Introduction to Electrical Engineering BESK104B

MODULE - 3
Syllabus: DC Machines:
DC Generator: Principle of operation, constructional details, induced EMF expression, types of generators.
Relation between induced emf and terminal voltage. Simple numerical.
DC Motor: Principle of operation, back emf and its significance. Torque equation, types of motors,
characteristics and speed control (armature & field) of DC motors (series & shunt only). Applications of DC
motors. Simple numerical.

Introduction:
An electrical machine, deals with energy transfer either from mechanical to electricalor electrical to
mechanical is called DC Machine.
The DC machines are classified into
(i)DC Generator (ii) DC Motor
DC Generator: The machine which converts mechanical energy into Electricalenergy
DC motor: The machine which converts Electrical energy into Mechanical energy

Working principle of D.C.Machine as a generator

Working principle of D.C.Machine as a generator:

It is based on the principle of dynamically induced e.m.f .

Whenever a conductor cuts magnetic flux, dynamically induced e.m.f. is produced in the
conductor according to the Faradays laws of Electromagnetic Induction.
This e.m.f. causes a current to flow in the circuit, if the conductor circuit is closed.
The direction of the induced voltage can be obtained by applying Fleming's righthand rule.

Construction of DC Machine fig. DC Machine

Salient parts of a D.C.Machine are:

(i)Yoke ii) Field system (poles) (iii) Armature (iv) Commutator (v) Brushes
Yoke:
□ Yoke forms the outermost cover of the D.C. machine and is cylindrical in shape.
□ For small generators ,yoke is made of cast iron where as for large -it is made up of silicon steel
It provides mechanical support to the poles,
Poles:
□ It is made cast iron or cast steel laminations. The poles are fixed to bolt with the help of bolts.
□ Each pole is divided into two parts a) pole core and b) pole shoe.
 Pole core basically carries a field winding which is necessary to produce the flux.
 Pole shoe supports field coils and fixed on pole cores.
Field winding [F1-F2]:
□ It is made of conducting material like copper or Aluminum. The field winding is wound onthe pole
core with a definite direction.
It carries current due to which the pole core behaves as an electromagnet and produces

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necessary flux. .
Armature:

It is further divided into two parts namely,

 Armature core and
 Armature winding
• Armature core is mounted on the shaft and is provided with of slots on its outer
• periphery to place the conductor
•
The armature conductors are mounted on slots of armature and are connected together either as
lap winding or wave winding .
Communtator:
 The Emf induced in the armature conductors is alternating. This is converted into D.C.by
device called commentator.
Brushes
 Brushes collect current from commutator and make it available to the stationaryexternal
circuit.
Emf Equation of DC Generator:

Let,Φ = Flux produced by each pole in weber (Wb)

P = number of poles in the DC generator.
N = speed of the armature conductor in rpm.
Z = total numbers of conductor
A = number of parallel paths
According to Faraday’s law of induction, the induced EMF of the conductor is equal to rate of change of flux.
Therefore, Induced EMF of one conductor 𝑒 = 𝑑Ø/𝐝𝐭
The fluxed cut by conductor in one relovution = Ø × P = dØ
Time taken to complete one revolution = 60 / N =dt
EMF induced in one conductor = Ø P/ (60 / N) = Ø P N / 60
Here, Then, Z/A = number of conductors connected in series
The EMF induced per parallel path = emf induced in one conductor × number of conductors per parallel path.
E=( Ø P N / 60 ) X (Z/A)

Note A- No of parallel paths , for wave winding A=2 ,for lap winding A=P.

Problems on Emf equation

1. A 4 pole, 1500 rpm DC generator has a lap wound armature having 24 slots with 10 conductors per slot.
If the flux per pole is 0.04 Wb, calculate EMF generated in the armature. What would be the generated
EMF if the winding is wave connected?
Solution:
Given: P = 4, N = 1500rpm, Lap i. e. A = P = 4, Ø = 0.04 Wb
Z = Slots X Conductors per Slot = 24 X 10 = 240

If winding is wave connected, A = 2

2. A 4 pole generator with wave wound armature has 51 slots each having 24 conductors. The flux per pole is
0.01 weber. At what speed must the armature rotate to give an induced EMF of 220 V? What will be the
voltage developed if the winding is lap connected and the armature rotates at the same speed?
Solution:

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Given: Ø =0.01 Wb , Eg = 220V ,P = 4, wave connected hence A = 2, Z=51 slots and 24
conductors in each slot ,

3. A 8 pole DC generator has 500 armature conductors and useful flux per pole of
0.065 wb. What will be EMF generated if the winding is lap connected and runs at 1000 rpm? What
must be the speed at which it is to be driven to produce the same EMF if the winding is Wave
connected?
Solution:

Types of DC Generators
The field winding is also called as exciting winding. Supplying current to the field winding is excitation.
Depending upon the method of excitation used in the generators are classified into
i) Separately excited DC generator (ii) Self-excited DC generator.
Separately Excited Generators:

♦ In separately excited dc machines, the field winding is supplied from a separate power
source as shown in figure.above.
♦ The voltage source drives current If in field windings due to which magnetic flux is produced.
♦ The rotating armature cuts magnetic flux, hence EMF is induced, i.e voltage is generated.
♦ If load is connected, current IL flows through load.
♦ From fig,Ia= IL and by applying KVL, we get

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Eg = IaRa+Vt+VBrush VBrush

Self-Excited Field Generators:

♦ Self-excited DC generator produces a magnetic field by itself without external DC sources.
♦ The electromotive force that produced by generator at armature winding is supply to a field
winding instead of DC source from outside of thegenerator.
♦ When generator started, due to residual flux, it develops a small amount of EMF which drives a
small current in the field winding.
♦ This tends to increase the flux in the poles in turn increases the EMF.This cumulative process
continues until generator produces a rated voltage.
♦ They further classified into:
a) DC Shunt generator b) DC Series generator

DC shunt generator:
In shunt generators, the field winding is connected in across armature terminals as in figure below.

Series generator:
In series generator, the field winding is connected in series with the armature windingand to the
load as shown in the figure below.

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Problems:
1. The emf generated in the armature of a shunt generator is 625 volts, delivering its full load current of 400
A to the external circuit. The field current is 6 amps and the armature resistance is 0.06Ω. What is the
terminal voltage?
Solution:
Given: Eg=625 V, IL= 400 A, Ish = 6A, and 𝑅𝑎 = 0.06Ω Vt=?
Wkt Ia = IL + Ish = 400+6 = 406 A
Terminal Voltage Vt = Eg – IaRa (neglecting brush voltage drop)
= 625 - (406X0.06)

Vt = 600.64V
2. A 30 kW, 300V, DC shunt generator has armature and field resistances of 0.05 ohm and 100ohm
respectively. Calculate the total power developed by armature when delivers full output power.
Solution:
Given: PL = 30kW, Vt = 300 V, 𝑅𝑎 = 0.05Ω, 𝑅𝑠ℎ = 100Ω Pa= ?

DC Motors

It works on principle that states, “the current-carrying conductor placed in a magnetic and electric field
experience a force”. The experienced force is called the torque.

Working Principle of a DC motor

Constuction:
The DC motor has two main parts-stator(stationary part) and rotar(roating part). The armature is the rotating part,
and the permanent magnet is stationary part.
The armature coil is connected to commutators and brushes and is connected to the DC supply. The commutators
convert the AC induced in the armature into DC and the brushes transfer the current from rotating part of the
motor to the stationary external load. The armature is placed between the north and south pole of the permanent
magnet.

For simplicity, consider that the armature has only one coil which is placed between the magnetic field shown
below in the figure A. When the DC supply is given to the armature coil the current starts flowing through it. This
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current develops its own field around the coil as in fig. B.

Now there are two fluxes present,

1. The flux produced by the poles called main flux.
2. The flux produced by the current carrying conductor. These are shown
in the fig.

From fig.c, it is clear that on one side (left side) of the conductor, both fluxes are in the same direction,
there is gathering of the flux lines as two fluxes help each other. As against this, on the other side, the two
fluxes are in the opposite direction and hence try to cancel each other. This flux distribution around the
conductor acts exerts a mechanical force on the conductor
Back Emf (Eb) and its Significance:
♦ When the Armature of D C motor starts rotating and armature conductor cuts themagnetic flux, hence an EMF
is induced in the Conductor called Back EMF.

♦ It is given by,
♦ The induced emf acts in opposite direction to the applied voltage ‘V’,hence it is called as back EMF.
♦ The Voltage equation of DC motor is V = Eb + IaRa
Therefore armature current Ia = (V - Eb)
Significance:
 The basic Principle of the Back EMF is that 𝐸𝑏 N
 When the load suddenly put on the motor, motor tries to slow down. So speed of the motor reduces due
to which the back EMF decreases. So the net Voltage (𝑉 − 𝐸𝑏 ) increases and motor draws more
armature current.

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 When the load on the motor decreases, the speed of the motor increases due to which the back EMF
increases. So the net Voltage (𝑉 − 𝐸𝑏 ) decreases and motor draws less armature current
 Therefore due to the presence of back emf. The d.c. motor acts as a self-regulating machine. It regulates
the flow of armature current i.e., it automatically changes the armature current to meet the load
requirement

Torque equation of a DC Motor:

The turning and twisting force about an axis is called torque.

Consider a wheel of radius ‘R’ meters acted upon the circumferential force ‘F’ netwons as shown in fig

Types of DC Motors:
Motors are classified into 3 types: a) DC Shunt motor. b) DC Series motor.
a) DC Shunt motor:
In shunt motor the field winding is connected in parallel with armature.
When a voltage of ‘V’ is applied, current IL flows in line,a current ISH through the shunt field winding and
Ia through armature.

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b) DC Series motor:
In series motor the field winding is connected in series with armature.
When a voltage of ‘V’ is applied, current IL flows through(i) Line, (ii)The field winding (iii)armature.

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3.A 4 pole, 220V , lap connected ,DC shunt motor has 36 slots, each slot has 16 conductors. It draws a
current of 40A from the supply. The field and armature resistances are 110Ω and 0.1Ω respectively. The
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motor develop an output power of6KW .the flux per pole is 40mwb calculate
i) The speed (ii)Torque developed in the armature (iii)Shaft torque

Characteristics of DC Motors – Shunt, Series

♦ The performance of a DC motor is given by the relation among the armature current, torque and speed.
♦ These relations are given graphically in the form of curves, which are called as characteristics of DC
motors.
♦ These characteristics are determined by keeping the following two relations in mind.Ta ∝ ɸ.Ia and N ∝ Eb/ɸ.
Following are the three important characteristics of a DC motor
1.Torque and Armature Current Characteristics
It is the graph plotted between the armature torque (τa) and the armature current (Ia) of a DC motor. It is
also known as electrical characteristics of the DC motor.
2.Speed and Armature Current Characteristics
It is the graph plotted between the speed (N) and the armature current (Ia) of a DC motor. This
characteristic curve is mainly used for selecting a motor for a particular application.
3.Speed and Torque Characteristics
The graph plotted between the speed (N) and the armature torque (τa) for a DC motor. It is also known as
mechanical characteristics of DC motor.
Characteristics of DC Shunt Motor

In aboce equation,Z,P,A and φ are constant.

So, τa∝Ia,i.e, graph plotted between the armature torque (τa) and the armature current (Ia) is straight
line. The shaft torque is less than the armature torque which is represented by the dotted line in fig.a below.
2.Speed and Armature Current Characteristics

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N ∝ Eb/ φ as other terms are constant. But, for a shunt motar, φ is constant. So, N ∝ Eb OR N ∝ V-IaRa
So,as Ia increases,speed decreases and vicevera.
But, IaRa drop is small when compared to V. so,change in speed is also small and shown in fig. b below.
Dotted line represents ideal charecteristics.

3.Speed and Torque Characteristics

In shunt motars, τa∝Ia and N ∝ V-IaRa So, Speed and Torque Characteristics is similar to Speed and
Armature Current Characteristics and is shown in fig.c below.

Characteristics Of DC Series Motors

1.Torque and Armature Current Characteristics

2.Speed and Armature Current Characteristics

So,N ∝ Eb/ φ. But,Back e.m.f Eb is also equal to Eb =V-Ia(Ra+Rse).Substituting N ∝ V-Ia(Ra+Rse) / φ.

As load increases,(i) voltage drop Ia(Ra+Rse increases. Hence, speed decreases.
(ii) The flux φ also increases, reducing speed.
The resistance drop is very small ,So,term Ia(Ra+Rse can be neglected, thus,N∝1/φ∝1/ Ia;
i.e,When a heavy load is given to the motor, the armature current will be high which increases the flux. It will result
in a reduced speed of the motor. When the load is reduced or no load is given, the flux will be less but the speed
will be dangerously high.Hence, a series motor should never be started without some mechanical load on it.
fig.a below shows Speed and Armature Current Characteristics of series DC motar`

3.Speed and Torque Characteristics

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2
From torque equation, T∝φIa.But,In series motars, φ∝ Ia,So, T∝Ia .Hence, Ia∝√𝑇
From Speed Vs Ia characteristics, N∝/ Ia.So, N∝/ √𝑇.
i.e ,if torque is small, speed is high and viceversa.fig. b shows Speed and Torque Characteristics

Speed Control Methods Of DC Motor

♦ Back emf Eb of a DC motor Eb = PØNZ/60A where, P = no. of poles, Ø = flux/pole, N = speed in rpm, Z =
no. of armature conductors, A = parallel paths)
♦ Thus, from the above equations speed N = Eb 60A/PØZ
♦ For a DC motor A, P and Z are constants.Therefore, N ∝ Eb/Ø (where, K=constant)

This shows the speed of a dc motor is directly proportional to the back emf and inversely proportional to the flux
per pole.
Thus, there are three general methods of speed control of D.C. Motors.
1. Resistance variation in the armature circuit: This method is called armature resistance control or Rheostat
control.
2. Variation of field flux Ф
This method is called field flux control.
3. Variation of the applied voltage.
This method is also called armature voltage control.
1. Armature resistance control (Rheostat Control):

In this method, a variable series resistor Re is put in the armature circuit. The figure (a) above shows the
Speed Control for a shunt motor. In this case, the field is directly connected across the supply and therefore the
flux Ф is not affected by variation of Re.

Figure (b) shows Speed Control of a D.C. series motor where external resistance Re is connected in the
armature circuit In this case, both the current and the flux is affected by the variation of the armature circuit
resistance. The voltage drop in Re reduces the voltage applied to the armature, and therefore the speed is
reduced.

This method is only used for small motors as for a given value of Re, the speed reduction is not constant but
varies with the motor load.

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2. Variation of field flux Ф (Field flux control):

Since the field current produces the flux, and if we control the field current then the speed can be controlled.

Shunt motor: speed can be controlled by connecting a variable resistor R c in series with the shunt field winding
as in fig.a. Resistor, Rc is called the shunt field regulator.
Series motor:
Field diverter: A variable resistance is connected parallel to the series field as shown in fig (b). This variable resistor is called as a diverter, as the desired
amount of current can be diverted through this resistor and, hence, current through field coil can be decreased. Thus, flux can be decreased to the
desired amount and speed can be increased.
Armature diverter: Diverter is connected across the armature as shown in fig (c).
if armature current is reduced then the flux must increase, as Ta ∝ ØIa
This will result in an increase in current taken from the supply and hence flux Ø will increase and
subsequently speed of the motor will decrease.

Applications of dc motars
Applications of series motars
Because of its high starting torque, this motor used in the cheap toys and automotive applications such as,

 Cranes
 Lifts
 Electric Shavers and hair driers
 Vacuum cleaner and in speed regulation application
 Sewing machine
 Amusement Park Rides
 Paper Mills and Textile Mills

Application of DC Shunt motor

Dc shunt motor provides the constant speed. This type of motor mostly uses in the constant speed application from
no load to full load. The applications are,

 Wiper
 Automatic windscreen
 Drills
 Fans
 Boring mills
 Blowers
 Spinning and weighing machine
 Centrifugal pumps

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