Scribd
Upload
28 views

Lecture 4

The document discusses intermolecular forces. It describes the different types of intermolecular forces from strongest to weakest, including ion-ion, hydrogen bonding, dipole-dipole, and Van der Waals forces. It explains how these intermolecular forces affect the properties of chemical systems and influence boiling points.

Uploaded by

mhmdsdashwr90
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
28 views

Lecture 4

The document discusses intermolecular forces. It describes the different types of intermolecular forces from strongest to weakest, including ion-ion, hydrogen bonding, dipole-dipole, and Van der Waals forces. It explains how these intermolecular forces affect the properties of chemical systems and influence boiling points.

Uploaded by

mhmdsdashwr90
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 28

Lecture 4

Intermolecular forces

Inorganic and Physical Chemistry


Senior lecturer
Institute of Chemistry

kpfu.ru/Askar.Gatiatulin
[email protected]
+7 (927) 401 10 22
Intermolecular forces

The properties of chemical systems are strongly affected by the


forces that act between molecules in these systems.

Forces can act between molecules of the same or different kinds.

There are different kinds of intermolecular forces, and they have


different characteristic strengths.

In the next several slides, we will look at the major intermolecular


forces in descending order of strength.
Hierarchy of intermolecular forces

1 Ion-ion
2 Ion-dipole
3 Hydrogen bonding
4 Dipole-dipole
Van der Waals 5 Dipole-induced dipole
forces 6 Induced dipole-induced dipole
(London dispersion)
Ionic bonds

The Coulomb force is the strongest one that


operates on the length scales of interest to
chemists.
Compound Melting / Boiling (°C)

KCl 801 / 1465


Because of the strength of this force, ionic
compounds typically have high boiling points. K2SO4 1069 / 1689

When we dissolve an ionic compound in a Al2O3 2053 / 2977


solvent, forces between the ions result in a
relatively organized state where, on average,
anions are closer to cations than to other
anions.
Ionic bonds

This organized state leads to screening of a charge by its “ionic


atmosphere”, leading to an exponentially rapid falloff of the
force between two ions in solution.
Ion-dipole forces

When we dissolve an ionic compound in a polar solvent, this results


in substantial organization of the solvent around the ions.
Van der Waals forces
4 Dipole-dipole
5 Dipole-induced dipole
6 Induced dipole-induced dipole (London dispersion)

The van der Waals force quickly vanishes at longer


distances between interacting molecules.
Van der Waals forces

  12   6 
u r   4       The Lennard-Jones Potential
 r   r  

The short range 1/r12 The long range


repulsive term 1/r6 attractive term

Contributions:
u(r)/ε
Dipole-dipole (including H-bonding)
Induced dipole
London dispersion attraction

r/σ
0 1 2 3
Dipole-dipole forces

Dipoles tend to align themselves so that the positive end of one is close to
the negative end of another.
Dipole-induced dipole forces

If we place a molecule next to a polar molecule, the electric


field of the dipole exerts a force on the electrons of the other
molecule, resulting in an induced dipole.

The induced dipole's orientation will always generate an


attractive force to the polar molecule.

The polarizability is a measure of how large an induced dipole


is produced for a given electric field.

The more loosely held the electrons are, the larger the
polarizability atomic polarizability increases as we move down
a group.

All other things being equal, the polarizability will be larger for
long molecules because a small charge separation over a large
distance can result in a large dipole moment.
London dispersion forces

If two molecules are close together, the motion of their electrons becomes correlated,
i.e. the electrons will tend to move in the same direction at the same time.

The following is a rough mental picture: When, by accident, one molecule develops a
small dipole moment because more of its electrons move in one direction than the other,
the same happens to the other molecule. They therefore have dipole moment vectors
pointing in roughly the same direction, resulting in an attractive induced-dipole-induced
dipole force.
London dispersion forces

The strength of dispersion forces depends on the polarizability.


In large molecules, London dispersion forces can be large!

Example: Large hydrocarbons are solids at room temperature


(waxes).
Boiling points

All other things being equal, boiling points will be higher


if the intermolecular forces are larger because it takes
more energy to remove a molecule from the liquid.
Boiling points

Example: Group #14 boiling points


Hydrogen bonding

In molecules containing O-H and N-H bonds and in HF, we


observe dramatically increased intermolecular forces.

We call this additional type of intermolecular force hydrogen


bonding.

Molecules involved in hydrogen bonding are much closer


together than molecules experiencing (e.g.) dipole-dipole
interactions, but not as close as covalent bonding distances.
(Known from X-ray and neutron scattering experiments)
NH3, H2O and HF break the trend
Hydrogen bonding

Hydrogen bonding is due to a combination of factors:


- Large electronegativity of N, O and F
- No core orbitals in H
- Availability of lone pairs on N, O and F

The first two factors result in a very small electron density on the side of H
away from a covalent bond to N, O or F.

This allows H to interact with a lone pair. This interaction is partly a dipole-
dipole interaction, but also has some covalent character.

Hydrogen bonding is directional, i.e. there are preferred angles for this
interaction.
Ice structure
Water Ice
1 g/ml 0.9 g/ml
Hydrophobic effect

bulk water nonpolar compound introduced


Hydrophobic effect

Representative triglyceride found in a linseed oil, a triester (triglyceride) derived of linoleic acid, alpha-
linolenic acid, and oleic acid.
Hydrophobic vs. Lipophilic

hydrophobic ≈ lipophilic
hydrophilic ≈ lipophobic
log KOW values are typically between
−3 (very hydrophilic) and
+10 (extremely hydrophobic).
Hydrophobic vs. Lipophilic

Fluorocarbons and silicones are both


hydrophobic and lipophobic (oleophobic)
DNA and hydrogen bonding

There are fairly strong London dispersion forces between the stacked
bases we get in the double helix, which also favors this structure.
Hydrogen bonds in protein

Secondary
structure

Tertiary
structure
Secondary structure

β-sheet
Left Helix Right Helix
(α-helix) (collagen)
Energy of intermolecular forces
Thank you!
Inorganic and Physical Chemistry
Senior lecturer
Institute of Chemistry

kpfu.ru/Askar.Gatiatulin
[email protected]
+7 (927) 401 10 22

You might also like