________________________________________

3. ENTILGTER
Answer: _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
Meaning:
_______________________________________________________________________

4. ICIATPLOR AWIDRNG (2 words)

Answer: _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
Meaning:
_______________________________________________________________________

5. MIDINGEONNSI
Answer: _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
Meaning:
_______________________________________________________________________

66
 D What I know?
Read the statement carefully. Write the letter of your best answer on a
separate sheet of paper.

1. It is a line that represents the visible edges of an object.

a. object line b. center line c. projection line d. leader line
2. A line that represents the position of a moving object is
a. section line b. phantom line c. leader line d. hidden line
3. A technical working plan of a single part of a machine or mechanism
which gives enough information to allow the part to be made
a. Assembly Working Plan c. Parts List
b. Detail Working Plans d. Working drawing
4. Horizontal lines are usually drawn from
a. right to left b. left to right c. both ways d. in any way
5. Lines inclined to the left are drawn from
a. top to bottom b. bottom to top c. left to right d. right to left
6. It uses line symbols that enable engineers/designers to express features
of designed products clearly and accurately.
a. Alphabet of lines b. dimension line c. guide lines d. hidden line
7. It represents a portion of the object that has been taken or “cut” in a
section view.
a. section line b. phantom line c. leader line d. cutting plane line
8. An upright line usually 90 degrees from the ground
a. vertical line b. horizontal line c. diagonal line d. curved line
9. Lines that are not straight such as circles, arcs and ellipses.
a. irregular curved lines c. diagonal line
b. curved line d. regular curved lines
10. A drawing technique which does not use drawing instruments or straight
edges
a. mechanical drawing c. freehand drawing
b. Artist drawing d. hand drawing
11. Thin lines which serve as guide to ensure uniform height and width of
letters
a. Alphabet of lines b. dimension line c. guidelines d. hidden line
12. Part of the guidelines where all lowercase descender letters must stop
a. Capline b. Dropline c. Waistline d. Baseline
13. Which of the following is not a normal letter?
a. A b. E c. M d. W
14. The curved part of a letter is .
a. lobe b. stem c. swash d. descenders

67
15. A drawing that shows more than one view of an object.
a. perspective drawing c. isometric drawing
b. multi-view drawing d. oblique drawing
16. The three views in orthographic drawing are_ .
a. top, front and bottom c. top, bottom and side
b. front, side and back d. top, front and side
17. Miter line is drawn at what angle?
a.30° b. 60° c. 45° d. 90°
18. Which of the following is not a type of pictorial drawing?
a. perspective drawing c. multi-view drawing
b. axonometric drawing d. oblique drawing
19. An oblique drawing in which the depth axis lines are full scale or in full
size.
a. Cavalier drawing c. Cabinet oblique
b. General oblique d. Oblique drawing
20. Which of the following is another term for two-point perspective?
a. parallel perspective c. oblique perspective
b. angular perspective d. bird’s eye view perspective
21. Isometric drawing is drawn at angle.
a.30° b. 60° c. 45° d. 90°
22. The kind of pictorial drawing in which one surface of the object is shown
parallel to the frontal plane and the other is inclined to it.
a. perspective drawing c. isometric drawing
b. axonometric drawing d. oblique drawing
23. What does 1:2mm scale means?
a. This means that 1 mm on the drawing represents 2 mm on the actual
object.
b. This means that 2 mm on the drawing represents 1 mm on the actual
object.
c. This means that 1 mm on the drawing represents 20 mm on the
actual object.
d. This means that 10 mm on the drawing represents 2 mm on the
actual object.
24. The following are examples of enlarge scale, except . a. 3:1
b. 15:1 c. 1:75 d. 10:1
25. Method of dimensioning in which all dimensions are read from the
bottom of the page as illustrated
a. Aligned Method c. Unidirectional Method
b. Detail dimensions d. Over-all dimension

68
D What is in?
Relate a word or phrase to the topic “Interpret Working Plans and Sketches”
and explain their connection to it. Copy and complete the graphic organizer
on a separate sheet of paper.

Interpret Working Plans

and Sketches

69
D What is it?
Signs and symbols used in technical drawing

Technical drawings provide clear and accurate information how an

object is to be manufactured. It shows and describes clearly and
accurately the information required building or manufacturing a product.

Technical drawing is a form of design communication based on line

symbols recognized and understood worldwide. Hence, it is often referred
to as a universal language understood (readable) by anyone regardless of
the language they speak. Contractors, estimators, tradesmen and builders
rely totally on technical drawings for the information they need to build,
construct and manufacture a product.

Line symbols used in technical drawing are often referred to as

ALPHABET OF LINES. The use of line symbols enables engineers/designers
to express features of designed products clearly and accurately. Line
features vary not only by width, but also by how they are graphically
represented in a drawing. Line significance is conveyed by line weight or
thickness of the line. Every line is drawn at different thickness and
darkness to express contrast as well as importance. Lines that are less
important are thin and light. Key to successful drafting is to have a good
technical knowledge of these various line characteristics to understand
where and when to apply them in technical drawing.

70
The table below shows the graphic illustration and application of the Alphabet of
Lines.

71
The table below shows the graphic illustration and application of the Alphabet of
Lines.

Line Sketching

72
 Freehand Drawing
Freehand drawing is a drawing technique which does not use drawing
instruments or straight edges.

There are two kinds of lines used in drawing, the straight and curved
lines.

A. Straight lines include:

1. Horizontal line is a line that lies parallel to the horizon.
2. Vertical line is an upright line usually 90 degrees from the ground.
3. Inclined line is a line drawn in a slanting position.

B. Curved lines include:

1. Regular curved lines are lines that are not straight such as
circles, arcs and ellipses.
2. Irregular curved lines are more difficult to draw for they do not
follow any particular pattern such as the waves, scrolls, and
leaves.

Techniques in drawing straight lines.

75
Techniques in drawing regular curved lines:

Lettering

Lettering is the process by which letters and numbers are formed in

freehand to have an easier and faster reading and to avoid chances of
committing errors.

Guidelines in lettering

Guidelines are thin lines which serve as guide to ensure uniform

height and width of letters. Guidelines are important in lettering. The pencil
used in these aspects is hard type of pencil which is either 4H or 6H. The
parts of guidelines are:

Capline – the uppermost thin line where uppercase and ascender letters
must reach.
Examples are letters L and t. (See the example above.)

Waistline – the lines between the capline and the baseline. This is the height
of lower- case letters belonging to the normal and ascender group like e, r,
i and n.

Baseline – the line where all letters rest except descenders like letter g.

Dropline – the line below the base where all lowercase descender letters
must stop.

76
2 kinds of letters in the alphabet:
1. Uppercase or capital letters
a. Ascenders – like b, d, f, h, k, l, and t.
b. Normals – like a, c, e, m, n, o… etc.
c. Descenders – like f, j, p, q and y.

2. Lowercase or small letters-

a. Ascenders – are lowercase letters whose parts reach the capline
like b, d, f, h, k, l, and t.
b. Normals are lowercase letters whose parts are confined between the
waistline and the baseline like a, c, e, m, n, o, etc.
c. Descenders are lowercase letters whose stem touches the dropline
like f, j, p, q and y.

TAKE NOTE: Always make your guidelines first before attempting to make any
lettering.

The Order of Strokes

Before you can learn good lettering, you should first know the basic
strokes forming each letter clearly. Study the drawing, particularly the parts
of each letter.

The stem is the straight part of a letter.

The lobe is the curved part of a letter.
The swash is the inclined or diagonal part of a letter.

77
 To a beginner like you, the parts of each letter can be formed by
preparing a grid that measures 6 x 6 squares. Remember that some letters
have to occupy 5 x 6 grids while others occupy the 6 x 6 grids. To
remember letters with six by six (6 x 6) grids, memorize the name of TOM
Q VAXY. Each letter of his name corresponds to the letter with 6 x 6 grids.
So come and meet him!

Study the letters below. They correspond to the order of strokes for
uppercase vertical Gothic letters and numerals. A stroke is a line made
every time lettering is done.

https://i.pinimg.com/originals/b7/54/2d/b7542dc5ce54bc89d28ca67f9
254a89d.jpg

78
Below is the order of strokes for lowercase Gothic letters. The body of the
lowercase letters is 2/3.

http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_nm98fXNhUco/TDHJMNGx9lI/AAAAAAAAAGM/
JcZuvE6f_g8/s1600/Picture8.jpg

Take note: If your lettering consists of capitals, draw only the cap line and the base
line.If lowercase letters are included as well, draw the waist line and drop line. of the
height of the uppercase letter.

79
THEORIES AND PRINCIPLES OF ORTHOGRAPHIC PROJECTION

Multi-view drawing – a drawing that shows more than one view of an object.
Orthographic Projection – A system for graphical representation of an
object by a line drawing on a flat surface.

Orthographic View – a drawing that shows a side of an object viewed directly

from 90 degrees.

Orthographic Projections

Orthographic Projections are a collection of 2-D drawings that work

together to give an accurate overall representation of an object.

https://www.slideshare.net/RaviChaudhary45/orthographic-
projections-66291459

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GENERAL GUIDELINES:

>Pick a front view that is most descriptive of object.

> Normally the longest dimension is chosen as the width (or depth).
>Most common combination of views is to use: Front, Top and Side views.

https://www.slideshare.net/RaviChaudhary45/orthographic-
projections-66291459

81
 GLASS BOX APPROACH

>Place the object in a glass box.

>Freeze the view from each direction (each of the six sides of the box)
and unfold the box.
>Most common combination of views is to use: Front, Top and Side views.

https://www.slideshare.net/RaviChaudhary45/orthographic-projections-
66291459

82
Conventional Orthographic Views

STEPS IN DRAWING ORTHOGRAPHIC VIEWS

1. Study the object. The overall dimensions

(length, width and thickness) of the object
must be known in order to know the
proportion of its part to each other and the
other parts to the whole.
(Refer to the isometric drawing located at the
left side).

2. Determine the views and their arrangement on the drawing. Choose

the views which show the main surfaces of the object. Based on the given
object it is recommended to draw first the front view.

3. Determine the sizes of the views. The size of each view depends on the
size of the object itself. Provide enough spaces between the views.

4. Block in the views. This means to draw light horizontal and vertical
lines in order to show the size and location of each view. (See the figure
below.)

83
5. Draw the details. Other parts of the object should first be sketched with
light lines so that any mistake can be easily erased.

MITER LINE

Note: Miter line should be inclined at

45º.

6. Trace the visible edges. The visible edges of the object should be
represented by visible lines. (See the figures below.)

7. Show hidden edges. A hidden line represents the hidden edges of the
object. The given object does not contain hidden edges so we cannot apply
hidden lines here.

8. Check the drawing. Check the proportion of the drawing with the size of
the actual object. Do not erase the light lines.

9. Label the views. The name of the TOP VIEW should be placed above the
view, and those of the FRONT and SIDE VIEWS should be indicated below
each of these views in the same order. The names of all lines should be
capitalized especially in large drawings. (See the figures below).

84
Pictorial Drawing

A pictorial drawing shows likeness (shape) of an object as viewed by

the observer. It represents a portion of the object and shows the method of
its construction. In some presentations, the whole object is shown in one
view.

Types of Pictorial Drawing:

A. Axonometric Pictorial Drawing

1. Isometric drawing – a pictorial drawing showing the three surfaces of the
object tilted 30 degrees in front of the observer.

Isometric drawing according to standard

2. Dimetric drawing – the angle that is used for the horizontal planes varies
according to the angle of view that has been chosen. This type is not widely
used.
3. Trimetric drawing - a classification of an axonometric projection where in
a cube is positioned in the way that no axes and angles are equal when
projected to the plane projection.

DIMETRIC - TRIMETRIC - none ISOMETRIC - all

two angles of the angles are angles are equal
are equal equal
85
B. Oblique Pictorial Drawing

1. Cavalier drawing – an oblique drawing in which the depth axis

lines are full scale or in full size.
2. Cabinet oblique – depth axis lines are drawn one-half scale.
3. General oblique – depth axis lines vary from one-half to full size.

Cavalier drawing Cabinet drawing General Oblique drawing

C. Perspective Pictorial Drawing

1. One-point or Parallel perspective – a perspective drawing using one
vanishing point, the front view is drawn in its true shape in full or scale size.

2. Two-point or Angular perspective – a perspective drawing using having

two vanishing points.

3. Three-point or Oblique perspective – a perspective drawing using three

vanishing points.

86
 More information about Isometric drawing

Isometric Drawing

In isometric drawing, you will observe that one

corner of the object appears very close to you. The term
“isometric” means equal measure or equal angle. This
drawing has axes which give rise to its formation,
namely: vertical axis, 30° left cross axis and 30° right
cross axis. All of these three axes are necessary to start
an isometric drawing. The figure from left side is
sample of an isometric drawing:

Steps in drawing the isometric block

1. Draw the three axes as light and 4. Draw the details of the object.
straight as possible. Be sure the cross
axes are about 30º from the lower
edge of the paper.

2. Lay out the principal 5. Check the accuracy of the drawing.

measurements on the axes. Get this
measurement from the orthographic 6. Trace the visible edges with object
views. lines, then erase unnecessary lines.

3. Draw the “isometric box” or create

lines. 8. Label the isometric view

87
More information on Oblique Drawing

Oblique drawing – the kind of pictorial drawing of an object one surface

of which is shown parallel to the frontal plane and the other is inclined
to it.

Axes in Oblique Drawing Variations in Direction of Receding Axis

Classifications of Oblique Pictorial Drawing

1. Cavalier drawing – An oblique drawing in which the depth axis lines are
in full scale or in full size. The receding lines are true depth – that is, it
makes an angle of 45 degrees and 30 degrees with the plane of projection.

2. Cabinet oblique – Its depth axis lines are drawn one-half scale. When the
receding line is drawn to half –size, the projectors make an angle of 30, 45,
60 degrees, respectively.

88
 3. General oblique – Its depth axis lines vary from one-half to full size.
Drawn at any convenient angle, the receding lines are drawn to full size, one
third size, one- half size, or one fourth-size.

Procedure in Sketching Oblique Pictorial View

1. Study carefully the given orthographic views. Sketch the vertical line and
horizontal line.

2. Draw line as the receding line.

3. Complete the oblique box by sketching parallel lines to the oblique axes.

89
4. Layout the details of the object inside the oblique box.

5. Erase the unnecessary lines to complete the drawing.

Cavalier oblique Cabinet oblique

Dimensioning
Dimensioning – placing sizes and related information on a drawing
- is for size and position (of the designed/modelled shape)
- a method of communication to mechanist in the production
facility.
Dimension Basic Terminologies

Size dimension – gives the detail and overall sizes of the object
Location dimension – merely locates part or parts and features of the object

90
Dimensioning Method
a. Aligned Method

All dimensions are placed aligned with the dimension line and be
read from either the bottom or right side of the paper.

b. Unidirectional Method

In the unidirectional method, all dimensions are read from the

bottom of the page as illustrated. This is a new method.

91
Kinds of Dimensions

a. Overall dimension – every object, regardless of its shape, has three

overall dimensions. An overall dimension indicates the overall width,
height and depth of an object.

b. Detail dimensions – provide size or location information concerning any

feature or details of an object other than its overall dimension.

Rules in Dimensioning

For a beginner like you, remember these dimensioning rules when

placing measurements in your drawing.

1. Dimensions should be placed between the views.

2. Avoid repetition of dimensions.
3. Use outside dimension if the space is limited and when there is
enough space.
4. Continuous dimensions should be used whenever possible.
5. Staggered dimensioning should be used when the space for
dimensioning is limited.
6. When dimensioning a circle, it should be from center to center.
7. Dimensions are entered in millimeters without measures.
8. Extension lines must have a distance of about 10 mm from the object
edge and an approximate 2 millimeters after the dimension lines.
92
Preparation of Working Plans

Assembly Working Plans

An assembly working plan is one that indicates how the individual

parts of a machine or product are assembled to make a complete unit. An
assembly working plan serves the following purpose:

1. It describes the shape of the assembled unit or product.

2. It shows how the parts of the assembled unit are positioned in
relation to each other.
3. It identifies each component that forms part of the assembled product.
4. It provides parts list that describes and essential data concerning
each part of the assembled unit or product.
5. It provides, when necessary, reference information concerning the
physical or functional characteristics of the assembled unit.

Sample Assembly Working Drawing

93
Detail Working Plans

A technical working plan of a single part of a machine or mechanism gives

enough information to allow the part to be made. It describes the shape and
indicates the dimensions of the object.

Sample Detail Working Drawing Parts List

A parts list is a list of all parts required to put an assembly together.

This list itemizes important data about each part of an assembled machine
or product such as part name, material, quantity required, and size
specifications.

Sample figure below shows a simple parts list along with suggested
dimensions. In
the material column, STD abbreviation represents all standard parts. This
means that they must be purchased. Complete specifications for standard
parts must always be listed in the name column together with the part name.

Only the names of non-standard parts are listed in the name column the
material
from which the standard parts are made is listed by abbreviations in the
material column such as C.I., H.R.S., C.R.S., Alum.

The upper or lower right-hand corner of an assembly working plan is

usually reserved for the parts list.

94
Sample Parts List

95
 E What is more?
Sketch the line being referred in the table below. Write your answer on a
separate sheet of paper.

Kind of Lines Sketch of the Lines

1. Section Line
2. Visible line
3. Phantom line
4. Extension line
5. Dimension Line
6. Leader line
7. Long break line
8. short break line
9. Hidden line
10. Center Line

Activity will be graded according to the following rubrics:

Scoring Rubrics
CRITERIA 5 - POINTS 3 - POINTS 1 POINT
Accuracy All lines are drawn There are 1 to 3 Majority of
appropriately lines the lines are
according to their inappropriately inappropriat
characteristics drawn according to ely drawn.
their
characteristics.
Neatness Finished output Pleasing, but Finished
was neatly done, erasures and output has so
pleasing, and no smudges are many
erasures/smudges. observable on the erasures and
finished output. smudges.
Time Finished the task 5 Finished the task Unable to finish
management minutes before the on time the given task
given time
Rating Scale
Points Earned Numerical Descriptive
12-15 91-100 Very Good
8-11 86-90 Good
4-7 81-85 Fair
1-3 75-80 Needs Improvement

96
B. Practice drawing straight lines by copying the examples below in freehand.
Do this on a short bond paper and follow the given measurements for boarder
lines and title block.

Activity will be graded according to the following rubrics:

Scoring Rubrics
Criteria 5 points 3 points 1 point
All lines are Some lines are Most of lines are
drawn drawn appropriately in- appropriately
Accuracy appropriately and NOT in drawn and NOT in
and in freehand freehand. freehand.
Finished output Pleasing, but Finished output
was neatly erasures and has many
Neatness done, pleasing, smudges are erasures and
no erasures observable on the smudges and is
and smudges. finished output. quite
unpleasant.
Finished the Finished the task on Unable to finish
Time task 10 minutes time the given task
Management before the given
time

Rating Scale
Points Earned Numerical Descriptive
12-15 91-100 Very Good
8-11 86-90 Good
4-7 81-85 Fair
1-3 75-80 Needs Improvement

97
C. On a short bond paper, sketch the single stroke uppercase Gothic letters
and numbers. Use guidelines, observe proper spacing and uniformity of
sizes, and follow the provided strokes for each letter and number.

https:ejlirio10.files.wordpress.com/2012/06/52097_single_strk_lg1.gif
Activity will be graded according to the following rubrics:
Scoring Rubrics
CRITERIA 5 - POINTS 3 - POINTS 1 POINT
All lines are drawn There are 1 to 3 Majority of the
Accuracy appropriately lines lines are
according to their inappropriately inappropriately
characteristics drawn according drawn.
to their
characteristics.
Finished output Pleasing, but Finished
was neatly done, erasures and output has so
Neatness pleasing, and has smudges are many erasures
no observable on the and smudges
erasures/smudges finished output.
Finished the task 5 Finished the task Unable to
Time minutes before the on time finished the
management given time given task
Rating Scale

Points Earned Numerical Descriptive

12-15 91-100 Very Good
8-11 86-90 Good
4-7 81-85 Fair
1-3 75-80 Needs Improvement
98
D. Choose five isometric drawings and draw their orthographic projection on
a short bond paper.

Activity will be graded according to the following rubrics:

Scoring Rubrics
CRITERIA 5 - POINTS 3 - POINTS 1 POINT
Correct set of tools
Some unnecessary Did not used
Use of were used tools were used the correct set
Drawing throughout the throughout the of tools
Tools activity activity
All lines are drawnSome lines are Most lines are
Accuracy accurately drawn inaccurately accurately
drawn
Neatness Finished output Pleasing but Finished
was neatly done, erasures and output have
pleasing, and no smudges are many erasures
erasures/smudges observable on the and smudges
finished output and quite
unpleasant
Finished the task 5 Finished the task Unable to
Time minutes before the on time finished the
management given time given task
Rating Scale
Points Earned Numerical Descriptive
12-15 91-100 Very Good
8-11 86-90 Good
4-7 81-85 Fair
1-3 75-80 Needs Improvement
99
E: Given the Orthographic Projection below, draw its Isometric, Cabinet
Oblique and Cavalier oblique on a short bon paper.

F. Draw the One-point perspective, Two-point perspective and Three-point

perspective of the given orthographic views below on a short bond paper.

Activity will be graded according to the following rubrics:

Scoring Rubrics
CRITERIA 5 - POINTS 3 - POINTS 1 POINT
Correct set of tools Some Did not used
Use of were used unnecessary tools the correct set
Drawing throughout the were used of tools
Tools activity throughout the
activity
All lines are drawn Some lines areMost lines are
Accuracy accurately drawn inaccuratelyaccurately
drawn
Neatness Finished output was Pleasing butFinished output
neatly done, erasures andhave many
pleasing, and no smudges areerasures and
erasures/smudges observable on the smudges and
finished output quite
unpleasant
Finished the task 5 Finished the Unable to
Time minutes before the task on time finished the
management given time given task
Rating Scale
Points Earned Numerical Descriptive
12-15 91-100 Very Good
8-11 86-90 Good
4-7 81-85 Fair
1-3 75-80 Needs Improvement

100
G. Carefully study the given samples below and complete the table for the
parts list. Write your answer on a separate sheet of paper.

VEE BLOCK

Part Name Quantity Material

101
 E What I can do
Sketch the orthographic views of the given object below by following the given
procedure. Sketch your work on a short bond paper

Tools and materials:

- long bond paper - pencil - eraser
Equipment:
- drawing table (drafting table or drawing board)
Procedure:
1. Study the given object carefully.
2. Sketch the regular views of the given object. Provide dimensions in each
view using the aligned method of dimensioning.
3. Apply the rules in dimensioning:
a. Dimensions should be placed between the views.
b. Avoid repetition of dimensions.
c. Use outside dimension if the space is limited and when there is
enough space.
d. Continuous dimensions should be used whenever possible.
e. Staggered dimensioning should be used when the space for
dimensioning is limited.
f. When dimensioning a circle, it should be from center to center.
g. Dimensions are entered in millimeters without measures.
h. Extension lines must have a distance of about 10 mm from the
object edge and an approximate 2 millimeters after the dimension
lines.
102
Activity will be graded according to the following rubrics:
Scoring Rubrics

CRITERIA 5 - POINTS 3 - POINTS 1 POINT

Correct set of tools Some Did not used
Use of were used unnecessary tools the correct set
Drawing throughout the were used of tools
Tools activity throughout the
activity
All lines are drawn Some lines areMost lines are
Accuracy accurately drawn inaccuratelyaccurately
drawn
Neatness Finished output was Pleasing butFinished output
neatly done, erasures andhave many
pleasing, and no smudges areerasures and
erasures/smudges observable on thesmudges and
finished output quite
unpleasant
Finished the task 5 Finished the Unable to
Time minutes before the task on time finished the
management given time given task

Rating Scale
Points Earned Numerical Descriptive
12-15 91-100 Very Good
8-11 86-90 Good
4-7 81-85 Fair
1-3 75-80 Needs Improvement

103
 E What else can I do?
Using recycled materials like card board or used illustration board, create
a scale model of any geometric blocks, and draw its orthographic and
isometric views with dimensions on a short bond paper. Be guided with the
following rubrics.
Scoring Rubrics

CRITERIA 5 - POINTS 3 - POINTS 1 POINT

All lines are drawn There are 1 to 3 Majority of the
Accuracy appropriately lines lines are
according to their inappropriately inappropriately
characteristics. drawn according drawn.
to their
characteristics.
Finished output Pleasing but Finished
was neatly done, erasures and output has so
Neatness pleasing, and has smudges are many erasures
no observable on the and smudges.
erasures/smudges. finished output.
The scale is Almost all of the Less than 75%
Scale accurate. scales are of the scale is
accurate. (85%- accurate.
89%)
Time Finished the task 5 Finished the task Unable to
management minutes before the on time finished the
given time given task

Rating Scale

Points Earned Numerical Descriptive

16-20 91-100 Very Good
11-15 86-90 Good
6-10 81-85 Fair
1-5 75-80 Needs Improvement

104
 A What I have learned?

From each letter below, write something related to the topic, “Prepare and
Interpret Technical Drawing and Sketches”. The letter must be at the
beginning, middle or end of the word for your topic. You can also draw an
example of the word if that will help. Write your answers on a separate
sheet of paper.

Example:
1 I 6 N
Isometric – pictorial drawing
With 30 degrees cross axes

2 T 7 I

3 E 8 A

4 C 9 L

5 H 10 S

105
 A What I can achieve?
Read the statement carefully. Write the letter of the correct answer on a
separate sheet of paper.

1. A drawing technique which does not use drawing instruments or straight

edges
a. mechanical drawing c. Artist drawing
b. freehand drawing d. perspective drawing

2. Thin lines which serve as guide to ensure uniform height and width of
letters
a. guide lines b. hidden line c. Alphabet of lines d. dimension line

3. A drawing that shows more than one view of an object

a. multi-view drawing c. oblique drawing
b. perspective drawing d. isometric drawing

4. What does 1:2 mm scale mean?

a. This means that 2 mm on the drawing represents 1 mm on the
actual object.
b. This means that 1 mm on the drawing represents 20 mm on the
actual object.
c. This means that 1 mm on the drawing represents 2 mm on the
actual object.
d. This means that 10 mm on the drawing represents 2 mm on the
actual object.

5. The three views in an orthographic drawing are .

a. front, side and back c. top, front and side
b. top, front and bottom d. top, bottom and side

6. The following are examples of enlarge scale, except_________________.

a. 3:1 b. 15:1 c. 1:75 d. 10:1

7. A line that represents the position of a moving object is

a. section line b. phantom line c. leader line d. hidden line

106
8. It uses line symbols that enable engineers/designers to express
features of designed products clearly and accurately.
a. Alphabet of lines b. dimension line c. guide lines d. hidden line

9. Method of dimensioning in which all dimensions are read from the

bottom of the page as illustrated.
a. Aligned Method c. Unidirectional Method
b. Detail dimensions d. Over-all dimension

10. Parts of the guidelines where all lowercase descender letters must stop
a. Capline b. Dropline c. Waistline d. Baseline

11. It is a line that represents the visible edges of an object.

a. object line b. center line c. projection line d. leader line

12. Which of the following is not a type of pictorial drawing?

a. perspective drawing c. multi-view drawing
b. axonometric drawing d. oblique drawing

13. Isometric drawing is drawn at angle.

a.30° b. 60° c. 45° d. 90°

14. A technical working plan of a single part of a machine or mechanism

which gives enough information to allow the part to be made
a. Assembly Working Plan c. Parts List
b. Detail Working Plans d. Working drawing

15. Horizontal lines are usually drawn from

a. right to left b. left to right c. both ways d. in any way

16. Lines that are not straight such as circles, arcs and ellipses
a. irregular curved lines c. diagonal line
b. curved line d. regular curved lines

17. Which of the following is not a normal letter?

a. A b. E c. M d. W

18. Miter line is drawn at what angle?

a.30° b. 60° c. 45° d. 90°

107
19. The pictorial drawing with one surface of the object shown parallel to the
frontal plane and the other is inclined to it
a. perspective drawing c. isometric drawing
b. axonometric drawing d. oblique drawing

20. Lines inclined to the left are drawn from

a. top to bottom b. bottom to top c. left to right d. right to left

21. It represents a portion of the object that has been taken or “cut” in a
section view.
a. section line b. phantom line c. leader line d. cutting plane line

22. The curved part of a letter is .

a. lobe b. stem c. swash d. descenders

23. Is an upright line usually 90 degree from the ground?

a. vertical line c. diagonal line
b. horizontal line d. curved line

24. An oblique drawing in which the depth axis lines are full scale or
in full size.
a. Cavalier drawing c. Cabinet oblique
b. General oblique d. Oblique drawing

25. Which is another term for two-point perspective?

a. parallel perspective c. oblique perspective
b. angular perspective d. bird’s eye view perspective

108
Answer

109
 Reference

Anderson, W. (2019). Technical drawing of line. Retrieved from

https://schoolworkhelper.net/technical-drawing-alphabet-of-line/

Clipart tagged: ‘T-square’. Retrieved from

https://etc.usf.edu/clipart/keyword/t-square-1

French and Vierck. (1960). Engineering Drawing (10th edition). MacGraw,

Hill Book Company

Gieseck, Mitchell, G & Spencer. (1999). Technical Drawing (ed.). The

Macmillan Company

Orante J. (2014, July2). Proper manipulation of drafting instruments.

Retrieved from https://prezi.com/user/5nmtx9qdd3ef/

Manaois, G.M., (2009). Drafting 1 and 2 (ed.). Metro Manila: Phoenix Press
INC

Norman, S. (1977). Introduction to Technical Drawing (ed.) Delmar

Publishing

Spencer /Atkins. Technical Drafting: Metric Design and Computation,

National Bookstore, Inc.

T.L.E. Learning Module. Drawing Signs and symbol. Retrieved from

https://gltnhs-tle.weebly.com/about.html

WIKIBOOKS. (2018, January 20)). Drafting/Freehand Drawing. Retrieved

from https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Drafting/Freehand_Drawing

Presentation:

SlideShare, (2009, July 29). “Orthographic Projection”. Retrieved from

https://www.slideshare.net/nyioq/orthographic-projection

Others:

Department of Education, TLE Learners’ Modules

110
 Quarter1 Module 5
PRACTICE OCCUPATIONAL
HEALTH AND SAFETY
PROCEDURE (OHS)

I What is new?
Learning Task No. 1: Copy and complete the given table below. Write your
answer on a separate sheet of paper.

Table 1
Examples of Hazards and Their Effects

Household Task Hazard Harm it Can Caused

Cooking at the kitchen Knives

Cleaning the Toilet Cleaning chemicals

Unplugging the
appliances Electricity

Mopping the floor Wet floor

Fixing broken furniture Hammer and nails

Learning Task No. 2: Guess What? Give your own meaning to the following
terms. Write your answer on a separate sheet of paper.
1. Hazard
2. Risk
3. Safety
4. Work Place
5. Personal Protective Equipment

111
RUBRICS

3 2 1
Clearly and
completely ex- Not clear in ex-
Main idea or Expressed
pressed his/her pressing his/
opinion his/her idea well
idea about the her idea
topic
The learner The learner The learner
shared at least 3 shared at least 2 shared no
Details examples to examples to examples to
support his/her support his/her support
ideas. ideas. his/her ideas.

112
 D What I know?
Pretest
A. Read each item carefully and identify the terms discussed. Write the
correct answer on a separate sheet of paper.

1. It is any source of potential damage, harm or adverse health effects on

something or someone.
2. It is the chance or probability that a person will be harmed or experience
an adverse health effect if exposed to a hazard.
3. This maybe a room which provides area for drawing tables, technical
drawing tools, or machinery where students/staff do their work on their de-
signs, sketches, and technical drawing.
4. A type of hazard involving physical factors that harm the musculoskeletal
system, such as repetitive movement, manual handling and poor body
positioning.
5. A type of hazard where there is a presence of bacteria and viruses that
can cause health effects, such as hepatitis, HIV/AIDS and severe form of
pneumonia.

B. Match the different 5S in Column A with the English term in Column B.

Write only the letter of the correct answer on your notebook.
A B

_______1. Shitsuke a. Standardizing

_______2. Seiso b. Sorting
_______3. Seiketsu c. Set in Order
_______4.Seiton d. Sustaining
_______5. Seiri e. Sweeping

C. Using your notebook, draw and identify the following Personal Protective
Equipment.

1. It protects your head from falling debris.

2. It protects your eyes during exposure to hazards.
3. It protects you from gas, smoke, or vapor that smells strongly.
4. It protects your hands from touching chemicals.
5. It protects your feet from falling objects or compression.
113
 D What is in?

Let us find out how well you did in the previous activity by answering the
following questions. Write your answer on a separate sheet of paper.

1. You might not be aware but hazards are everywhere. At home, how can
you protect yourself from being harmed?

2. As a student, what are the things you can do to prevent potential danger
at school?

RUBRICS:

3 2 1

Clearly and Not clear in ex-

Main idea or Expressed his/
completely ex- pressing his/
opinion her idea well
pressed his/her her idea
idea about the
topic
The learner
The learner shared at least The learner
shared at least 3 2 shared no examples
Details
examples to examples to to support
support his/her support his/her his/her ideas.
ideas. ideas.

114
 D What is it?
LO 1: Identify Hazards and Risks

OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH AND SAFETY

Occupational Health and Safety is a cross-disciplinary area concerned with

protecting the safety, health and welfare of people engaged in work or
employment. As a secondary effect, it may also protect co-workers, family
members, employers, customers, suppliers nearby communities, and other
members of the public who are affected by the workplace environment.

Failure to identify or recognize hazards is said to be the causes of work-

related injuries, illnesses, and incidents. It is very important to any effective
safety and health program to identify and assess such hazards.
WHAT IS HAZARD?

A hazard is any source or situations that could possibly bring adverse effects
on someone or something. It can be human injury or ill-health, damage to
property, damage to the environment, or a combination of these.

HAZARD IDENTIFICATION, ASSESSMENT, AND CONTROL

1. Spot the hazard. It involves things that can hurt you or someone else.
Examples:
• frayed electrical cords (they could result in electrical shock)
• boxes stacked precariously (they could fall on someone)
• noisy machinery (it could result in damage to your hearing)

2. Assess the risk. It means analyzing how a hazard can harm someone
and how serious the harm could be.

How badly could I or someone else get hurt?

3. Make the changes. It means being able to fix the hazard.

Here are some examples:

1. Report the hazard to your supervisor/employer.

2. Mark the hazardous area.
3. Follow procedures.
4. Use personal protective equipment.

115
WHAT IS RISK?

Risk is the chance or possibility that a person will be harmed if exposed to

a hazard. It might be a work related tasks involving contact with objects and
equipment that might bring harm to a person while at work. It may also
apply to situations with property or equipment loss, or harmful effects on
the environment. In simple terms, it is the possibility of something bad to
happen once you are exposed to hazard. An example of this is the risk of
developing cancer from smoking cigarettes.

Hazard — cigarettes
Risk — chance of developing cancer because of cigarettes

Factors that influence the degree or likelihood of risk are:

• The nature of the exposure: how much a person is exposed to a

hazardous thing or condition (e.g., several times a day or once a
year);
• How a person is exposed (e.g., breathing in a vapor, skin contact);
and
• The severity of the effect. For example, one substance may
cause skin cancer, while another may cause skin irritation.
Cancer is a much more serious effect than irritation.

Risk assessment is the process where you:

• Identify hazards that have the potential to cause harm;

• Analyze and evaluate the risk associated with that hazard; and
• Determine appropriate ways to eliminate the hazard, or control
the risk when the hazard cannot be eliminated.

For further understanding of hazard and risk, see the link below:
https;//youtu.be/Sk88kkuIo6g

116
IDENTIFYING WORKPLACE HAZARD

Workplace is where someone works for his or her employer; it is a place of

employment. Such a place can range from a home office to a large office
building or factory. Safety is everyone's responsibility therefore, rules must
be put in place to ensure the safety of all students and staff while inside the
workshop.

RULES IN KEEPING WORKPLACE SAFE

1. Drugs or alcohol are not permitted in the workshop.

2. Individual with any health problems that may affect workplace safety
(e.g. asthma, epileptic fits, and heart problems) must report these
conditions to the workshop staff.
3. Students are not allowed to bring food or drink inside the workshop.
4. Wear the correct protective equipment for the tools you are using.
Ask when in doubt.
5. All chemicals must be used with care.
6. Immediately notify person in authority for any faulty, broken tools or
equipment.
7. Ask how to use the tools safely.
8. Keep your work area tidy.

117
KEEP YOUR WORKPLACE CLEAN AND ORGANIZED

It is important to consider safety measures whether in the industrial arts

laboratory shop, drafting room or in the home workshop. Good housekeeping
is one of the sure ways to keep a safe workplace. It is not the result of cleaning
up once a week or even once a day. It is the result of keeping the workplace
cleaned-up all the time. It is an essential factor of a good safety program to
promote safety, health, production, and morale.

Besides preventing accidents and injuries, good housekeeping saves space,

time, and materials. When a workplace is clean, orderly, and free of
obstruction, work can get done safely and properly. Workers feel bet-ter, think
better, do better work, and increase the quantity and quality of their work.

Japanese companies innovated a productivity philosophy called "5S," which

stands for five Japanese words that refer to a methodology not only for
cleaning, but for business. The 5S methodology is all about eliminating waste,
speeding up daily tasks, and improving the quality of the workplace. You can
use the 5S methodology to help you organize your tasks at the end of every
working day.

WHAT ARE THE 5S IN THE WORKPLACE?

1. Seiri (Sort)

It means taking out unnecessary items and dispose them. Keep only the
items you need at work, and discard or store everything else.

118
2. Seiton (Set in order)

It means that there is a place for everything, and everything should be in its
place. Arrange necessary items in good order for use.

BEFORE AFTER

3. Seiso (Sweeping)

At the end of each working day, take time to clean up your office space.
Clean up any mess you make.

4. Seiketsu (Standardizing)

It means maintaining a high standard of housekeeping. It also means

"standardized clean-up". Seiketsu derives from Seiso step which makes the
floor "shiny clean" and sets the standard for cleanliness

Example:

Seiso (cleaning the floor) Seiketsu (maintaining)

119
5. Shitsuke (Sustaining)

Do things spontaneously without being told or ordered. A systematic and

productive workplace is not a one-day-affair just because somebody is
observing. It is when your daily works becomes a habit.

IDENTIFYING HAZARD

Every workplace has hazards. As an employer, you have a legal responsibility

to look after your employees’ safety and protect them against health and safety
hazards at work. In order to manage workplace health and safety and help
prevent accidents and sickness absence, it is important to identify, monitor
and reduce the risk associated with workplace hazard.

What are the most common workplace hazards?

There are many types of workplace hazards, which tend to come under any of
the five main categories.

1. Physical hazards – the most common workplace hazards include loud

noise coming from machinery and equipment, slips, trips and falls that can
lead to serious and sometimes permanent injuries.

2. Ergonomic hazards – physical factors that harm the musculoskeletal

system, such as repetitive movement, manual handling and poor body
positioning.

120
3. Chemical hazards – any hazardous substance that can cause harm to an
individual. Allergic reaction, skin burns, and eye injuries caused by using
chemicals. Hazardous substances should be labelled and used properly.

4. Biological hazards – they occur due to working with people, animals or

infectious plant material. These include blood or other bodily fluids, animal
care, insect bites, bacteria or viruses.

5. Psychosocial hazards - any occupational hazard that affects the

psychological and physical well-being of workers, including their ability to
participate in a work.

Some Safety Precautions to Avoid Workplace Hazard

• A properly lighted work area is essential to working safely.
• A “No smoking” sign should be posted.
• A warning sign should be used if there are potential hazards.

121
• Have a good ventilation.

• Ensure proper training when handling equipment or machinery.

• Wear protective gear.

122
Other Hazards present in workshop area

Hazard from dust drawing media

Charcoal is usually made from willow or vine sticks, where wood cellulose
has been heated without moisture to create the black color. Compressed
charcoal sticks use various resins in a binder to create the color. Although
charcoal is just considered a nuisance dust, inhalation of large amounts of
charcoal dust can create chronic lung problems through a mechanical
irritation and clogging effect. A major source of charcoal inhalation is from
the habit of blowing excess charcoal dust off the drawing.

Colored chalks are also considered nuisance dusts. Some chalks are dustier
than others. Individuals who have asthma sometimes have problems with
dusty chalks, but this is a nonspecific dust reaction, not a toxic reaction.

Precautions

Use the least dusty types of pastels, chalks, etc. Asthmatics in particular
might want to switch to oil pastels or similar non-dusty media. Do not blow
off excess pastel or charcoal dust with your mouth. Instead, tap off the built-
up dust so it falls to the floor (or paper on floor). Wet-mop and wet-wipe all
surfaces clean off dusts.

Hazards in using Sharp objects

Sharp objects can be very dangerous. Cuts and scrapes are not merely
painful; they can have serious consequences, including infection, blood loss,
and even traumatic amputation (the loss of a limb or other body part because
of an accident or injury).

Precautions

Follow these guidelines when you work with sharp objects.

• Use the right tool for the job.
• Keep the object pointed away from yourself and other people at
all times.
• Keep your fingers away from the tip of the object.
• Inspect the tool before use.
• Work in a well-lit space so you can see what you are doing.

123
Steps in maintaining contingency plan:

1. Make sure that all employees are aware of the plan by providing regular
training to keep employees updated. Make sure all employees know their
roles when disaster strikes.

2. Conduct emergency disaster drills to prepare employees for dangerous

situations. Assess the results of training and drills and make any necessary
changes to the plan. Examples are fire drill and earthquake drill.

3. Review the plan regularly. If there are changes that need to be

implemented, make sure to distribute new copies of the plan to all
employees.

4. Keep copies of the plan off-site in a place that is easily accessible in case
of emergency.

What is a Contingency Plan?

Contingency plan is defined as developing responses in advance for various

situations that may adversely affect an organization’s ability to continue with
its operation.

Why is contingency plan in workplace important?

Since risk cannot be eliminated, there are certain ways to control it by

lowering the intensity of risk and this is called mitigation. Mitigation is
the process or result of making something less severe, dangerous, painful,
harsh, or damaging. For example, to minimize slip-and-fall risk, encourage
employees to reduce their clutter, to secure electrical cords and other
relevant situations.

Contingency plan protects resources, minimizes customer inconvenience

and identifies key staff, assigning specific responsibilities in the context of
the recovery. For example, human resources may develop employee
evacuation plans; support employee benefits programs, such as health care
or worker’s compensation; or hire temporary workers as needed. It is a
course of action that every organization would take if an unexpected event
or situation occurs.

LO 2: Evaluate and Control Hazards and Risk

Evaluating hazard is the process of determining the level of risk created by

the hazard. It will recognize the type of hazard present within the workplace
and to determine if proper controls are present.

Here are some tips in evaluating hazards.

124
 • The potential consequences associated with a hazard (severity)
• The likelihood that those consequences will occur.

On the other hand, risk assessment aims to evaluate hazards, then remove
that hazard or minimize the level of its risk by adding control measures, as
necessary. By doing so, you have created a safer and healthier workplace.
Risk assessments are very important as they form an integral part of an
occupational health and safety management plan.
Below are some of the benefits of risk assessment:
• It creates awareness of hazards and risk.
• It helps identify who may be at risk.
• Identify actions necessary to eliminate the hazard.
• It prevents injuries or illnesses.
• Determine if existing control measures are adequate.

How Can Hazards be controlled?

Sometimes, hazards can be eliminated altogether, but most often, measures
need to be put in place to properly manage them. Start with the big ones, like
whether to repair or upgrade your equipment, and work your way down until
you find a practical solution.

First. Can you eliminate the hazard? For instance, if damaged equipment is
causing the hazard, can you remove the hazard completely by fixing or
replacing the equipment?
Second. Can you substitute hazardous materials or equipment with safer
ones? For example, a cleaning solution that gives off toxic fumes could be
replaced with a non-toxic alternative.

Third. To what extent can you isolate staff and customers from hazards?
Blocking a lane at a filling station during servicing will isolate the technician
from vehicles, but not from risks at the pump itself.

Fourth. To what extent can engineering control minimize risk. For example,
putting guards on a meat slicer or other moving parts or hot equipment?

Fifth. Can good administration be used? These might include written

instructions, signage to warn of hazards or “Do not enter” zones. A check-in
procedure for people working alone is another example.

Last. If the first five steps fail to eliminate risk, make sure people use the
right protective equipment or clothing if they need it. Remember, this is the
last line of defense, not the first!

125
ACCIDENT PREVENTION SIGNS AND SYMBOLS

The Warning Sign indicates a potentially hazardous situation, which, if not

avoided, could result in death or serious injury. The Danger Sign indicates
an immediate hazard, a hazard capable of producing irreversible damage or
injury.

Some common colors and their meaning include:

Red: Fire protection equipment; danger, high risk of injury or

death
Orange: Moderate risk of injury; guarding devices
Yellow: Caution statements
Green: Safety equipment or information
Blue: No immediate hazard

Danger Signs

Danger Signs shall be used only where an immediate hazard exists. It should
be read as the predominating color for the upper panel; outline on the
borders; and a white lower panel for additional sign wording.

126
Caution Signs

It is a type of hazard sign used to warn about possible hazards or unsafe

practices. Caution Sign shall have yellow as the predominating color; black
upper panel and borders; yellow lettering of “caution” on the black panel;
and the lower yellow panel for the additional sign wording.

Safety Instructions Signs

Safety Instructions Signs, when used, shall be with green upper panel with
white letters to convey the principal message. Any additional wording on the
sign shall be black letters on the white background.

LO 3: Maintain Occupational Health and Safety

A worker is happier and productive when they are healthy. While some jobs,
like construction, have obvious safety hazards, it is not wise to assume that if
you clock time at a desk job you have nothing to worry about. So, whether a
worker works from home or keep busy with a manual labor job, it is important
to have a safe workplace and a healthy environment.

127
Here are some tips on staying healthy and injury-free in the workplace.

1. Correct Your Posture. Sit with a correct posture to avoid dealing with
future back pain. Keeping your shoulders in line with your hips, adjusting
the height of your chair so your knees are level with your hips and
positioning your wrists and hands so they sit at elbow level when you are
typing are all ways you can ensure correct desk posture.

2. Be Aware of Your Surroundings. This tip requires knowing the

particular hazards of your job. Assuming you know the risks involved, keep
clear of potentially hazardous areas and situations. Always be alert and
cautious when working machinery.

3. Take Regular Breaks. Many work-related injuries take place when a

worker is tired or burned out. Take regular breaks and go for a quick walk
to help you stay fresh on the job. Tackling your most difficult, time-
consuming tasks first thing in the morning when concentration is high can
also help.

128
4. Report Unsafe Conditions. It is always a good idea to inform your
supervisor about any workplace safety hazards or risks. Your employer is
legally obligated to ensure their employees have a safe working environment
and should take care of any unsafe conditions.

5. Wear the Correct Safety Equipment. If you perform tasks at work that
require safety equipment, be sure to wear what is required to avoid injury.
Depending on the job, equipment like earplugs, hard hats, gloves or safety
goggles can greatly reduce the risk of workplace accidents.

6. Reduce Workplace Stress. Some amount of stress on the job is common

but be careful not to let it get out of hand. Too much work-related stress can
lead to an unhealthy environment. Consider taking your concerns about your
workplace stress to your supervisor to see how they might help you address
them.

PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT

Personal protective equipment (PPE) is clothing and equipment worn by

employees, students, contractors or visitors to protect or shield their bodies
from workplace hazards. It is supplied and must be used where necessary
129
like barrier cream, lab coats/overalls, eye and hearing protection, safety
boots, dust masks and safety shoes must be used as the work/risk
assessment dictates.

Wearing PPE also helps to prevent the transmission of communicable

diseases between patients and health care providers. It prevents the
contamination of exposed wounds, sores from germs or bacteria that can
travel from a health care provider to the patient. Knowing how to properly
use PPE can help ensure safety and well-being of health care providers and
emergency responders.

Types of Personal Protective Equipment

Eye Protection - It provide protection during expo-

sure to hazards like flying particles, metal or
sparks, liquid chemicals, caustic liquids, light
radiation, i.e., welding, lasers.

Hearing Protection - It provides protection during

expo-sure to high pitch and loud noise levels.

Respiratory Protection - It provides protection

from inhalation hazards such as virus, vapors,
mists, particulates, pesticides, and gases.

Hand Protection - It provides protection during

exposure to potential hazards such as sharp
objects, abrasive surfaces, temperature extremes,
and chemical contact
Head Protection - It provides protection to
potential hazards such as falling objects, striking
against low-hanging objects, electrical hazards, or
chemical application.
Foot Protection - It provides protection for
situations with the potential of injuries such as
falling or rolling objects, chemical or liquid
exposures, piercing objects, and where feet are
exposed to electrical hazards.

Clothing Protection - It provides protection from

potential hazards such as skin allergies, skin
cancer, and bodily injury.

130
 E What is more?

Activity No. 1: Put a corresponding check mark if the item is a hazard or

risk. Write it on a separate sheet of paper.

Hazard Risk

1. water in a bottle

2. spilled water

3. bleach inside the cabinet

4. standing in a tall building

5. standing at the edge of the building

6. gasoline

7. pouring a gasoline near the fire

8. ladder

9. box of cigarette

10. cigarette smoking

131
Activity No. 2: Using a separate sheet of paper for your answers, pair each
sentence fragment on the Column A with that of column B to complete the
sentence.

A B

1. Employers must provide personal

a... tell their supervisor or their
protective equipment and clothing
health and safety representative.
(PPE) when ...

2. Before employees use PPE, they

b... it must be worn as directed.
must be told ..

3. Employees must make sure PPE c... what to do to prevent injury and
is stored ... ensure safety.

d... hazards in the workplace cannot

4. Personal Protective Equipment
be
(PPE) is designed to protect
eliminated or reduced by other risk
employees' safety
controls.
5. PPE should be inspected e... hazards arising from exposure
regularly and before use to make to
sure ... noise.
6. If a person feels the PPE they f... why it is necessary, and trained
have is not suitable for the task, on
they should ... how to use it.

7. Warning signs are necessary in

g... it is in good working order.
workplaces to let people know ...

8. Earplugs, earmuffs and ear

h... where it will be safe from
pieces all provide protection against
interference and damage.
...

132
Activity No. 3. Below are pictures where hazards of all sorts can be found.
Copy and complete the table on a separate sheet of paper by identifying the
potential hazard/s present in the given situations.

Possible hazard they might encounter while

Work working

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

1. 2.

3 . 4.

5.

133
Activity No. 4. Below is an image of a man. Using a short bond paper, draw
the appropriate Personal Protective Equipment that he needs to wear in a
construction site.

1. Head protection
2. Eye protection
3. Respiratory protection
4. Hand protection
5. Foot protection

134
 E What I can do?
Activity No. 1: Identify possible hazards at home (20 points). Write your
answer on a separate sheet of paper.

Areas in your Potential Hazard What to do to avoid hazard?

1. 1.
2. 2.
Kitchen 3. 3.
4. 4.
5. 5.

1. 1.
Bathroom 2. 2.
3. 3.

1. 1.
Bedroom
2. 2.

E What else can I do?

Activity No. 1. In a short bond paper, create your own safety signs. Use
the rubrics below as your guide.

Criteria 5 4 3 2

mostly partially
Content appropriate inappropriate
appropriate appropriate

Visual outstanding adequate use inappropriate Little attempt

Appeal use of color of color use of color to use color

original and design has

design is design lacks
Originality creative de sloppy
adequate creativity
sign appearance
135
 A What I have learned?

Read and analyze the situations below to identify what to do to prevent

accidents. Write your answers on a separate sheet of paper. Be guided by
the scoring rubrics below.

1. Susan, the secretary of Mr. Lee, had unknowingly splashed water on the
floor. Mr. Lee walks into the office and accidentally slips and falls. He was
admitted to a hospital and diagnosed with back injury.

2. Jane accidentally fell down on the floor while searching for her book.
She used the swivel chair in place of a ladder to look above the shelves.

3. Due to high sensible temperature, Jenny used their electric fan non-
stop that caused fire due to overuse of electrical appliance.

Rubrics

3 2 1
Clearly and Not clear in
completely ex Expressed ex-
Main idea
pressed his/her his/her idea pressing
or opinion
idea about the well his/her idea
topic
The learner The learner The learner
shared at least 3 shared at least 2 shared no
Details examples to examples to examples to
support his/her support his/her support
ideas. ideas. his/her ideas.

136
 A What I can achieve?

Read and analyze the questions below. Write your answers on a separate
sheet of paper.

1. What is the difference between hazard and risk?

2. How important is safety?
3. How can you apply safety in your daily life?

Rubrics

3 2 1
Clearly and Not clear in
completely ex Expressed ex-
Main idea
pressed his/her his/her idea pressing
or opinion
idea about the well his/her idea
topic
The learner
The learner The learner shared no
shared at least 3 shared at least 2 examples to
Details support
examples to examples to
support his/her support his/her his/her
ideas. ideas. ideas.

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Posttest

A. True or False. Write true if the statement is correct, otherwise, write

false. Write the correct answer on a separate sheet of paper.

A hazard is any situation that has thepotential to cause injury, illness, or

death
1. A hazard is any situation that has the potential to cause injury, illness,
or death.
2. Safety signs can prevent accidents.
3. A duty of care in the workplace is the responsibility of the employer only.
4. When providing a safe working environment for staff, employers must
eliminate all risks to health and safety.
5. The safety and wellbeing of people in the workplace also includes guests
and customers of the workplace.

B. Match the different 5S in Column A with their meaning in Column B.

Write only the letter of the correct answer on a separate sheet of paper.
Column A Column B

a. everything should be in its place

_______1. Shitsuke
b. it means maintaining a high
standard of housekeeping
_______2. Seiso
c. it means disposing unnecessary
_______3. Seiketsu items.
d. taking time to clean your space
_______4. Seiton
e. to do things spontaneously
without
_______ 5. Seiri being told or ordered

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Answer

139
 Reference
Articles

“Occupational health and safety (OHS”, (2018, July 18) SafeOpedia,

Retrieved from https://www.safeopedia.com/definition/439/occupational-
health-and-safety-ohs
United States Department of Labor (n.d.) “Recommended practices for safety
and health programs” Retrieved from
https://www.osha.gov/shpguidelines/hazard-Identification.html
Gibson, Tara (2019, Oct. 22) Rave Mobile Safety “The Top 20 Workplace
Safety Quotes to Engage Employees”. Retrieved from
https://www.ravemobilesafety.com/blog/the-top-20-workplace-safety-
quotes-to-engage-employees

University of Oregon (n.d.) “Safety and risk services” Retrieved from

https://safety.uoregon.edu/physical-hazards

Working Person's Enterprises, Inc (2020) “The Top 10 Workplace Hazards

and How to Prevent Them” Retrieved from https://workingperson.me/the-
top-10-workplace-hazards-and-how-to-prevent-them/

The TASA Group (2020) “Why You Need a Workplace Contingency Plan”
Retrieved from https://www.tasanet.com/Knowledge-
Center/Articles/ArtMID/477/ArticleID/1251109/Why-You-Need-a-
Workplace-Contingency-Plan

RockDove Solutions (n.d.) “4 Tips to mitigate workplace health and safety

risk” Retrieved from https://www.rockdovesolutions.com/blog/4-tips-to-
mitigate-workplace-health-and-safety-risks

Dimmoff, Timothy (2015, September 10) SACS Consulting and Investigative

Services “3 Steps to Developing a Workplace Contingency Plan”
https://sacsconsulting.com/2015/09/10/3-steps-to-developing-a-
workplacecontingencyplan/#:~:text=A%20contingency%20is%20anything%2
0that
,you%20and%20your%20employees%20safe.

Canadian Centre for Occupational Health & Safety (2017, February 15)
“Risk Assessment” Retrieved
fromhttps://www.ccohs.ca/oshanswers/hsprograms/risk_assessment.html
#:~:text=Risk%20assessments%20are%20very%20important,the%20public%
2C%20etc.).

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2015, February 11) “Sharps
safety for healthcare settings” Retrieved from
https://www.cdc.gov/sharpssafety/resources.html

140
Others:

https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/mitigation

Department of Education, TLE Learners’ Modules

Pictures:

Source: https://ccsearch.creativecommons.org/photos/49e4a1f7-d6a3-
4f8d-a9b3-15b503b1c640

Source: https://ccsearch.creativecommons.org/photos/52b95ac3-bf3a-
41cc-a956-a6a2c70b63a2

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