Python Lab

1. Write a python program to open a file and check what are the access permissions acquired
by that file using os module.

import os

def check_file_permissions(file_path):

if not os.path.exists(file_path):

print(f"The file '{file_path}' does not exist.")

return

try:

mode = os.stat(file_path).st_mode

permissions = {

'readable': bool(mode & 0o400),

'writable': bool(mode & 0o200),

'executable': bool(mode & 0o100)

print(f"File permissions for '{file_path}':")

print(f"Readable: {permissions['readable']}")
 print(f"Writable: {permissions['writable']}")

print(f"Executable: {permissions['executable']}")

except OSError as e:

print(f"Error: {e}")

if __name__ == "__main__":

file_path = input("Enter the file path: ")

check_file_permissions(file_path)

2. Write a python program to find the linear regression.

import numpy as np

import matplotlib.pyplot as plt

def estimate_coef(x, y):

n = np.size(x)

m_x = np.mean(x)

m_y = np.mean(y)

SS_xy = np.sum(y*x) - n*m_y*m_x

 SS_xx = np.sum(x*x) - n*m_x*m_x

b_1 = SS_xy / SS_xx

b_0 = m_y - b_1*m_x

return (b_0, b_1)

def plot_regression_line(x, y, b):

plt.scatter(x, y, color="m", marker="o", s=30)

y_pred = b[0] + b[1]*x

plt.plot(x, y_pred, color="g")

plt.xlabel('x')

plt.ylabel('y')

plt.show()

def main():

x = np.array([0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9])
 y = np.array([1, 3, 2, 5, 7, 8, 8, 9, 10, 12])

b = estimate_coef(x, y)

print("Estimated coefficients:\nb_0 = {}\nb_1 = {}".format(b[0], b[1]))

plot_regression_line(x, y, b)

if __name__ == "__main__":

main()

3. Write a program to double a given number and add two numbers using lambda().
# Define the lambda functions

double = lambda x: x * 2

add = lambda x, y: x + y

# Take input from the user

num = int(input("Enter a number: "))

num1 = int(input("Enter first number: "))

num2 = int(input("Enter second number: "))

 # Apply the lambda functions

result1 = double(num)

result2 = add(num1, num2)

# Display the results

print("Double of", num, "is", result1)

print("Sum of", num1, "and", num2, "is", result2)

4. Write a Python Program to Using a numpy module create an array and check the
following: 1. Type of array 2. Shape of array 3. Type of elements in array.

import numpy as np

# Create an array

array = np.array([[1, 2, 3], [4, 5, 6]])

# 1. Type of array

array_type = type(array)

print("Type of array:", array_type)

# 2. Shape of array
array_shape = array.shape

print("Shape of array:", array_shape)

# 3. Type of elements in array

element_type = array.dtype

print("Type of elements in array:", element_type)

5. Create a dictionary and apply the following methods 1) Print

the dictionary items 2) access items 3) use get() 4)change values 5) use len()
# Create a dictionary

my_dict = {

"name": "John",

"age": 30,

"city": "New York"

# 1. Print the dictionary items

print("Dictionary items:", my_dict)

# 2. Access items
name = my_dict["name"]

age = my_dict["age"]

print("Accessed items - Name:", name, "Age:", age)

# 3. Use get() - The get() method returns the value of the item with the specified key.

city = my_dict.get("city:", "Unknown")

country = my_dict.get("country:", "Not specified")

print("City:", city, "Country:", country)

# 4. Change values

my_dict["age"] = 31

my_dict["city"] = "San Francisco"

print("Updated dictionary:", my_dict)

# 5. Use len()

dict_length = len(my_dict)

print("Length of the dictionary:", dict_length)

 6. Write a python code to read a csv file using pandas module and print the first and
last five lines of a file.
import pandas as pd

# Replace 'your_file.csv' with the actual path to your CSV file

file_path = 'your_file.csv'

# Read the CSV file into a pandas DataFrame

df = pd.read_csv(file_path)

# Print the first line (header) of the CSV file

print("First Line (Header):")

print(df.head(1))

# Print the last line of the CSV file

print("\nLast Line:")

print(df.tail(1))
 7. Write a python code to set background color and pic and draw a circle using turtle
module.
import turtle

# Set up the screen

screen = turtle.Screen()

screen.title("Turtle Drawing")

screen.bgcolor("lightblue")

# Set the background image

screen.bgpic("path_to_image.png") # Replace with the actual path to your image

# Create a Turtle instance

t = turtle.Turtle()

# Draw a circle

t.penup()
t.goto(0, -100) # Move the turtle to the center of the circle

t.pendown()

t.color("red")

t.begin_fill()

t.circle(100)

t.end_fill()

# Hide the turtle

t.hideturtle()

# Keep the window open until it's closed by the user

turtle.done()

8. Write a python program to create a package, sub -package, modules and create
staff and student function to module.

Creating a Python package with sub-packages, modules, and functions is a multi-step

process. Here's a step-by-step guide to creating such a package structure:

• Create a directory for your package. This will be the root directory of your package.
• Inside the root directory, create a Python package directory. A package directory is a
directory with an _init_.py file. This file can be empty or contain initialization code for your
package.

• Inside the package directory, you can create sub-package directories in the same
way as you created the root package directory, each with their own _init_.py file.

• Inside the sub-packages, you can create Python modules. These are .py files that
contain code and functions.

• Define functions within the modules as needed. In your case, you want to create
staff and student functions.

how to structure your package:

my_package/

_init_.py # Initialization file for the root package

staff_module.py # Module containing the staff function

student_module.py # Module containing the student function

sub_package/

_init_.py # Initialization file for the sub-package

create the Python code for the staff_module.py and student_module.py modules:

staff_module.py:

def staff_function(name):

return f"Hello, {name}! You are a staff member."

 student_module.py:

def student_function(name):

return f"Hello, {name}! You are a student."

use these functions by importing them from your package

from my_package.staff_module import staff_function

from my_package.student_module import student_function

staff_result = staff_function("John")

student_result = student_function("Alice")

print(staff_result)

print(student_result)

Make sure that you have a proper directory structure with _init_.py files where needed to
ensure that Python recognizes your directories as packages and sub-packages.

9. Write a python program to plot a bar graph for the car data set.
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt

import pandas as pd

# Load the dataset (replace 'car_data.csv' with your dataset file)

data = pd.read_csv('car_data.csv')
# Extract data for the plot

car_brands = data['Car Brand']

num_cars_sold = data['Number of Cars Sold']

# Create a bar graph

plt.figure(figsize=(10, 6)) # Adjust the figure size if needed

plt.bar(car_brands, num_cars_sold, color='skyblue')

plt.xlabel('Car Brand')

plt.ylabel('Number of Cars Sold')

plt.title('Car Sales by Brand')

plt.xticks(rotation=90) # Rotate x-axis labels for readability if needed

# Display the plot

plt.tight_layout()
plt.show()

10. Write a python program to create a login web page using pycharm.

Creating a login web page involves using a web framework like Flask and HTML for the front-
end. PyCharm is just an integrated development environment (IDE) that you can use for
coding. Here's a simple example of how to create a basic login web page using Python and
Flask in PyCharm:

First, make sure you have Flask installed. You can install it using pip:

pip install Flask

Create a new Python file (e.g., app.py) in your PyCharm project directory and add the
following code:

from flask import Flask, render_template, request, redirect, url_for

app = Flask(_name_)

# A simple user database (for demonstration purposes)

users = {

'username': 'password'

@app.route('/')

def home():

return render_template('login.html')

@app.route('/login', methods=['POST'])
def login():

username = request.form['username']

password = request.form['password']

if username in users and users[username] == password:

return 'Login successful'

else:

return 'Login failed. Please check your username and password.'

if _name_ == '_main_':

app.run(debug=True)

Create a "templates" folder in your project directory and within it, create an HTML file
named login.html with the following content:

<!DOCTYPE html>

<html>

<head>

<title>Login</title>

</head>

<body>

<h1>Login</h1>

<form method="POST" action="/login">

<label for="username">Username:</label>

<input type="text" name="username" id="username" required><br><br>

<label for="password">Password:</label>
 <input type="password" name="password" id="password" required><br><br>

<input type="submit" value="Login">

</form>

</body>

</html>

Run your Flask application by executing app.py. You should see a basic login web page at
http://127.0.0.1:5000/.

This is a minimal example. In a real-world application, you would use a proper database for
storing user information, handle sessions, and add security measures to protect against
common web vulnerabilities. This code is just a starting point for creating a simple login page
using Flask and PyCharm.