Plain & Reinforced Concrete-1 CE-313 eee Lene see. Flexural Analysis and esee. Design of Beams esee ececePlain & Reinforced Concrete-1 Flexural Behavior of Beams Under Service Loa When loads are applied on the beam stresses are produced in concrete and steel reinforcement. e Ifstress in steel bars is less than yield strength, steel is in elastic range. If stress in concrete is less than 0.6fc’ concrete is assumed to be with in elastic range. Following are important points related to Elastic Range: e Loads are un-factored e Materials are in elastic range e All analysis and design are close to allowable stress analysis and design.Plain & Reinforced Concrete-1 Assumption for the Study of Flexural Behavior e Plane sections of the beam remains plane after bending. e The material of the beam is homogeneous and obeys hooks law Stress a Strain e Perfect bond exists between steel & concrete so whatever strain is produced in concrete same is produced in steel. e All the applied loads up to to failure are in equilibrium with the internal forces developed in the material. e Atthe strain of 0.003 concrete is crushed.Plain & Reinforced Concrete-1 Assumption for the Study of Flexural Behavior! wu., e When cracks appear on the tension face of beam its capacity to resist tension is considered zero, e Stress and strain diagrams for steel and concrete are simplified. Stress 0.6fc' | - Stress Steel Concrete Strain StrainPlain & Reinforced Concrete-1 Flexural Behavior Beams General Procedure for the Derivation of Formula Step #1 Draw the cross section of beam with reinforcement. [7 eee Step # 2 Draw the strain diagram for the crass section. Step #3 Draw the stress diagram. cy Step # 4 Show location of internal resultant forces. im T + Step #5 Write down the equation for given configurationPlain & Reinforced Concrete-1 Flexural Behavior Beams (conta...) i. When Both Steel and Concrete are in Elastic Range Strain Diagram Stress Diagram Resultant Force Diagram Both steel and concrete are resisting to applied actionPlain & Reinforced Concrete-1 Flexural Behavior Beams (conta...) 2, When Cracks are Appeared on tension Side f. E alee f, T le a . Resultant Force Strain Diagram Stress Diagram Disgram -- NLA. When the tension side is cracked the concrete becomes ineffective but the strains goes on increasing. The steel comes in to action to take the tension,Plain & Reinforced Concrete-1 Flexural Behavior Beams (conta...) 3. When Compression Stresses Cross Elastic Range é, Strain Diagrim Stress Diagram Resultant Force Diagram It is clear that the stress diagram is infact obtained by rotating the stress strain diagram of concrete. Strains keeps on changing linearly in all three cases.Plain & Reinforced Concrete-1 Flexural Behavior Beams (conta...) Final Equation for Calculating Moment Capacity M=Tx,=CaLPlain & Reinforced Concrete-1 Flexural/ Bending Stress Formula f = +My/I (Valid in Elastic Range Only) f= +M/(/y) f=+M/S f= Flexural Stress $= Elastic Section ModulusPlain & Reinforced Concrete-1 Shear Stress Formula t= VAY/(Ib) (Valid in Elastic Range Only) t= VQ/(Ib) t= Shear Stress Q= First moment of area First Moment of Shaded Area, Q=(bxd)hPlain & Reinforced Concrete-1 Notation b A! (Compression Face) b eoce hy I h , Effective Depth eee of A, (Tension Face) fe = concrete stress at any load level at any distance form the N.A fe'= 28 days cylinder strength £, = Strain in concrete any load level £,, = Ultimate concrete strain, 0.003Plain & Reinforced Concrete-1 Notation (conta...) f, = Yield strength of concrete f, = Steel stress at a particular load level e, = strain in steel at a particular level, e, = f,/E, e, = Yield strain in steel E, = Modulus of elasticity of steel E, = Modulus of elasticity of concrete p,Roh = Steel Ratio, p = A,/ A, = A,/(bxd) T= Resultant tensile force C= Resultant compressive forcePlain & Reinforced Concrete-1 Notation (conta...) |@e@e; —' jd = Lever arm j=l, /d_ (valid for elastic range) kd = Depth of N.A. from compression face, k=c/d jand k are always less than 1.Concluded