Mathematics JEE Mathematics (Main and Advance) – PDFs

Mathematics JEE (Main and Advance) Formula

STRAIGHT LINE

➢ Distance formula: d = ( x1 − x2 ) + ( y1 − y2 )
2 2

mx2 x1 my y
➢ Section formula: x = ;y= 2 1
mn mn

➢ Centroid, incentre and excentre:

x1 + x2 + x3 y1 + y2 + y3 
Centroid G  , 
 3 3 
x1 y1
1
➢ Area of a triangle: ABC = y2 y2
2
x3 y3 1

y1 − y2
➢ Slope formula: line joining two points ( x1 , y1 ) & ( y1 , y2 ) , m =
x1 − x2

➢ Condition of collinearity of three points:

x1 y1
x2 y2 =0
x3 y3 1

m1 − m2
➢ Angle between two straight lines: tan  =
+ m1m2

❖ Ax+by+c=0 and a’x+b’y+c’=0 two lines

a b c
❖ Parallel if = 
a' b' c'

c1 − c2
❖ Distance between two parallel lines
a 2 + b2

❖ Perpendicular: if aa’+bb’=0
➢ A point and line:
ax1 + by1 + c
1. Distance between point and line=
a 2 + b2

2. Reflection of a point about a line:

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Mathematics JEE Mathematics (Main and Advance) – PDFs

x − x1 y − y1 ax + by + c
= = −2 1 2 1 2
a b a +b
3. Foot of the perpendicular from a point on the line is=
x − x1 y − y1 ax + by + c
= = − 1 2 12
a b a +b

➢ Bisectors of the angles between two lines:

ax + by + c a'x +b' y +c'
=
a 2 + b2 a '2 + b '2
➢ Condition of concurrency: of three straight lines ai x + bi y + ci = 0, i = 1, 2,3 is
a1 b1 c1
a2 b2 c2 = 0
a3 b3 c3

➢ A pair of straight lines through origin: ax 2 + 2hxy + by 2 = 0

If  is the acute angle between the pair of straight lines, then
2 h 2 − ab
tan  =
a+b

CIRCLE

➢ intercepts made by circle x 2 + y 2 + 2 gx + 2 fy + c = 0 on the Axes:

(a) 2 g 2 − c on x-axis

(b) 2 f 2 − c on y-axis
➢ Parametric equations of a circle: x = h + r cos  ; y = k + r sin 
➢ Tangent:
(a) Slope form: y = mx  a 1 + m 2
(b) Point form: xx1 + yy1 = a2 or T=o
(c) Parametric form: x cos  + y sin  = a
➢ Pair of tangents from a point: SS1 = T 2

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Mathematics JEE Mathematics (Main and Advance) – PDFs

➢ Length of a tangent: length of tangent is S1

➢ Director circle: x 2 + y 2 = 2a 2 for x 2 + y 2 = a

➢ Chord of contact: T=0
2LR
1. Length of chord of contact=
R 2 + L2
2. Area of the triangle formed by the pair of the tangents & its chord of
RL3
contact=
R 2 + L2

3. Tangent of the angle between the pair of tangents from ( x1 , y1 ) = 

2 RL 
2 
L −R 
2

4. Equation of the circle circumscribing the triangle PT1T2 is:

( x − x1 )( x + g ) + ( y − y1 )( y + f ) = 0
➢ Condition of orthogonality of two circles: 2 g1 g 2 + 2 f1 f 2 = c1 + c2
➢ Radical axis: S1 − S2 = 0 i.e. 2 ( g1 − g2 ) x + 2 ( f1 − f 2 ) y + ( c1 − c2 ) = 0

➢ Family of circles: S1 + KS2 = 0, S + KL = 0

PARABOLA

➢ Equation of standard parabola: y 2 = 4ax vertex is (0,0), focus is (a,0),

Directrix is x+a=0 and Axis is y=0. Length of the latus rectum= 4a, ends
of the latus rectum are L(a,2a) & L’(a,-2a).
➢ Parametric representation: x = at 2 & y = 2at
➢ Tangents to the parabola y 2 = 4ax
a
1. Slope form y = mx + ( m  0 )
m

2. Parametric form ty = x + at 2
3. Point form T = 0
➢ Normals to the parabola y 2 = 4ax :

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Mathematics JEE Mathematics (Main and Advance) – PDFs

y − y1 = −
y1
2a
(
( x − x1 ) at ( x1 y1 ) ; y = mx − 2am − am3 at am3 , −2am ; )
y + tx = 2at + at 3at ( at 2 , 2at ) .

ELLIPSE

➢ Standard equation:
x2 y2
+
a 2 b2
(
= 1 , where a>b & b2 = a 2 1 − e2 . )
b2
❖ Eccentricity: e = 1 − , ( 0  e  1)
a2
a
❖ Directrices: x = 
e

❖ Focii: S = ( ae, 0 ) length of the major axes=2a and minor axes= 2b.
❖ Vertices: A '  ( −a, 0 ) & A  ( a, 0 )

2b 2
❖ Latus rectum: = 2a (1 − e 2 )
a
➢ Auxiliary circle: x 2 + y 2 = a 2
➢ Parametric representation: x = a cos & y = b sin 
➢ Position of a point w.r.t. an Ellipse:
The point P ( x1 , y1 ) lies outside, inside or on the ellipse according as;

x12 y12
+ − 1  or = 0 .
a 2 b2

x2 y2
➢ The line y=mx+c meets the ellipse + = 1 in two points real,
a 2 b2
coincident or imaginary according as c 2 is <= or > a 2 m 2 + b 2 .
➢ Tangents:
❖ slope form: y = mx  a 2 m2 + b 2
xx1 yy1
❖ point form: + =1
a2 b2

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Mathematics JEE Mathematics (Main and Advance) – PDFs

x cos  y sin 
❖ parametric form: + =1
a b

➢ Normals:
a 2 x b2 y
− = a − b , ax.sec − by cos ec = ( a − b ) , y = mx −
2 2 2 2 ( a 2 − b2 ) m
x1 y1 a 2 + b 2 m2

➢ Director circle: x 2 + y 2 = a 2 + b 2

HYPERBOLA

➢ Standard equation:
x2 y 2
Standard equation of the hyperbola is 2 − 2 = 1 , where b2 = a 2 e2 − 1 .
a b
( )
Focii: S = ( ae, 0 )
a
Directrices: x = 
e

Vertices: A = (  a, 0 )

2b 2
Latus rectum ( ) : = = 2a ( e2 − 1)
a

x2 y 2 x2 y2
➢ Conjugate hyperbola: − = 1 & + = 1 are conjugate hyperbolas of
a 2 b2 a 2 b2
each.
➢ Auxiliary Circle: x 2 + y 2 = a 2
➢ Parametric representation: x = a sec  & y = b tan 
➢ A point ‘P’ w.r.t A Hyperbola:
x12 y12
S1 = 2 − 2 − 1 , = or  0 according as the point (x1,y1) lies inside, on or
a b
outside the curve.
➢ Tangents:
(i) Slope form: y = mx  a 2 m2 − b 2

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Mathematics JEE Mathematics (Main and Advance) – PDFs

xx1 yy1
(ii) Point form: at the point ( x1 , y1 ) is − =1
a 2 b2

x sec  y tan 
(iii) Parametric form: − =1
a b

➢ Normal:
a 2 x b2 y
(a) At the point P(x1,y1) is + = a 2 + b 2 = a 2 e2
x1 y1

ax by
(b) At the point P ( a sec , b tan  ) is + = a 2 + b2 = a 2e2
sec  tan 

(c) Equation of normals in terms of its slope ‘m’ are y = mx 

(a 2
+ b2 ) m
a 2 − b 2 m2
x y x y
➢ Asymptotes: + = 0 and − = 0
a b a b

x2 y2
❖ Pair of asymptotes: − = 0.
a 2 b2

➢ Rectangular or equilateral hyperbola: xy = c 2 , eccentricity is 2 .

❖ Vertices: ( c ' c ) ; focii: (  2c,  2c ) . Directrices: x + y =  2c

❖ Latus rectum (l): = 2 2c = T .A. = C.A.

❖ Parametric equation x=ct, y=c/t, t  R − 0
x y x
❖ Equation of the tangent at P ( x1 , y1 ) is + = 2 & at P(t) is + ty = 2c .
x1 y1 t

❖ Equation of the normal at P(t) is t 3 − yt = c ( t 4 − 1) .

❖ Chord with a given middle point as (h,k) is kx+hy=2hk

LIMIT OF FUNCTION

➢ Limit of a function f(x) is said to exist as x → a when,

Limit
+
f ( a − h ) = Limit
+
f ( a + h ) = some finite value M.
h →0 h →0

( Left hand limit ) ( Right hand limit )

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➢ In determinant Forms:
0 
, , 0  ,  − ,  , 0 and 1
0 

➢ Standard limits:
sin x tan x tan −1 x
Limit = Limit = Limit
x →0 x x →0 x x →0 x
−1
sin x e −1
x
n (1 + x )
= Limit = Limit = Limit =1
x →0 x x →0 x x →0 x
a x −1
x
 1
Limit (1 + x ) = Limit 1 +  = e, Limit = log e a, a  0
1/ x

x →0 x →
 x x →0 x
xn − an
Limit = na n −1
x →a x−a
➢ Limits using Expansion:
x ln a x 2 ln a x 3 ln 3 a
(i) a = 1+
x
+ + + ........a  0
1! 2! 3!

x x 2 x3
(ii) ex = 1 + + + + ......
1! 2! 3!

x 2 x3 x 4
(iii) ln(1 + x) = x − + − + .....for − 1  x  1
2 3 4

x3 x5 x 7
(iv) sin x = x − + − + ...........
3! 5! 7!

x2 x4 x6
(v) cos x = 1 − + − + .....
2! 4! 6!

x3 2 x5
(vi) tan x = x + + + .....
3 15

for x  1, n  R (1 + x )
n

(vii) n ( n − 1) 2 n ( n − 1)( n − 2 ) 3
= 1 + nx + x + x + ......
1.2 1.2.3
➢ Limits of form 1 , 0 , 

Also for (1) type of problems we can use following rules.



g( x)
lim (1 + x ) = e, lim  f ( x ) 
1/ x

x →0 x →a
,
lim f ( x )−1 g ( x )
Where f ( x ) → 1; g ( x ) →  as x → a = ex→a

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➢ Sandwich theorem or squeeze play theorem:

If f ( x )  g ( x )  h ( x ) x & Limit f ( x ) = = Limit h ( x ) then Limit g ( x ) = .
x →a x →a x→a

METHOD OF DIFFERENTIATION

➢ Differentiation of some elementary functions:

(i)
d n
dx
( x ) = nx n −1

(ii)
d x
dx
( a ) = a x na

(iii)
d
dx
( n x)=
1
x
d 1
(iv) ( log a x ) =
dx x na
d
(v) ( sin x ) = cos x
dx
d
(vi) ( cos x ) = − sin x
dx
d
(vii) ( sec x ) = sec x tan x
dx
d
(viii) ( cos ecx ) = − cos ecx cot x
dx
d
(ix) ( tan x ) = sec2 x
dx
d
(x) ( cot x ) = − cos ec 2 x
dx

➢
d
1. ( f  g ) = f '( x)  g '( x)
dx

2.
d
dx
( kf ( x ) ) = k
d
dx
f ( x)

3.
d
dx
( f ( x ) .g ( x ) ) = f ( x ) g ' ( x ) + g ( x ) f ' ( x )

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Mathematics JEE Mathematics (Main and Advance) – PDFs

d  f ( x)  g ( x) f '( x) − f ( x) g '( x)
4.  =
dx  g ( x )  g2x

5.
d
dx
( )
f ( g ( x )) = f '( g ( x )) g '( x )

➢ Derivative of Inverse Trigonometric functions.

d sin −1 x 1 d cos −1 1
= , =− , for − 1  x  1
dx 1 − x2 dx 1 − x2
d tan −1 x 1 d cot −1 x 1
= , =− ( x  R)
dx 1+ x 2
dx 1 + x2
d sec−1 x 1 d cos ec −1 x
= ,
dx x x2 −1 dx
1
=− , for x  ( −, −1)  (1,  )
x x2 − 1

➢ Differentiation using substitution:

Following substitutions are normally used to simplify these expression.

 
(i) x2 + a2 by substituting x = a tan  , where −    .
2 2
 
(ii) a2 + x2 by substituting x = a sin  , where −   
2 2

(iii) x2 − a2 by substituting x = a sec , where    0,   , 
2

x+a
(iv) by substituting x = a cos , where   ( 0,   .
a−x

➢ Parametric differentiation:
dy dy / d
If y = f ( ) & x = g ( ) where  is a parameter, then =
dx dx / d

➢ Derivative of one function with respect to another

dy dy / dx f ' ( x )
Let y = f ( x ) ; z = g ( x ) then = =
dz dz / dx g ' ( x )

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f ( x) g ( x) h ( x)
➢ If F ( x ) = l ( x ) m ( x ) n ( x ) , where f , g , h, l , m, n, u , v, w are differentiable
u ( x) v ( x) w( x)

functions of x then
f '( x) g '( x) h '( x) f ( x) g ( x) h ( x) f ( x) g ( x) h ( x)
F '( x) = l ( x) m ( x) n ( x) + l '( x) m '( x) n '( x) + l ( x) m ( x) n ( x)
u ( x) v ( x) w( x) u ( x) v ( x) w( x) u '( x) v '( x) w '( x)

APPLICATIONS OF DERIVATIVES

➢ Equation of tangent and normal

Tangent at (x1,y1) is given by ( y − y1 ) = f ' ( x1 )( x − x1 ) ; when f ' ( x1 ) is real.
1
And normal at ( x1 , y1 ) is ( y − y1 ) = − ( x − x1 ) , when f ' ( x1 ) is nonzero
f ' ( x1 )

real.
➢ Tangent from an external point:
Given a point P(a,b) which does not lie on the curve y=f(x), then the
equation of possible tangents to the curve y=f(x), passing through (a,b)
can be found by solving for the point of contact Q.
f (h) − b
f '( h) =
h−a
f (h) − b
And equation of tangent is y − b = ( x − a) .
h−a
➢ Length of tangent, normal, sub tangent, subnormal
1
(i) PT = k 1 + = length of tangent
m2

(ii) PN = k 1 + m 2 = length of Normal

k
(iii) TM = = length of sub tangent
m

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(iv) MN = km =length of sub normal.

➢ Angle between the curves

Angle between two intersecting curves is defined as the acute angle
between their tangents (or normal) at the point of intersection of two
curves.
m1 − m2
tan  =
1 + m1m2

➢ Shortest distance between two curves

Shortest distance between two non-intersecting differentiable curves is
always along their common normal.
➢ Rolle’s theorem
If a function f defined on [a,b] is
(i) Continuous on [a,b]
(ii) Derivable on (a,b) and
(iii) f(a)=f(b)

then there exists at least one real number c between a and b (a<c<b) such
that f’(c)=0.

➢ Lagrange’s mean value theorem (LMVT):

If a function f defined on [a,b] is
(i) Continuous on [a,b] and
(ii) Derivable on (a,b)

Then there exists at least one real numbers between a and b (a

f (b) − f ( a )
<c<b) such that = f '(c) .
b−a

➢ Useful formulae of mensuration to remember:

1. Volume of cuboid: bh
2. Surface area of cuboid 2 ( b + bh + h )

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3. Volume of cube a 3
4. Surface area of cube 6a 2
1
5. Volume of cone  r 2 h
3

6. Curved surface area of cone  r

7. Curved surface area of cylinder 2 rh
8. Total surface area of a cylinder 2 rh + 2 r 2
4
9. Volume of a sphere  r 3
3

10.Surface area of a sphere 4 r 2

1 2
11.Area of a circular sector r  , when  is in radius
2

12.Volume of a prism = (area of the base) x (height)

13.Lateral surface area of a prism =(perimeter of the base) x (height)
14.Total surface area of a prism = (lateral surface area) +2 (area of the base)
(note that lateral surfaces of a prism are all rectangle)
15.Volume of a pyramid= 1/3 (area of the base) x (height)
16.Curved surface area of a pyramid = ½ (perimeter of the base) x (slant
height)
(note that slant surfaces of a pyramid are triangles).

INDEFINITE INTEGRALS

➢ If f & g are functions of x such that g’(x)=f(x) then,

 f ( x ) dx = g ( x ) + c 
d
dx
g ( x ) + c = f ( x ) , where c is called the constant of
integration.
➢ Standard formula:
( ax + b )
n +1

 ( ax + b ) dx = + c, n  −1
n
(i)
a ( n + 1)

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dx 1
(ii)  = n ( ax + b ) + c
ax + b a
1 ax +b
(iii)  e ax +b dx = e +c
a

1 a px + q
(iv)  a px + q dx = + c; a  0
p na

1
(v)  sin ( ax + b ) dx = − cos ( ax + b ) + c
a
1
(vi)  cos ( ax + b ) dx = sin ( ax + b ) + c
a
1
(vii)  tan ( ax + b ) dx = n sec ( ax + b ) + c
a
1
(viii)  cot ( ax + b ) dx = n sin ( ax + b ) + c
a
1
(ix)  sec 2 ( ax + b ) dx = tan ( ax + b ) + c
a
1
(x)  cos ec 2 ( ax + b ) dx = − cot ( ax + b ) + c
a

 x 
(xi)  sec xdx = n ( sec x + tan x ) + c or n tan  +  + c
 4 2
x
(xii)  cos ecxdx = n ( cos ecx − cot x ) + c or n tan + c or − n ( cos ecx + cot x ) + c
2
dx x
(xiii)  = sin −1 +c
a2 − x2 a

dx 1 x
(xiv)  = tan −1 + c
a +x
2 2
a a
dx 1 x
(xv)  = sec−1 + c
x x −a
2 a 2 a

dx
(xvi)  = n  x + x2 + a2  + c
x +a
2 2 

dx
(xvii)  = n  x + x2 − a2  + c
x −a
2 2 

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dx 1 a+x
(xviii)  = n +c
a −x
2 2
2a a − x

dx 1 x−a
(xix)  = n +c
−x − a
2 2
2a x+a

x 2 a2 x
(xx)  a − x dx =
2 2
a − x + sin −1 + c
2

2 2 a

x 2 a2  x + x2 + a2 
(xxi)  x + a dx = x + a +
2 22
n +c
2 2  a 


x 2 a2  x + x2 − a2 
(xxii)  x 2 − a 2 dx = x − a2 − n +c
2 2  a 


➢ If we substitute f(x)=t, then f’(x)dx=dt.

➢ Integration by part
d 
 ( f ( x ) g ( x ) ) dx = fx  ( g ( x ) ) dx −   ( f ( x ) )  ( g ( x ) ) dx  dx
 dx 
dx dx
➢ Integration of type:  , ,  ax 2 + bx + cdx
ax + bx + c
2
ax + bx + c
2

b
Make the substitution x + =t .
2a

➢ Integration of trigonometric functions:

dx dx
(i)  or 
a + b sin x
2
a + b cos 2 x

dx
Or  put tanx=t.
a sin x + b sin x cos x + c cos 2 x
2

dx dx
(ii)  or 
a + b sin x a + b cos x

dx x
Or  put tan = t .
a + b sin x + c cos x 2

a.cos x + b.sin x + c d
(iii)  dx . Express Nr = A ( Dr ) + B ( Dr ) + c & proceed.
.cos x + m.sin x + n dx

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x2 + 1
➢  dx where K is any constant.
x 4 + kx 2 + 1
1
Divide Nr & Dr by x2 & put x =t.
x
➢ Integration of type:
dx dx
 or  ; put px + q = t 2
( ax + b ) px + q ( ax + bx + c ) px + q
2

dx 1
➢ Integration of type:  , put ax + b =
( ax + b ) px + qx + r
2 t

dx 1
 , put x =
( ax 2
+ b ) px 2 + q t

DEFINITE INTEGRALS

➢ Properties of definite integral

(i) ba f ( x)dx = ba f (t )dt

(ii) ba f ( x)dx = − ba f ( x)dx

(iii) ba f ( x)dx =  ca f ( x)dx +  bc f ( x)dx

2  a f ( x)dx, f (− x) = f ( x)
(iv)  a− a f ( x)dx =  0a ( f ( x) + f ( − x))dx =  0
 0, f (− x) = − f ( x)

(v) ba f ( x)dx =  ba f (a + b − x)dx

(vi)  0a f ( x)dx =  0a f (a − x)dx

2  0a f ( x)dx, f (2a − x) = f ( x)
(vii)  02 a f ( x)dx =  0a ( f ( x) + f (2a − x))dx = 
 0, f (2a − x) = − f ( x)

(viii) If f(x) is a periodic function with period T, then

 0nT f ( x)dx = n T0 f ( x)dx, n  z,  aa + nT f ( x)dx, n  z , a  R
a + nT
 nT
mT f ( x ) dx = ( n − m)  0 f ( x )dx, m, n  z ,  nT
T
f ( x)dx =  0a f ( x)dx, n  z , a  R
 ba++nT
nT f ( x) dx =  a f ( x ) dx, n  z , a, b  R
a

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(ix) If  ( x )  f ( x)   ( x ) for a  x  b , then

 ba  ( x ) dx   ba f ( x)dx   ba  ( x ) dx

(x) If m  f ( x)  M for a  x  b , then m(b − a)   ba f ( x)dx  M ( b − a )

(xi) If f ( x )  0 on [a,b] then  ba f ( x ) dx  0 .

➢ Leibnitz Theorem: If F ( x ) =  hg((xx)) f (t )dt , then

DF ( x )
= h '( x) f (h( x)) − g '( x) f ( g ( x))
dx

FUNDAMENTAL OF MATHEMATICS

➢ Intervals:
Intervals are basically subsets of R and are commonly used in solving
inequalities or in finding domains. If there are two numbers a,b  R such
that a<b, we can define four types of intervals as follows:
➢ Symbols used
(i) Open intervals (a,b)={x:a<x<b} i.e. end points are not included ( )
or ][
(ii) Closed intervals:  a, b = x : a  x  b i.e. end points are also

included. [ ]
(iii) Open-closed interval: ( a, b = x : a  x  b ( ] or ]]
(iv) Closed-open interval:  a, b ) = x : a  x  b} [ ) or [ [

The infinite intervals are defined as follows:

(i) ( a,  ) = x : x  a
(ii)  a,  ) = x : x  a
(iii) ( −, b ) =  x : x  b
(iv) ( , b =  x : x  b

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(v) ( −,  ) =  x : x  R
➢ Properties of Modulus:
For any a, b  R
a  0, a = −a , a  a, a  −a, ab = a b
a a
= , a + b  a + b , −b  a − b
b b

➢ Trigonometric functions of sum or difference of two angles:

sin ( A  B ) = sin A cos B  cos A sin B
(a)
 2sin A cos B = sin ( A + B ) + sin ( A − B ) and 2 cos A sin B = sin ( A + B ) − sin ( A − B )

cos ( A  B ) = cos A cos B sin A sin B

(b)  2 cos A cos B = cos ( A + B ) + cos ( A − B ) and 2sin A sin B
= cos ( A − B ) − cos ( A + B )

(c) sin 2 A − sin 2 B = cos2 B − cos2 A = sin ( A + B ) .sin ( A − B )

(d) cos2 − sin 2 B = cos2 B − sin 2 A = cos ( A + B ) .cos ( A − B )
cot A cot B 1
(e) cot ( A  B ) =
cot B  cot A
tan A + tan B + tan C − tan A tan B tan C
(f) tan ( A + B + C ) =
1 − tan A tan B − tan B tan C − tan C tan A

➢ Factorisation of the sum or difference of two sines or cosines

C+D C−D
(a) sin C + sin D = 2sin cos
2 2
C+D C−D
(b) sin C − sin D = 2 cos sin
2 2
C+D C−D
(c) cos C + cos D = 2 cos cos
2 2
C+D C−D
(d) cos C − cos D = −2sin sin
2 2

➢ Multiples and sub-multiple angle:

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
cos 2 A = cos 2 A − sin 2 A = 2 cos 2 A − 1 = 1 − 2sin 2 A; 2 cos 2
2
(a)

= 1 + cos  , 2sin 2 = 1 − cos 
2

2 tan A 1 − tan 2 A
(b) sin 2 A = , cos 2 A =
1 + tan 2 A 1 + tan 2 A
(c) sin 3 A = 3sin A − 4sin 3 A
(d) cos 3 A = 4 cos3 A − 3cos A
3 tan A − tan 3 A
(e) tan 3 A =
1 − 3 tan 2 A
➢ Important trigonometric ratios:
(a) sin n = 0;cos n = 1; tan n = 0 , where n1
 3 −1 5
sin15 or sin = = cos 75 or cos ;
12 2 2 12
 3 +1 5
cos15 or cos = = sin 75 or sin ;
12 2 2 12
(b)
3 −1
tan15 = = 2 − 3 = cot 75 ; tan 75
3 +1
3 +1
= = 2 + 3 = cot15
3 −1

 5 −1  5 +1
(c) sin or sin18 = & cos36 or cos =
10 4 5 4

➢ Range of trigonometric expression: − a 2 + b2  a sin  + b cos   a 2 + b2

➢ Sine and cosine series:

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 −

sin  + sin ( +  ) + sin ( + 2 ) + .... + sin   + n − 1  
 
n
sin
= 2 sin   + n − 1  
  
sin  2 
2
 −

cos  + cos ( +  ) + cos ( + 2  ) + ..... + cos   + n − 1  
 
n
sin
= 2 cos   + n − 1  
  
sin  2 
2
➢ Trigonometric equations:
Principal solutions: solutions which lie in the interval 0, 2 ) are called

principal solutions.
General solutions:
  
sin  = sin    n + ( −1)  where    − ,  , n 1
n
(i)
 2 2
(ii) cos = cos   = 2n   where   0,   , n 1 .

  
(iii) tan  = tan    = n +  where    − ,  , n 1 .
 2 2
(iv) sin 2  = sin 2  , cos 2  = cos 2  , tan 2  = tan 2    = n  a .

QUDRATIC EQUATION

➢ Quadratic Equation : ax 2 + bx + c = 0, a  0

−b  b 2 − 4ac
x= , The expression b 2 − 4 a c  D is called discriminant of
2a

quadratic equation.

b c
If  ,  are the roots, then (a)  +  = − (b)  =
a a

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A quadratic equation whose roots are  & , is ( x −  )( x −  )

= 0 i.e. x 2 − ( +  ) x +  = 0

Nature of Roots:

Consider the quadratic equation, ax 2 + bx + c = 0 having  as its roots; D  b 2 − 4

ac

Roots are equal  =  = −b / 2a

Roots are unequal

a, b, c  R & D  0

Roots are real a, b, c  R & D  0

Roots are imaginary  = p + iq,  = p − iq

a, b, c  Q &

D is a perfect square

D is not a perfect square

 Roots are rational

 Roots are irrational

i.e.  = p + q ,  = p − q

a = 1, b, c  I & D is a perfect square

 Roots are integral.

➢ Common Roots:

Consider two quadratic equations a1x2 + b1x + c1 = 0 & a2 x2 + b2 x + c2 = 0 .

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If two quadratic equations have both roots common, then

a1 b1 c1
= =
a2 b2 c2

(ii) If only one root  is common, then

c1a2 − c2 a1 b1c2 − b2c1

= =
a1b2 − a2b1 c1a2 − c2 a1

➢ Range of Quadratic Expression f ( x) = ax 2 + bx + c .

Range in restricted domain: Given x   x1 , x2 

b
(a) If −   x1 , x 2  then,
2a

f ( x)  min  f ( x1 ) , f ( x2 ) , max  f ( x1 ) , f ( x2 )

b
(b) If −   x1 , x 2  then,
2a

➢ Let f ( x) = ax 2 + bx + c , where a  0& a  b  R .

(i) Conditions for both the roots of f ( x) = 0 to be greater than a specified

number' x0 are b2 − 4ac  0; f ( x0 )  0 & (−b / 2a)  x0 .

(ii) Conditions for both the roots of f ( x) = 0 to be smaller than a specified

number ' x0 ' are b2 − 4ac  0; f ( x0 )  0 & (−b / 2a)  x0 .

(iii) Conditions for both roots of f ( x) = 0 to lie on either side of the number ' x0 '
(in other words the number ' x0 ' lies between the roots of f ( x) = 0) , is f ( x0 )  0 .

(iv) Conditions that both roots of f ( x) = 0 to be confined between the numbers

x1 and x2 , ( x1  x2 ) are b2 − 4ac  0; f ( x1 )  0; f ( x2 )  0 & x1  (−b / 2a)  x 2 .

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(v) Conditions for exactly one root of f ( x) = 0 to lie in the interval ( x1 , x2 ) i.e.
x1  x  x2 is f ( x1 )  f ( x2 )  0 .

SEQUENCE AND SERIES

➢ An arithmetic progression (A.P.) : a, a + d , a + 2d ,.a + (n − 1)d is an A.P.

Let a be the first term and d be the common difference of an A.P., then n th term
= t n = a + (n − 1)d

➢ The sum of first n terms of A.P. are

n n
S n = [2a + (n − 1)d ] = [a + ]
2 2

r th term of an A.P. when sum of first r terms is given is tr = Sr − Sr − 1 .

➢ Properties of A.P.

(i) If a, b, c are in A.P.  2b = a + c & if a, b, c, d are in A.P.

a +d = b+c.

(ii) Three numbers in A.P. can be taken as a − d , a, a + d ; four numbers in A.P.

can be taken as a − 3d , a − d , a + d , a + 3d ; five numbers in A.P. are
a − 2d , a − d , a, a + d , a + 2d & six terms in A.P. are a − 5d ,

a − 3d , a − d , a + d , a + 3d , a + 5d etc.

(iii) Sum of the terms of an A.P. equidistant from the beginning & end = sum of
first & last term.

➢ Arithmetic Mean (Mean or Average) (A.M.):

If three terms are in A.P. then the middle term is called the A.M. between the
other two, so if a, b, c are in A.P., b is A.M. of a & c.

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If a, b are any two given numbers &a, A1 , A2 ,, An , b are in A .P. then A1 , A2 , An
are the

b−a
n A.M.'s between a & b. A1 = a +
n +1

2(b − a ) n(b − a )
A2 = a + , , An = a +
n +1 n +1

A
r =1
r = nA where A is the single A.M. between a & b .

➢ Geometric Progression:

a, ar , ar 2 , ar 3 , ar 4 ,. . is a G.P. with a as the first term & r as common ratio.

n th term = ar n −1

 a ( r n − 1)

Sum of the first n terms i.e. Sn =  r − 1 , r  1
 na, r =1


(iii) Sum of an infinite G.P. when |r|<1 is given by

a
S = (| r | 1)
1− r

➢ Geometric Means (Mean Proportional) (G.M.):

If a, b, c  0 are in G.P., b is the G.M. between a & c , then b 2 = ac n-Geometric

Means Between positive number a , b: If a, bare two given numbers &
a,G1,G2,….Gn. Then G1 , G2 , G3 .....Gn are n G.M.s between a &b.

G1 = a(b / a)1/ n+1 , G2 = a(b / a)2/ n+1 ,, Gn = a(b / a)// n+1

➢ Harmonic Mean (H.M.):

2ac
If a, b, c are in H.P., b is the H.M. between a & c , then b = .
a+c

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1 11 1 1
H.M. H of a1 , a2 ,.an is given by =  + +. + 
H n  a1 a2 an 

➢ Relation between

G 2 = AH, A.M.  G.M.  H.M. (only for two numbers)

and A.M. = G.M. = H.M. if a1 = a2 = a3 = . = an

➢ Important Results

n n n
(i)  ( ar  br ) =  ar   br
r =1 r =1 r =1

n n
(ii)  ka
r =1
r = k  ar .
r =1

n
(iii)  k = nk ; where k
r =1
is a constant.

n
n(n + 1)
(iv)  r = 1 + 2 + 3 +. + n =
r =1 2

n
n(n + 1)(2n + 1)
(v) r
r =1
2
= 12 + 22 + 32 +. + n2 =
6

n
n 2 (n + 1) 2
(vi)  r 3 = 13 + 23 + 33 +. + n3 =
r =1 4

BINOMIAL THEOREM

1. Statement of Binomial theorem : If a, b  R and n  N , then

n
(a + b)n =n C0anb0 +n C1an−1b1 +n C2an−2b2 ++n Cr an−r br ++n Cna0bn =  nCr a n−r br
r =0

Properties of Binomial Theorem :

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(i) General term : Tr +1 =n Cr an−r br

(ii) Middle term (s):

n+2
(a) If n is even, there is only one middle term, which is   th term.
 2 

n +1   n +1 
(b) If n is odd, there are two middle terms, which are   th and  + 1 th
 2   2 
terms. 3.

➢ Multinomial Theorem :

( x1 + x2 + x3 + ..... + xk )
n

n!
=  xr1r1 .xr1r2 .....xkrk
r1 + r2 +.....+ rk = n r !r !r !
1 2 k

Here total number of terms in the expansion = Ckn−+1k −1

Here total number of terms in the expansion ={ }^{n+k-1} C_{k-1}

➢ 4. Application of Binomial Theorem :

If ( A + B)n = I + f where I and n are positive integers, n being odd and

0  f  1 then ( I + f ) f = k n where A − B 2 = k  0 and A − B  1.

If n is an even integer, then ( I + f )(1 − f ) = k n

➢ 5. Properties of Binomial Coefficients :

n
C0 +n C1 +n C2 +.. +n Cn = 2n

n
C0 −n C1 +n C2 −n C3 ++ (−1)n Cn = 0

n
C0 +n C2 +n C4 +. =n C1 +n C3 +n C5 +. = 2n−1

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(iv) n
Cr +n Cr −1 =n+1 Cr (v)

n
Cr n − r +1
➢ n
=
Cr −1 r

➢ 6. Binomial Theorem For Negative Integer Or Fractional Indices

n ( n − 1) 2 n ( n − 1)( n − 2 ) 3 n ( n − 1)( n − 2 ) .... ( n − r + 1) r

(1 + x ) = 1 + nx + x + x + .... + x + ....., x  1
n

2! 3! r!
n ( n + 1)( n − 2 ) ..... ( n − r + 1) r
Tr +1 = x
r!

PERMUTATION AND COMBINATION

➢ Arrangement : number of permutations of n different things taken r at a

n!
time =n Pr = n(n − 1)(n − 2) (n − r + 1) =
(n − r )!

➢ 2. Circular Permutation :

The number of circular permutations of n different things taken all at a time is;
( n − 1) !

➢ 3. Selection : Number of combinations of n different things taken r at a

n
n! P
time =n Cr = = r
r !(n − r )! r !

➢ 4. The number of permutations of ' n ' things, taken all at a time, when '
p ' of them are similar & of one type, q of them are similar & of another

type, ' r ' of them are similar & of a third type & the remaining
n!
n − ( p + q + r ) are all different is .
p !q !r !

➢ Selection of one or more objects

(a) Number of ways in which atleast one object be selected out of ' n ' distinct
objects is

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n
C1 +n C2 +n C3 +.. +n Cn = 2n − 1

(b) Number of ways in which atleast one object may be selected out of ' p '
alike objects of one type ' 'q' alike objects of second type and ' r ' alike of third
type is

( p + 1)(q + 1)(r + 1) − 1

(c) Number of ways in which atleast one object may be selected from ' n '
objects where ' p ' alike of one type ' q ' alike of second type and ' r ' alike of
third type and rest

n − ( p + q + r ) are different, is

( p + 1)(q + 1)(r + 1)2n −( p + q + r ) − 1

➢ 6. Multinomial Theorem :

Coefficient of x r in expansion of (1 − x)−n =n+r −1 Cr (n  N )

7. Let N = p a.qb.r c  . where p, q, r are distinct primes & a, b, c are natural
numbers then :

(a) The total numbers of divisors of N including 1 & N is

= (a + 1)(b + 1)(c + 1) .

(b) the sum of these divisor is =

(p 0
)( )( )
+ p1 + p 2 +. + p a q0 + q1 + q 2 ++ qb r 0 + r1 + r 2 +. + r c .

factors is be resolved as a product of two

1
= (a + 1)(b + 1)(c + 1)  if N is not a perfect square
2

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(d) Number of ways in which a composite number N can be resolved into two
factors which are relatively prime (or coprime) to each other is equal to 2n−1
where n is the number of different prime factors in N .

➢ Dearrangement :

Number of ways in which ' n ' letters can be put in ' n ' corresponding
envelopes such that no letter goes to correct envelope is n !

 1 1 1 1 n 1 
1 − + − + .. + (−1) 
 1! 2! 3! 4! n! 

PROBABILITY

➢ Classical (A priori) Definition of probability

If an experiment results in a total of (m + n) outcomes which are equally likely

and mutually exclusive with one another and if ' m ' outcomes are favorable to
an event ' A ' while ' n ' are unfavorable, then the probability of occurrence of
m n( A)
the event ' A ' = P( A) = = .
m + n n( S )

We say that odds in favour of ' A ' are m : n , while odds against ' A ' are n: m.

n
P ( A) = = 1 − P ( A)
m+n

➢ 2. Addition theorem of probability: P( A  B) = P( A) + P( B) − P( A  B) De

Morgan's Laws :

(a) ( A  B)c = Ac  B c

(b) ( A  B)c = Ac  B c

➢ Distributive Laws :

(a) A  ( B  C ) = ( A  B)  ( A  C )

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(b) A  ( B  C ) = ( A  B) ( A  C )

(i) P ( A or B or C ) = P( A) + P( B) + P(C ) − P( A  B) − P( B  C ) − P(C  A) +

P( A  B  C )

(ii) P (at least two of A,B,C occur)

= P( B  C ) + P(C  A) + P( A  B ) − 2 P ( A  B  C )

(iii) P (exactly two of A,B,C occur) =

P ( B  C ) + P ( C  A) + P ( A  B ) − 3PA ( A  B  C )

(iv) P (exactly one of A, B, C occur ) = P( A) + P( B) + P(C ) − 2 P( B  C )

−2 P(C  A) − 2 P( A  B ) + 3P ( A  B  C )

P( A  B)
➢ 3. Conditional Probability : P( A / B) = .
P( B)

➢ 4. Binomial Probability Theorem

If an experiment is such that the probability of success or failure does not

change with trials, then the probability of getting exactly r success in n trials of
an experiment is n Cr p q n−r , where ' p ' is the probability of a success and q is
the probability of a failure. Note that p + q = 1 .

➢ 5. Expectation :

If a value M i is associated with a probability of pi , then the expectation is given

by pM .
i i

n
➢ 6. Total Probability Theorem : P( A) =  P ( Bi )  P ( A / Bi )
i =1

➢ 7. Bayes' Theorem :

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If an event A can occur with one of the n mutually exclusive and exhaustive
events B1 , B2 ,., Bn and the probabilities P ( A / B1 ) , P ( A / B2 ).P ( A / Bn ) are

known, then

P ( Bi )  P ( A / Bi )
P ( Bi / A) = n
B1 , B2 , B3 ,., Bn
 P(B ) P( A / B )
i =1
i i

A = ( A  B1 )  ( A  B2 )  ( A  B3 ) ..  ( A  Bn )

n
P( A) = P ( A  B1 ) + P ( A  B2 ) +.. + P ( A  Bn ) =  P ( A  Bi )
i =1

➢ 8. Binomial Probability Distribution :

(i) Mean of any probability distribution of a random variable is given by:

 pi xi
= =  pi xi = np
 pi

n= number of trials

p= probability of success in each probability

q= probability of failure

(ii) Variance of a random variable is given by,

 2 =  ( xi −  )  pi = pi xi2 −  2 = npq

2

COMPLEX NUMBER

➢ The complex number system

z = a + ib , then a − ib is called congugate of z and is denoted by z .

➢ 2. Equality In Complex Number:

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z1 = z2  Re ( z1 ) = Re ( z2 ) and I m ( z1 ) = I m ( z2 ) .

➢ Properties of arguments

(i) arg ( z1 z2 ) = arg ( z1 ) + arg ( z2 ) + 2m for some integer m .

(ii) arg ( z1 / z2 ) = arg ( z1 ) − arg ( z2 ) + 2m for some integer m .

(iii) arg ( z 2 ) = 2arg( z) + 2m for some integer m .

(iv) arg( z ) = 0  z is a positive real number

(v) arg( z ) =  / 2  z is purely imaginary and z  0

➢ 4. Properties of conjugate

| z |=| z |

zz =| z |2 (iii)

z1 + z2 = z1 + z2

(iv)

z1 z2 = z1 z2

z  z
(vi)  1  = 1 ( z2  0 )
 z2  z2

(vii) z1 + z2 = ( z1 + z2 )( z1 + z2 ) = z1 + z2 + z1 z2 + z1 z2
2 2 2

(viii) ( z1 ) = z

(ix) If w = f ( z ) , then w = f ( z )

(x) arg(z) + arg( z )

➢ Rotation theorem

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If P ( z1 ) , Q ( z2 ) and R ( z3 ) are three complex numbers and PQR =  , then

 z3 − z2  z3 − z2 i
 = e
 z1 − z2  z1 − z2

➢ 6. Demoivre's Theorem :

If n is any integer then

(i) (cos  + i sin  )n = cos n + i sin n

(ii) ( cos1 + i sin 1 )( cos 2 + i sin 2 )( cos3 + i sin 2 )

( cos3 + i sin 3 ).. ( cosn + i sin n ) = cos (1 + 2 + 3 +n ) +

i sin (1 +  2 + 3 +. +  n )

➢ Cube Root Of Unity :

−1 + i 3 −1 − i 3
The cube roots of unity are 1, , .
2 2

(ii) If  is one of the imaginary cube roots of unity then 1 +  +  2 = 0 . In general

1 +  r +  2 r = 0 ; where r ∣ but is not the multiple of 3 .

➢ 8. Geometrical Properties:

Distance formula: z1 − z2

mz2 + nz1 mz − nz1

Section formula : z = (internal division), z = 2 (external division)
m+n m−n

(1) amp( z ) =  is a ray emanating from the origin inclined at an angle  to the

x - axis.

(2) | z − a |=| z − b | is the perpendicular bisector of the line joining a to b .

z − z1
(3) If = k  1, 0 , then locus of z is circle..
z−z

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VECTORS

➢ Position Vector Of A Point:

let O be a fixed origin, then the position vector of a point P is the vector OP . If
a and b are position vectors of two points A and B , then,

AB = b − a = pv of B − pv of A

➢ DISTANCE FORMULA : Distance between the two points A( a ) and

B(b ) is AB =| a − b |

na + mb a +b
➢ SECTION FORMULA : r = . Mid point of AB = .
m+n 2

➢ II. Scalar Product Of Two Vectors: a  b =| a || b | cos , where | a |,| b | are

magnitude of a and b respectively and  is angle between a and b .

a b
1. i.i = j. j = k  k = 1; i. j = j.k = k  i = 0 projection of a on b =
|b |

2. If a = a1i + a2 j + a3k & b = b1i + b2 j + b3k then a  b = a1b1 + a2b2 + a3b3

a b
3. The angle  between a & b is given by cos  = , 0  
| a || b |

4. a  b = 0  a ⊥ b (a  0b  0)

➢ Vector Product Of Two Vectors:

➢ If a & b are two vectors &  is the angle between them then
a  b =| a | b∣ sin  n , where n is the unit vector perpendicular to both a & b

such that a, b & n forms a right handed screw system.

➢ 2. Geometrically | a  b |= area of the parallelogram whose two adjacent
sides are represented by a & b ..
➢ 3. i  i = j  j = k  k = 0;i  j = k, j  k = i, kˆ  i = j .

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➢ 4. If a = a1iˆ + a2 ˆj + a3kˆ & b = b1iˆ + b2 ˆj + b3kˆ then

iˆ ˆj kˆ
a  b = a1 a2 a3
b1 b2 b3

➢ 5. a  b = 0  a and b are parallel (collinear)

(a  0, b  0) i.e. a = Kb , where K is a scalar.

a b
➢ 6. Unit vector perpendicular to the plane of a & b is nˆ = 
| a b |

If a, b & c are the pv's of 3 points A, B & C then the vector area of triangle

1
ABC = [a  b + b  c + c  a ]
2

The points A, B & C are collinear if a  b + b  c + c  a = 0

Area of any quadrilateral whose diagonal vectors are d1 & d 2 is given by

1
d1  d 2
2

∣ a.aa  b
➢ Lagrange's Identity : (a  b )2 =| a |2 | b |2 −(a  b ) 2 =
a  bb  b

➢ Scalar Triple Product:

1
are a, b , c & d are given by [a + b + c + d ]
4

➢ V. Vector Triple Product:

( ) ( ) ( )
a  b  c = ( a.c ) b − ( a.b ) c. a  b  c = ( a.c ) b − b.c a

( ) ( )
 a  b  c  a  b  c in general.

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3-DIMENSION

➢ Vector representation of a point :

Position vector of point P( x, y, z ) is xiˆ + yjˆ + zkˆ .

➢ 2. Distance formula :

( x1 − x2 ) + ( y1 − y2 ) + ( z1 − z2 )
2 2 2
, AB =| OB − OA |

➢ 3. Distance of P from coordinate axes :

PA = y 2 + z 2 , PB = z 2 + x 2 , PC = x 2 + y 2

mx2 + nx1 my + ny1 mz + nz1

➢ 4. Section Formula : x = ,y= 2 ,z = 2
m+n m+n m+n

x1 + x2 y + y2 z +z
Mid point: x = ,y= 1 ,z = 1 2
2 2 2

➢ Direction Cosines And Direction Ratios

(i) Direction cosines: Let  ,  ,  be the angles which a directed line makes with
the positive directions of the axes of x, y and z respectively, then
cos  , cos  , cos  are called the direction cosines of the line. The direction cosines

are usually denoted by ( , m, n) . Thus = cos  , m = cos  , n = cos  .

(ii) If , m, n be the direction cosines of a line, then 2

+ m2 + n 2 = 1

(iii) Direction ratios: Let a, b, c be proportional to the direction cosines , m, n

then a, b, c are called the direction ratios.

(iv) If , m, n be the direction cosines and a, b, c be the direction ratios of a

vector, then

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a b c
= ,m =  ,n = 
a +b +c
2 2 2
a +b +c
2 2 2
a + b2 + c2
2

1, y1 , z1 ) and ( x2 , y2 , z2 ) then the direction ratios of line P Q are,

x2 − x1
a = x2 − x1 , b = y2 − y1 & c = z2 − z1 and the direction cosines of line P Q are =
| PQ |

y 2 − y1 z −z
m= and n = 2 1
| PQ | | PQ |

➢ 6. Angle Between Two Line Segments:

a1a2 + b1b2 + c1c2

cos  =
a12 + b12 + c12 a22 + b22 + c22

The line will be perpendicular if a1a2 + b1b2 + c1c2 = 0 ,

a1 b1 c1
parallel if = =
a2 b2 c2

➢ Projection of a line segment on a line

If P ( x1 , y1 , z1 ) and Q ( x2 , y2 , z2 ) then the projection of P Q on a line having

direction cosines , m, n is

( x2 − x1 ) + m ( y2 − y1 ) + n ( z2 − z1 )

➢ 8. Equation Of A Plane: General form: ax + by + cz + d = 0 , where a, b, c are

not all zero, a, b, c, d  R .

(i) Normal form: x + my + nz = p

(ii) Plane through the point ( x1 , y1 , z1 ) :

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a ( x − x1 ) + b ( y − y1 ) + c ( z − z1 ) = 0

x y z
(iii) Intercept form: + + =1
a b c

(iv) vector form: ( r − a ) .n = 0 or r .n = a.n

(v) Any plane parallel to the given plane ax + by + cz + d = 0 is ax + by + cz +  = 0 .

d1 − d 2
Distance between ax + by + cz + d1 = 0 and ax + by + cz + d2 = 0 is =
a 2 + b2 + c2

(vi) Equation of a plane passing through a given point & parallel to the given
vectors:

(
r = a + b + c (parametric form) where  &  are scalars or r . b  c = a. b  c ) ( )
(non parametric form)

➢ A Plane & A Point

(i) Distance of the point ( x , y , z  ) from the plane ax + by + cz + d = 0 is

ax + by + cz  + d
given by .
a 2 + b2 + c 2

(ii) Length of the perpendicular from a point ( a) to plane r  n = d is given by

| a n − d |
p= .
|n|

(iii) Foot ( x , y , z  ) of perpendicular drawn from the point ( x1 , y1 , z1 ) to the plane

x − x1 y  − y1 z  − z1
ax + by + cz + d = 0 is given by = =
a b c

=−
( ax1 + by1 + cz1 + d )
a 2 + b2 + c2

(iv) To find image of a point w.r.t. a plane:

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Let P ( x1 , y1 , z1 ) is a given point and ax + by + cz + d = 0 is given plane Let ( x , y , z  )

is the image point. then

x − x1 y  − y1 z  − z1
= =
( ax + by + cz + d )
= −2 1 2 1 2 12
a b c a +b +c

➢ 10. Angle Between Two Planes:

aa + bb + cc

cos  =
a 2 + b 2 + c 2 a2 + b2 + c2

Planes are perpendicular if aa + bb + cc = 0 and planes are parallel if

a b c
= =
a  b c 

The angle  between the planes r.n1 = d1 and r  n2 = d 2 is given by, cos
n1  n2
=
n1  n2

Planes are perpendicular if n1  n2 = 0 & planes are parallel if n1 =  n2 ,  is a scalar

➢ Angle Bisectors

(i) The equations of the planes bisecting the angle between two given planes

a1 x + b1 y + c1 z + d1 = 0 and a2 x + b2 y + c2 z + d 2 = 0 are

a1 x + b1 y + c1 z + d1 a2 x + b2 y + c2 z + d 2
=
a +b +c
2
1 1
2 2
1 a22 + b22 + c22

(ii) Bisector of acute/obtuse angle: First make both the constant terms positive.
Then

a1a2 + b1b2 + c1c2  0  origin lies on obtuse angle

a1a2 + b1b2 + c1c2  0  origin lies in acute angle

➢ 12. Family of Planes

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(i) Any plane through the intersection of a1 x + b1 y + c1 z + d1 = 0 &

a2 x + b2 y + c2 z + d 2 = 0 is

a1 x + b1 y + c1 z + d1 +  ( a2 x + b2 y + c2 z + d 2 ) = 0

(ii) The equation of plane passing through the intersection of the planes
r  n1 = d1 & r  n2 = d 2 is r  ( n1 +  n 2 ) = d1 + d2 where  is arbitrary scalar

➢ 13. Volume Of A Tetrahedron: Volume of a tetrahedron with vertices

A ( x1 , y1 , z1 ) , B ( x2 , y2 , z2 ) , C ( x3 , y3 , z3 ) and

x1 y1 z1 1
1 x y2 z2 1
D ( x4 , y4 , z4 ) is given by V = 2
6 x3 y3 z3 1
x4 y4 z4 1

➢ Equation Of A Line}

(i)

A straight line is intersection of two planes.

it is represented by two planes a1 x + b1 y + c1 z + d1 = 0 and a2 x + b2 y + +c2 z + d 2 = 0

x − x1 y − y1 z − z1
(ii) Symmetric form : = = =r.
a b c

(iii) Vector equation: r = a + b

(iv) Reduction of cartesion form of equation of a line to vector form & vice
versa

x − x1 y − y1 z − z1
a
=
b
=
c
( )
 r = x1iˆ + y1 ˆj + z1kˆ +  (aiˆ + bjˆ + ckˆ).

2. Angle Between A Plane And A Line:

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(i)

x − x1 y − y1 z − z1
If  is the angle between line = = and the plane
m n
ax + by + cz + d = 0 , then

a + bm + cn
sin  = .
( a 2 + b2 + c2 ) 2
+ m2 + n2

(ii) Vector form: If  is the angle between a line r = (a + b ) and

 b n 
r  n = d then sin  =  .
 | b || n | 

m n
(iii) Condition for perpendicularity = = ,
a b c

b n = 0

(iv) Condition for parallel

a + bm + cn = 0 b  n = 0

➢ Condition For A Line To Lie In A Plane

x − x1 y − y1 z − z1
(i) Cartesian form: Line = = would lie in a plane
m n
ax + by + cz + d = 0 , if ax1 + by1 + cz1 + d = 0 & a + bm + cn = 0 .

(ii) Vector form: Line r = a + b would lie in the plane r  n

= d if b  n = 0 & a  n = d

➢ Skew Lines:

(i) The straight lines which are not parallel and non-coplanar i.e. non-
intersecting are called skew lines.

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x − y −  z −  x − y −   z −  
lines = = &  = =
m n m n

 −  −    −
If  = m n  0 , then lines are skew.

m n

(ii) Shortest distance formula for lines

( a2 − a1 )  ( b1  b2 )
r = a1 + b1 and r = a2 + b2 is d =
b1  b2

(iii) Vector Form: For lines r = a1 + b1 and r = a2 + b2 to be skew

(b  b )  ( a
1 2 2 − a1 )  0

(iv) Shortest distance between parallel lines

r = a1 + b & r = a2 + b is

d=
( a2 − a1 )  b
|b |

(v) Condition of coplanarity of two lines r = a + b & r = c + d is

a − c b d  = 0


➢ Sphere

General equation of a sphere is x 2 + y 2 + z 2 + 2ux + 2vy + 2wz + d = 0 . (−u, −v, − w) is

the centre and u 2 + v2 + w 2 − d is the radius of the sphere.

SOLUTION OF A TRIANGLE

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a b c
➢ Sine Rule: = = .
sin A sin B sin C

➢ 2. Cosine Formula:

b2 + c2 − a 2
(i) cos A =
2bc

c2 + a 2 − b2
(ii) cos B =
2ca

a 2 + b2 − c2
(iii) cos C =
2ab

➢ Projection Formula:

(i) a = b cos C + c cos B (ii) b = c cos A + a cos C (iii) c = a cos B + b cos A

➢ 4. Napier's Analogy - tangent rule:

B −C b−c A
(i) tan = cot
2 b+c 2

C−A c−a B
(ii) tan = cot
2 C+a 2

A−B a−b C
(iii) tan = cot
2 a+b 2

➢ 5. Trigonometric Functions of Half Angles:

A
=
( s − b )( s − c ) ;sin B = ( s − c )( s − a ) ;sin C = ( s − a )( s − b )
(i) sin
2 bc 2 ca 2 ab

A s(s − a) B s(s − b) C s(s − c)

(ii) cos = ;cos = ;cos =
2 bc 2 ca 2 ab

A (s − b)(s − c)  a+b+c
(iii) tan = = where s = is semi perimetre of
2 s(s − a) s(s − a) 2

triangle.

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2 2
(iv) sin A = s(s − a)(s − b)(s − c) = 6. Area of Triangle (  ) :
bc bc

1 1 1
= ab sin C = bc sin A = ca sin B = s( s − a)( s − b)( s − c)
2 2 2

➢ 7. m − n Rule:

If BD : DC = m : n , then (
m + n ) cot  = m cot  − n cot 
= n cot B − m cot C

➢ 8. Radius of Circumcirlce :

a b c abc
R= = = =
2sin A 2sin B 2sin C 4

➢ 9. Radius of The Incircle :


(i) r =
s

A B C
(ii) r = ( s − a) tan = ( s − b) tan = (s − c) tan
2 2 2

A B C
(iii) r = 4 R sin sin sin
2 2 2

10. Radius of The Ex-Circles :

  
(i) r1 = ; r2 = ; r3 =
s−a s −b s−c

A B C
(ii) r1 = s tan ; r2 = s tan ; r3 = s tan
2 2 2

A B C
(iii) r1 = 4 R sin  cos  cos
2 2 2

➢ Length of Angle Bisectors, Medians & Altitudes :

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A
2bc cos
(i) Length of an angle bisector from the angle A =  a = 2 ;
b+c

1
(ii) Length of median from the angle A = ma = 2b 2 + 2c 2 − a 2
2

2
& (iii) Length of altitude from the angle A = Aa =
a

➢ Orthocentre and Pedal Triangle:

The triangle KLM which is formed by joining the feet of the altitudes is called
the Pedal Triangle.

(i) Its angles are  − 2 A,  − 2 B and  − 2C .

(ii) Its sides are a cos A = R sin 2 A ,

b cos B = R sin 2B and

c cos C = R sin 2C

(iii) Circumradii of the triangles PBC, PCA, PAB and ABC are equal. 13.

The triangle formed by joining the three excentres I1 , I 2 and I3 of ABC is called
the excentral or excentric triangle.

ABC is the pedal triangle of the I1I 2 I3 .

 A  B  C
Its angles are − , − & − .
2 2 2 2 2 2

A B C
(iii) Its sides are 4 R cos , 4 R cos & 4 R cos .
2 2 2

A B C
(iv) I1 = 4 R sin ; II 2 = 4 R sin ; II 3 = 4 R sin .
2 2 2

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(v) Incentre I of ABC is the orthocentre of the excentral I1I 2 I 3 .

➢ 14. Distance Between Special Points :

(i) Distance between circumcentre and orthocentre

OH 2 = R 2 (1 − 8cos A cos Bcos C)

(ii) Distance between circumcentre and incentre

 A B C
OI2 = R 2 1 − 8sin sin sin  = R2 − 2 Rr
 2 2 2

(iii) Distance between circumcentre and centroid

OG 2 = R 2 −
1 2
9
(
a + b2 + c2 )

INVERSE TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS

➢ Principal Values & Domains of Inverse Trigonometric/Circular

Functions:

Function Domain Range

y = sin −1 x −1  x  1  
− y
2 2

y = cos −1 x −1  x  1 0 y 

y = tan −1 x xR  
−  y
2 2

y = cos ec −1 x x  −1 or x  1  
− y ,y  0
2 2

y = sec −1 x x  −1 or x  1 
0  y  ; y 
2

y = cot −1 x xR 0 y 

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➢ P–2

 
(i) sin −1 (sin x) = x, − x
2 2

(ii) cos−1 ( cos x ) = x;0  x  

 
(iii) tan −1 (tan x) = x; − x
2 2

(iv) cot −1 (cot x) = x; 0  x  


(v) sec−1 ( sec x ) = x;0  x   , x 
2

 
(vi) cos ec −1 ( cos ecx ) = x; x  0, −  x 
2 2

➢ P −3

(i) sin −1 (− x) = − sin −1 x, −1  x  1

(ii) tan −1 (− x) = − tan −1 x, x  R

(iii) cos−1 ( − x ) =  − cos−1 x, −1  x  1

(iv) cot −1 ( − x ) = − cot −1 x, x  R

➢ P −5


(i) sin −1 x + cos −1 x = , −1  x  1
2


(ii) tan −1 x + cot −1 x = , x  R
2


(iii) cosec−1 x + sec−1 x = ,| x | 1
2

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➢ Identities of Addition and Substraction:

➢ I-1

(i)

( )
sin −1 x + sin −1 y = sin −1  x 1 − y 2 + y 1 − x 2  , x  0, y  0 & x 2 + y 2  1
 
=  − sin −1  x 1 − y 2 + y 1 − x 2  , x  0, y  0 & x 2 + y 2  1
 

(ii) cos −1 x + cos −1 y = cos −1  xy − 1 − x 2 1 − y 2  , x  0, y  0

 

x+ y
tan −1 x + tan −1 y = tan −1 , x  0, y  0 & xy  1
1 − xy
x+ y
(iii) =  + tan −1 , x  0, y  0 & xy  1
1 − xy

= , x  0, y  0 & xy = 1
2

➢ I-2

(i) sin −1 x − sin −1 y = sin −1  x 1 − y 2 − y 1 − x 2  , x  0, y  0

 

(ii) cos −1 x − cos −1 y = cos −1  xy + 1 − x 2 1 − y 2  x  0, y  0, x  y

 

x− y
(iii) tan −1 x − tan −1 y = tan −1 , x  0, y  0
1 + xy

➢ I–3

 1
 2sin −1 if x
 2

(
(i) sin −1 2 x 1 − x 2 ) 
=   − 2sin −1 x if x
1
2


 − ( + 2sin x ) if
−1 1
x−
2

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 2 cos −1 x 0  x 1
(ii) cos −1 ( 2 x 2 − 1) = 
if
 2 − 2 cos x
−1
if −1  x  0

 2 tan −1 x if | x | 1
2 x 
(iii) tan −1 2 =   + 2 tan
−1
x if x  −1
1− x 
(
 −  − 2 tan x
−1
) if x 1

 2 tan −1 x if | x | 1
2x 
(iv) sin −1 =   − 2 tan −1 x if x 1
1 + x2 
(
 −  + 2 tan x
−1
) if x  −1

1 − x 2  2 tan −1 x
−1 if x  0
(v) cos =
1 + x 2  −2 tan −1 x if x  0

 x + y + z − xyz 
If tan −1 x + tan −1 y + tan −1 z = tan −1   if, x  0, y  0, z  0 & ( xy + yz + zx)  1
1 − xy − yz − zx 

NOTE:

(i) If tan −1 x + tan −1 y + tan −1 z =  then x + y + z = xyz


(ii) If tan −1 x + tan −1 y + tan −1 z = then xy + yz + zx = 1
2

(iii) tan −1 1 + tan −1 2 + tan −1 3 = 

STATISTICS

➢ Arithmetic Mean / or Mean

If x1 , x2 , x3 ,.xn are n values of variate xi then their A.M. x is defined as

x1 + x2 + x3 +. + xn x i
x= = i =1
n n

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If x1 , x2 , x3 ,.xn are values of veriate with frequencies f1 , f 2 , f3 ,.. f n then their

A.M. is given by
n

f1 x1  f 2 x2 + f3 x3 +.. f n f n 
fi xi n
x= = i =1
, where N =  fi
f1 + f 2 + f3 ++ f n N i =1

➢ Properties of Arithmetic Mean :

(i) Sum of deviation of variate from their A.M. is always zero that is
( )
 xi − x = 0 .

(ii) Sum of square of deviation of variate from their A.M. is minimum that is
 ( xi − x ) is minimum
2

(iii) If x is mean of variate xi then

A.M. of ( xi +  ) = x + 

A.M. of i  xi =   x

A.M. of ( axi + b ) = ax + b

➢ 3. Median

The median of a series is values of middle term of series when the values are
written is ascending order or descending order. Therefore median, divide on
arranged series in two equal parts

For ungrouped distribution :

If n be number of variates in a series then

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 n + 1  th
  term, ( when n is odd )
Median = 
2 
 th th
 n n 
 Mean of   and  + 2  term(when n is even)
 2 2 

➢ 4. Mode

If a frequency distribution the mode is the value of that variate which have the
maximum frequency. Mode for

➢ For ungrouped distribution :

The value of variate which has maximum frequency.

➢ For ungrouped frequency distribution :}

The value of that variate which have maximum frequency. Relationship

between mean, median and mode.

(i) In symmetric distribution, mean = mode = median

(ii) In skew (moderately asymmetrical) distribution, median divides mean and

mode internally in 1: 2 ratio.

2( Mean ) + ( Mode )
 median =
3

➢ 5. Range

difference of extreme values L−S

=
sum of extremevalues L+S

where L= largest value and S= smallest value

➢ 6. Mean deviation :

 x −A i
Mean deviation = i =1
n

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f i xi − A
Mean deviation = i =1
(for frequency distribution)
N

7. Variance :

Standard deviation = + variance

( )
2
 xi − x
formula  x2 =
n

2
n
 n  n

 x   xi
2
i  x 2
i
 x2 = i =1 −  i =1  = i =1
− ( x )2
n  n  n
 
 

di2  di 
2

 d2 = −  , where d i = x i − a , where a = assumed mean

n  n 


(ii) coefficient of S.D. =  
x


coefficient of variation =   100( in percentage )
x

➢ Properties of variance:

(i) var ( xi +  ) = var ( xi )

(ii) var (   xi ) =  2 ( var xi )

(iii) var ( axi + b ) = a 2 ( var xi )

where  , a, b are constant.

MATHEMATICAL REASONING

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Let p and q are statements

p q pq pq p→q q→ p pq q p

T T T T T T T T
T F F T F T F F
F T F F T F F F
F F F F T T T T

Tautology : This is a statement which is true for all truth values of its
components. It is denoted by t .

Consider truth table of p ~ p

p p p q

T F T
F T T

This is statement which is false for all truth values of its components. It is
denoted by f or c . Consider truth table of p  ~ p

p p p q

T F F
F T F

(i)

Statement pq pq p→q pq

Negation ( p)  ( q) ( p)  ( q) p  ( q) p  −q

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Let p  q Then

(ii) (Contrapositive of p  q ) is ( q  p )

SETS AND RELATION

➢ Laws of Algebra of sets (Properties of sets):

(i) Commutative law : ( A  B) = B  A ; A  B = B  A

(ii) Associative law: ( A  B)  C = A  ( B  C ) ; ( A  B)  C = A  ( B  C )

(iii) Distributive law :

A  ( B  C ) = ( A  B)  ( A  C ); A  ( B  C ) = ( A  B)  ( A  C )

(iv) De-morgan law : ( A  B) = A  B ;( A  B) = A  B

(v) Identity law : A  U = A; A   = A

(vi) Complement law : A  A = U , A  A =  , ( A ) = A



(vii) Idempotent law : A  A = A, A  A = A

➢ Some important results on number of elements in sets :

If A, B, C are finite sets and U be the finite universal set then

n( A  B ) = n( A) + n( B) − n( A  B)

(ii) n( A − B ) = n( A) − n( A  B )

(iii) n( A  B  C ) = n( A) + n( B ) + n(C ) − n( A  B ) − n( B  C ) − n

( A  C ) + n( A  B  C )

(iv) Number of elements in exactly two of the sets A, B, C

= n( A  B ) + n( B  C ) + n(C  A) − 3n( A  B  C )

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(v) Number of elements in exactly one of the sets A, B, C

= n ( A) + n( B) + n(C ) − 2n ( A  B ) − 2n ( B  C ) − 2n ( A  C ) + 3n ( A  B  C )

➢ Types of relations :

In this section we intend to define various types of relations on a given set A.

❖ Void relation : Let A be a set. Then   A  A and so it is a relation on A .

This relation is called the void or empty relation on A .
❖ (ii) Universal relation : Let A be a set. Then A  A  A  A and so it is a
relation on A . This relation is called the universal relation on A .
❖ (iii) Identity relation : Let A be a set. Then the relation I A = {(a, a) : a  A}
on A is called the identity

relation on A . In other words, a relation I A on A is called the identity relation if

every element of A is related to itself only.

❖ (iv) Reflexive relation : A relation R on a set A is said to be reflexive if

every element of A is related to itself. Thus, R on a set A is not reflexive
if there exists an element a  A such that (a, a )  R .

Note : Every identity relation is reflexive but every reflexive relation in not
identity.

❖ (v) Symmetric relation : A relation R on a set A is said to be a symmetric

relation

If (a, b)  R  (b, a)  R for all a, b  A . i.e. a Rb  bR a for all a, b  A .

❖ (vi) Transitive relation : Let A be any set. A relation R on A is said to be

a transitive relation

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if (a, b)  R and (b, c)  R  (a, c)  R for all a, b, c  A i.e. a R b and bRc  aRc
for all a, b, c  A

❖ (vii) Equivalence relation : A relation R on a set A is said to be an

equivalence relation on Aiff

(i) it is reflexive i.e. (a, a )  R for all a  A

(ii) it is symmetric i.e. (a, b)  R  (b, a )  R for all a, b  A

(iii) it is transitive i.e. (a, b)  R and (b, c)  R  (a, c)  R for all a, b  A

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