Chapter One: Design of Doubly Reinforced Rectangular Beam 3rd stage

Design of a doubly rectangular beam

 In design problem, usually the beam span, beam dimensions (b, h), dead
and live loads are given.
 Material strength (fc` and fy) are given.
 Then the main unknown in the design process is the reinforcement detail in
both tension and compression zones.
`

As`?
Wu

As?

Design Procedure
1. Compute required factored applied moment Mu based on given load
(dead and live loads).
2. Compute the effective depth (d)
d for one layer = h cover stirrups
d for two layer = h cover stirrups bar diameter
3. Check if the section can be designed as a singly reinforced section or
not :

ρ= ( √ )
Where:
m= , R= and = 0.9
ρmax = 0.85β1 and u= 0.003
If:
ρ ≤ ρmax then the section must be designed as a singly reinforcement.
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Chapter One: Design of Doubly Reinforced Rectangular Beam 3rd stage

If else:
ρ > ρmax then the section must be designed as a doubly reinforcement.
Or
If the square root of following relation has an imaginary value, then the
section cannot be designed as singly reinforced section.
4. Compute Mn based on = 0.816
Mn = and = 0.816
5. Compute the tension reinforcement As
Part 1
As1 = Asmax = ρmax b d
Mn1= ρmaxbd2fy( )
Part 2
Mn2 = Mn Mn1
As2 = ( )

Where = cover + stirrups +

Compute the total tension reinforcement As:
As = As1 + As2
6. Compute of compression Reinforcement As`
Check if compression reinforcement is yielded or not
a=
Then compute “c”:
c=
And compute of compressive stress in compression reinforcement:
fs` = u Es where Es = 200,000 MPa & u = 0.003
If
fs` fy then the compression reinforcement has yielded:
As` = As2
Else, if
fs` < fy the compression reinforcement is not yielded:
As` = As2

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Chapter One: Design of Doubly Reinforced Rectangular Beam 3rd stage

7. Calculate No. of bars for tension and compression

No. of tension bar n =
No. of compression bar n =
Check brequired = 2 cover + 2 stirrups + No.of bar diameter + (N-1)
spacing < bprovided O.K, otherwise use more than one layer
8. Draw your final section details

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Chapter One: Design of Doubly Reinforced Rectangular Beam 3rd stage

Bundled Bars
When the design of a section requires the use of a large amount of steel for
example, when 𝜌max is used it may be difficult to fit all bars within the cross
section. The ACI Code, Section 25.6.1.1, allows the use of parallel bars placed
in a bundled form of two, three, or four bars, as shown in Fig. below.
 Bundle shape can take triangular, L-shaped, or square shaped patterns for
three or four bar bundles.
 All bundled bars may be treated as a single bar for checking the spacing
and concrete cover requirements.
 Bundling cannot be more than two bars in the same plane.
 The single bar diameter shall be derived from the equivalent total area of
the bundled bars.
 Bundle bars in compression shall be enclosed by transverse reinforcement
at least 12 mm in size ACI Code 25.6.1.2.
 Bars larger than a No.36 shall not be bundled in beams ACI Code
25.6.1.3.

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Chapter One: Design of Doubly Reinforced Rectangular Beam 3rd stage

Example1: Design a rectangular beam, that must carry live load of 36 kN/m and
a dead load of 15.3 kN/m (including self-weight) on a simple span of 5.49 m,
the beam dimensions are limited for architectural reasons to 250 mm width and
500mm depth, design this beam for flexural
In your design assume that:
 fc` = 27.5 MPa
 fy = 414 MPa
 No.29 for longitudinal tension reinforcement.
 No.19 for compression reinforcement if required.
 No.10 for stirrups.
 Two layers of tension reinforcement.

Solution:
1. Compute required factored applied moment Mu based on given load
(dead and live loads).
Wu = 1.2WD + 1.6WL = 1.2 15.3 + 1.6 36 = 75.96 kN/m
Mu = = = 286.18 kN.m
2. Compute the effective depth (d)
d for two layer = h cover stirrups bar diameter
d for two layer = 500 – 40 – 10 – 29 – = 408.5 mm

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Chapter One: Design of Doubly Reinforced Rectangular Beam 3rd stage

3. Check if the section can be designed as a singly reinforced section or not :

ρ= ( √ )

m= = =17.7, R = = = 7.62

ρ= ( √ ) = 0.023

ρmax = 0.85β1 = 0.85 0.85 = 0.0205

ρ > ρmax then the section must be designed as a doubly reinforcement.
4. Compute Mn based on = 0.816
Mn = and = 0.816
Mn = = 350.68 kN.m
5. Compute the tension reinforcement As
Part 1
As1 = Asmax = ρmax b d
As1 = Asmax = 0.0205 250 408.5 = 2093.56 mm2
Mn1= ρmaxbd2fy( )
Mn1 = 0.0205 250 408.52 414 ( ) 10-6
Mn1 = 289.6 kN.m
Part 2
Mn2 = Mn Mn1
Mn2 = 350.68 289.6 = 61.08 kN.m
As2 = ( )

d` = 40 + 10 + = 59.5 mm
2
As2 = ( )
= 422.74 mm
Compute the total tension reinforcement As:
As = As1 + As2
As = 2093.56 + 422.74 = 2516.3 mm2
6. Compute of compression Reinforcement As`
Check if compression reinforcement is yielded or not
a= = = 148.32 mm

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Chapter One: Design of Doubly Reinforced Rectangular Beam 3rd stage

Then compute “c”:

c= = =174.5 mm
And compute of compressive stress in compression reinforcement:
fs` = u Es where Es = 200,000 MPa & u = 0.003
fs` = 200,000 = 396.45 MPa
fs` < fy
Then compression reinforcement is not yielded:
As` = As2
As` = 422.74 = 441.45 mm2
7. Calculate No. of bars for tension and compression
No. of tension bar n = = = = 3.81 ≈ 4
Use 4 29 for tension reinfrocement
No. of compression bar n = = = = 1.55 ≈ 2
Use 2 19 for compression reinforcement
Check brequired = 2 cover + 2 stirrups + No.of bar diameter + (N-1)
spacing
brequired = 2 40 + 2 10 + 2 29 + (2-1) 29 = 187 mm < 250 mm O.K
8. Draw your final section details
59.5 mm

2 19 mm

4 29 mm

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Chapter One: Design of Doubly Reinforced Rectangular Beam 3rd stage

 Re-design the previous example by using any ETABS program

 Simulation of simply supported beam by

ETABS subjected to (75.96) kN/m.

 Bending moment result (283.8151) kN.m

from elastic analysis by ETABS.

Reinforcement area for compression

 Reinforcement results for both

tension and compression zones.
Reinforcement area for tension

Method of design Hand Calculation ETABS (2016) Difference %

Mu kN.m 286.18 (kN.m) 283.815 (kN.m) 0.83 %
Tension 2516.3 (mm ) 2 2212 (mm2) 12.09 %
Reinforcement (mm2)
Compression 441.45 (mm2) 449 (mm2) 1.7 %
Reinforcement (mm2)

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Chapter One: Design of Doubly Reinforced Rectangular Beam 3rd stage

Example 2: in an attempt to construct a precast building, the architectural

engineer proposed a 400 mm width and a 700 mm height for a rectangular
beam. Design this beam and assume in your design that:
 fc`= 27.5 MPa and fy = 414 MPa.
 MD = 160 kN.m (include self-weight) and ML = 600 kN.m
 Bar diameter of 25mm for longitudinal reinforcement.
 Bar diameter of 10mm for stirrups.
 Two layers of tension reinforcement.
 Use bundle bar for tension reinforcement if possible.

Solution:
1. Compute required factored applied moment Mu based on given load
Mu = 1.2MD + 1.6ML
Mu = 1.2 160 + 1.6 600 = 1152 kN.m
2. Compute the effective depth (d)
d for two layer = h cover stirrups bar diameter
d for two layer = 700 – 40 – 10 – 25 – = 612.5 mm
3. Check if the section can be designed as a singly reinforced section or not :

ρ= ( √ )

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 Chapter One: Design of Doubly Reinforced Rectangular Beam 3rd stage

m= = =17.7, R = = = 8.53

ρ= ( √ ) = 0.0271

ρmax = 0.85β1 = 0.85 0.85 = 0.0205

ρ > ρmax then the section must be designed as a doubly reinforcement.
4. Compute Mn based on = 0.816
Mn = and = 0.816
Mn = =1411.76 kN.m
5. Compute the tension reinforcement As
Part 1
As1 = Asmax = ρmax b d
As1 = Asmax = 0.0205 400 612.5 = 5022.5 mm2
Mn1= ρmaxbd2fy( )
Mn1 = 0.0205 400 612.52 414 ( ) 10-6
Mn1 = 1041.68 kN.m
Part 2
Mn2 = Mn Mn1
Mn2 = 1411.76 1041.68 = 370.08 kN.m
As2 = ( )

d` = 40 + 10 + = 62.5 mm

As2 = ( )
= 1625.3 mm2
Compute the total tension reinforcement As:
As = As1 + As2
As = 5022.5 + 1625.3 = 6647.8 mm2
6. Compute of compression Reinforcement As`
Check if compression reinforcement is yielded or not
a= = = 222.38 mm
Then compute “c”:
c= = = 261.63 mm
Then compute of compressive stress in compression reinforcement:
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Chapter One: Design of Doubly Reinforced Rectangular Beam 3rd stage

fs` = u Es where Es = 200,000 MPa & u = 0.003

fs` = 200,000 = 456.67 MPa
fs` > fy
Then compression reinforcement is yielded:
As` = As2
As` = 1625.3 mm2
7. Calculate No. of bars for tension and compression
No. of tension bar n = = = = 13.5 ≈ 14
Use 14 25mm for tension reinforcement
No. of compression bar n = = = = 3.3 ≈ 4
Use 3 25mm for compression reinforcement
Check brequired = 2 cover + 2 stirrups + No.of bar diameter + (N-1)
spacing
brequired = 2 40+2 10 + 7 25 + (7-1) 25 = 425 mm > 400mm not O.K
Then, the rebars must be put in more than two layers. This problem can be
solved through using bundled bars.
8. Draw your final section details

4 25mm

14 25mm

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Chapter One: Design of Doubly Reinforced Rectangular Beam 3rd stage

Example 3:The architectural engineer proposed a width of 350 mm and a

height of 750 mm for a cantilever beam shown below, as you a design engineer
,design this beam according to ACI-14 requirements and assume in your
solution that:
 Mu = 1300 kN.m
 fc` = 21 MPa and fy = 420 MPa
 Bar diameter of 32mm for longitudinal reinforcement.
 Bar diameter of 12 mm for stirrups.
 Two layers of reinforcement for both tension and compression zone.
 Use bundle bars when it is possible.

Solution:
1. Compute required factored applied moment Mu based on given load
Mu = 1300 kN.m
2. Compute the effective depth (d)
d for two layer = h cover stirrups bar diameter
d for two layer = 750 – 40 – 12 – 32 – = 653.5 mm
3. Check if the section can be designed as a singly reinforced section or not :

ρ= ( √ )

m= = =23.5, R = = = 9.66

ρ= ( √ )
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 Chapter One: Design of Doubly Reinforced Rectangular Beam 3rd stage

ρ= ( )
As the quantity under square root of above relation has a negative value, then
the section cannot be designed as singly reinforced section.
ρmax = 0.85β1 = 0.85 0.85 = 0.0154
4. Compute Mn based on = 0.816
Mn = and = 0.816
Mn = =1583.14 kN.m
5. Compute the tension reinforcement As
Part 1
As1 = Asmax = ρmax b d
As1 = Asmax = 0.0154 653.5 = 3522.34 mm2
Mn1= ρmaxbd2fy( )
Mn1 = 0.0154 350 653.5 2 420 ( ) 10-6
Mn1 = 791.1 kN.m
Part 2
Mn2 = Mn Mn1
Mn2 = 1583.14 791.1 = 792.04 kN.m
As2 = ( )

d` = 40 + 12 + = 68 mm
2
As2 = ( )
= 3220.85 mm
Compute the total tension reinforcement As:
As = As1 + As2
As = 3522.34 + 3220.85 = 6743.12 mm2
6. Compute of compression Reinforcement As`
Check if compression reinforcement is yielded or not
a= = = 236.8 mm
Then compute “c”:
c= = = 278.6 mm
And compute of compressive stress in compression reinforcement:

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Chapter One: Design of Doubly Reinforced Rectangular Beam 3rd stage

fs` = u Es where Es = 200,000 MPa & u = 0.003

fs` = 200,000 = 453.55 MPa
fs` > fy
Then compression reinforcement is yielded:
As` = As2
As` = 3220.85 mm2
7. Calculate No. of bars for tension and compression
No. of tension bar n = = = = 8.38 ≈ 9
Use 9 32mm for tension reinforcement
No. of compression bar n = = = = 4.01 ≈ 5
Use 5 32mm for compression reinforcement
Check brequired = 2 cover + 2 stirrups + No.of bar diameter + (N-1)
spacing
brequired = 2 40+2 12 + 5 32 + (5-1) 32 = 392 mm > 350mm not O.K
Then, the rebars must be put in more than two layers. This problem
can be solved through using bundled bars.
8. Draw your final section details

9 32mm

5 32mm

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