PHYSICS

INVESTIGATORY PROJECT
(Step-Down Transformer)

(SESSION: 2023-2024)

SAHIBZADA ZORAWAR SINGH

SAHIBZADA FATEH SINGH SR. SEC.
SCHOOL (KALANAUR)

Under the Supervision of Submitted By:

Mrs DIVYA Muskandeep kaur
(Physics) Class:- XII
CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that Muskandeepkaur of class XII

has completed the project titled Transformer during
the academic year 2023-2024 towards partial
fulfillment of credit for the Physics practical
evaluation of CBSE 2024 and submitted satisfactory
report, as compiled in the following pages, under my
supervision.

Principal signature
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

I would like to express my sincere gratitude to my physics

mentor MRS. DIVYA MAM for her vital support, guidance and
encouragement, without which this project would not have
come forth. I would also like to express my gratitude to the
other staff of the Department of Physics for their support
during the making of this project.

(Muskandeep kaur)
 CONTENTS
1. INTRODUCTION
2. OBJECTIVES
3. PRINCIPLE
4. CONSTRUCTION
5. THEORY
6. EFFICIENCY
7. CIRCUIT DAIGRAM
8. ENERGY LOSSES IN
TRANSFORMER
9. USES
10. APPLICATIONS
11. PRECAUTIONS
12. BIBLIOGRAPHY
TRANSFORMER
The transformer is a device used for converting a low
alternating voltage to a high alternating voltage or a high
alternating voltage into a low alternating voltage.

A transformer which increases the A.C. voltage is called a

“Step up transformer.’

A transformer which decreases the A.C. voltage is called a

“Step down transformer”
A STEP DOWN TRANSFORMER

A step-down transformer is one whose secondary voltage is

less than its primary voltage. It is designed to reduce the voltage
from the primary winding to the secondary winding. This kind of
transformer “step down” the voltage applied to it

As a step-down unit, the transformer convert high-voltage, low-

current power into low-voltage, high-current power.
 OBJECTIVE
Prepare a project on “STEP DOWN TRANSFORMER.”
 PRINCIPLE

A Transformer is based on the principle of mutual induction.

According to this principle, ‘When the amount of magnetic flux
linked with a coil changing, an e.m.f. is induced in the
neighboring coil.’
CONSTRUCTION

A transformer consists of a rectangular shaft iron core made of

laminated sheets, well insulated from one another. Two coils P1

& P2 and S1 & S2 are wound on the same core, but are well

insulated with each other. Note that the both the coils are

insulated from the core. The source of alternating e.m.f. is

connected to P1P2, the primary coil and a load resistance R is

connected to S1S2, the secondary coil through an open switch S.

Thus there can be no current through the secondary coil as long

as the switch is open.

For an ideal transformer, we assume that the resistance of the

primary & secondary winding is negligible. Further, the energy
loses due to the magnetic iron core is also negligible.
 THEORY
When an alternating e.m.f. is supplied to the primary coil P1P2,
an alternating current starts flowing in it. The alternating
current in the primary coil produces a changing magnetic flux,
which induces alternating voltage in the primary as well as in
the secondary coil. In a good transformer, whole of the
magnetic flux linked with primary coil is also linked with the
secondary coil, then the induced e.m.f. induced in each turn of
the secondary coil is equal to that induced in each turn of the
primary coil. Thus if Ep and Es be the instantaneous values of
the e.m.f.’s induced in the primary coil and the secondary coil
and Np and Ns are the number of turns of the primary and
secondary coils of the transformer and

dфь / dt = rate of change of flux in each turn of

the coil

At this instant, we have

Ep = -Np dфь/dt (i)

Es = -Ns dфь/dt (ii)

Since the above relations are true at every instant, so by

dividing (ii) by (i), we get

 E s / E p = - Ns / Np (iii)

As Ep is the instantaneous value of back e.m.f. induced in the

primary coil P1, so the instantaneous current in primary coil is

due to the difference (E – Ep ) in the instantaneous values of the

applied and back e.m.f. Further if Rp is the resistance of P1P2

coil, then the instantaneous current Ip in the primary coil is

given by

Ip = (E – Ep) / Rp

(E – Ep) = Ip R p

When the resistance of the primary is small, Rp Ip can be

neglected so therefore

E – Ep = 0 or Ep

= E Thus back e.m.f. = input e.m.f.

Hence equation (iii) can be written as

Es / Ep = Es / E = output e.m.f / input e.m.f = Ns / Np = K

 Where K is constant, called turn or transformation ratio.

In a step down transformer:-

Es < E so K < 1, hence Ns < Np

If Ip = value of primary current at the same

instant t And Is = value of sec. current at this
instant, then
Input power at the instant t = E p Ip
And Output power at the same instant =
E s Is
If there are no losses of power in the transformer, then

Input power = Output power

E p Ip = E s Is
Es / Ep = Ip / I s = K
 EFFICIENCY
Efficiency of a transformer is defined as the ratio of output

power to the input power. i.e.

η = output power / input power = Es Is / Ep Ip

Thus in an ideal transformer, where there is no power losses, η

= 1. But in actual practice, there are many power losses,
therefore the efficiency of transformer is less than one.
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
 ENERGY LOSSES
Following are the major sources of energy loss in a transformer:

1. Copper loss is the energy loss in the form of heat in the

copper coils of a transformer. This is due to joule heating of
conducting wires.

2. Iron loss is the energy loss in the form of heat in the iron
core of the transformer. This is due to formation of eddy
currents in iron core. It is minimized by taking laminated
cores.

3. Leakage of magnetic flux occurs in spite of best

insulations. Therefore, rate of change of magnetic flux
linked with each turn of S1S2 is less than the rate of change
of magnetic flux linked with each turn of P1P2.

4. Hysteretic loss is the loss of energy due to repeated

magnetization and demagnetization of the iron core when
A.C. is fed to it.

5. Magneto striation i.e. humming noise of a transformer.

 USES OF TRANSFORMER

A transformer is used in almost all A.C. operations:-

1· In voltage regulator for T.V., refrigerator, computer, air

conditioner etc.

2. In the induction furnaces.

3. A step down transformer is used for welding purposes.

4. A step down transformer is used for obtaining large

current.

5. In transmission of A.C. over long distance.

 APPLICATIONS
A major application of transformer is to increases voltage
before transmitting electrical energy over long distance through
wires. Wires have resistance and so dissipate electrical energy
at a rate proportional to the square of the current through the
wire. By transforming electrical power to a high-voltage (and
there for low- current) form for transmission and back again
afterward, transformers enable economical transmission of
power over long distance. Consequently, transformers have
shaped the electrical supply industry, permitting generation to
be located remotely from points of demand. All but a tiny
fraction of the world’s electrical power has passed through a
series of transforms by the time it reaches the consumer.

Transformer are also used extensively in electronic products to

step down the supply voltage to a level suitable for the low
voltage circuits they contain.

The transformer also used electrically isolates the end user

from contact with the supply voltage.

Transformer range in size from a thumbnail-sized coupling

transformer hidden inside a stage microphone to huge unit
weighing
hundreds of tons used in power stations, or to interconnect
portions of power grids. All operate on the same basic
principles, although the range of designs is wide. While new
technologies have eliminated
the need for transformers in some electronic circuits,
transformers are still found in nearly all electronic devices
designed for household (“mains”) voltage. Transformer are
essential for high-voltage electrical power transmission, which
makes long-distance transmission economically practical.

Single and audio transformer are used to couple stages of

amplifier and to match devices such as microphones and
record players to the input of the amplifiers. Audio transformer
allowed telephone circuit to carry on a two-way conservation
over a single pair of wires. A balun transformer converts a
single that is referenced to ground to a signal that has
balanced voltage to ground, such as between external cables
and internal circuits.
 PRECAUTIONS

1. The loss of power in the transmission lines is I2 R, where I is

strength of current and R is the resistance of wires. To
reduce the power loss, a.c. is transmitted over long distance
at extremely high voltages. This reduces I in the same ratio.
Therefore, I2R becomes negligibly low.
2. Permeability of magnetic material of transformer core must
be high.

3. Oiling in transformer provides insulation as well as cooling.

4. The transformer core must be laminated to minimize loss of

energy due to eddy currents.

5. Safety from high voltage is maintained.

 BIBLIOGRAPHY

1. Physics textbook for class XII , 1st Edition NCERT (2007).

2. Concepts of Physics, H.C.VERMA, 1ST Edition, Bharti

Bhawan(1993).
3. Fundamentals of Physics , David Halliday, Robert Resnick
and Jearl walker, 7th Edition, Wiley-India(2004)
4. Practical physics for class XII, J.S.Jaiswaland Dr.Rajendra
Singh ,3rd Edition ,Laxmi Publications(2009).