General Chemistry 2

Quarter 1 – Module 1
Lesson 1:
The Kinetic Molecular Theory
of Solids and Liquids

SDOIC_Q1_General Chemistry 2 SHS

Module 1
General Chemistry 2
Alternative Delivery Mode
Quarter 1 – Module 1: The kinetic molecular theory of solids and liquids
First Edition, 2021

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General Chemistry 2
Quarter 1 – Module 1:
The Kinetic Molecular
Theory of Solids and Liquids
Introductory Message
This Self-Learning Module (SLM) is prepared so that you, our dear learners,
can continue your studies and learn while at home. Activities, questions,
directions, exercises, and discussions are carefully stated for you to understand
each lesson.

Each SLM is composed of different parts. Each part shall guide you step-by-
step as you discover and understand the lesson prepared for you.

Pre-tests are provided to measure your prior knowledge on lessons in each

SLM. This will tell you if you need to proceed on completing this module or if you
need to ask your facilitator or your teacher’s assistance for better understanding of
the lesson. At the end of each module, you need to answer the post-test to self-
check your learning. Answer keys are provided for each activity and test. We trust
that you will be honest in using these.

In addition to the material in the main text, Notes to the Teacher are also
provided to our facilitators and parents for strategies and reminders on how they
can best help you on your home-based learning.

Please use this module with care. Do not put unnecessary marks on any
part of this SLM. Use a separate sheet of paper in answering the exercises and
tests. And read the instructions carefully before performing each task.

If you have any questions in using this SLM or any difficulty in answering
the tasks in this module, do not hesitate to consult your teacher or facilitator.

Thank you.
 What I Need to Know

This module was designed and written with you in mind. It is here to help
you master the kinetic molecular of solids and liquids. The scope of this module
permits it to be used in many different learning situations. The language used
recognizes the diverse vocabulary level of students. The lessons are arranged to
follow the standard sequence of the course. But the order in which you read them
can be changed to correspond with the textbook you are now using.

The module is composed of one lesson:

 Lesson 1 – Gen. Chemistry 2: The kinetic molecular theory of solids and
Liquids
MELC: Use the kinetic molecular model to explain properties of liquids and solids
(STEM_GC11IMFIIIa-c-99)

After going through this module, you are expected to:

1. familiar with the kinetic molecular descriptions of solid and liquid;
2. use the kinetic molecular theory to explain properties of solid and liquid;
3. explain the properties of liquids and solids using kinetic molecular theory

What I Know

Choose the letter of the best answer. Write the chosen letter on a separate sheet of
paper.
1. In liquids the particles ________?
A. move randomly with unlimited space
B. move randomly with limited space
C. vibrate at a fixed position
D. vibrate randomly with unlimited space
2. The close packing of particles in solids results in __________?
A. low density
B. ductility
C. brutality
D. high density

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3. The continuous motion of these tiny particles (atoms) is termed as ______?
A. potential model of atoms
B. kinetic model of matter
C. potential model of matter
D. kinetic model of atoms
4. In liquids that particles are ____________?
A. firmly packed
B. regularly packed
C. irregularly packed
D. far apart
5. In solid the particles _________________?
A. move randomly
B. vibrate about fixed position
C. vibrate and move randomly
D. move about fixed path
6. The average kinetic energy of the particles in a substance is ______?
A. Increased as the temperature of the substance increases.
B. Unaffected by changes in the temperature of the substance.
C. Increased as the temperature of the substance decreases.
D. Equal to the total thermal energy absorbed by the substance.
7. Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of liquids?
A. Liquids have the ability to flow.
B. The particles of a liquid are not attracted to each other.
C. The particles of liquids are closer together than particles of gases.
D. Liquids conform to the shape of their container.
8. Which of the following characteristics is true of most solids?
A. Solids are viscous.
B. Solids are incompressible.
C. Solids generally melt easily.
D. Solids are made up of particles in rapid motion.
9. The energy of an object as it is in motion is defined as ______?
A. Kinetic theory
B. Potential energy
C. Kinetic energy
D. Electric energy
10. The kinetic theory states
A. Particles won't move if you don't apply energy to them.
B. Particles are always in motion.
C. Particles only move in liquids and gases.
D. At the same temperature, the object that has the most mass heats
quicker.

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 11. In which state of matter are the particles moving the least randomly?
A. Gas
B. Solid
C. Liquid
D. Plasma
12. In which state of matter are the particles only vibrating?
A. Plasma
B. Liquid
C. Gas
D. Solid
13. According to the Kinetic Molecular Theory, particles in solids exhibit this
type of motion,
A. vibrational
B. vibrational and rotational
C. translational and vibrational only
D. rotational, vibrational, and translational
14. According to the KMT, solids have the ______________?
A. least organized entities
B. the most highly organized entities
C. an intermediate level of organization
D. Same as liquids
15. Kinetic-molecular theory makes several assumptions about _________?
A. the size and energy of molecules.
B. the motion and energy of molecules.
C. the motion and size of molecules.
D. the size and weight of molecules.

Lesson Kinetic Molecular Theory of

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 1 Solids & Liquids

Matter can exist in three different states; namely, solid, liquid, and gas. The
most common example of which is water. It can exist as solid in the form of ice,
liquid in drinking water, and gas as water vapor. There is an orderly arrangement
of the particles in solids that are held in a rigid position although they can vibrate.

The kinetic energy of the particles of liquids overcome their attractive forces
and break away from their neighbors but they can only move in short distances.
For this reason, liquids flow. For gases, the very high kinetic energy overcomes the
attractive forces of the particles causing them to move away and become
independent of each other.

This module will deal mainly with the Kinetic Molecular Theory of Solids and
Liquids..

What’s In

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 Before you proceed, go back with some of the important concepts about the
three states of matter.

Activity No. 1: Solid, Liquid, or Gas?

Direction: Based on the figure below, write A if the statement refers to solids only,
B if the statement refers to liquids only, and C if the statement refers to a gas and
D for both solids and liquids only. Provide another sheet of paper for your answer.

1. Particles are in close contact with one another leading to strong forces of
attraction and vibrate about in a fixed position.
2. They have fixed volume but no fixed shape.
3. The particles do not have sufficient energy to overcome their attractive
forces.
4. They have low expansion when heated and are also slightly compressible
5. They expand to fill their containers.

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 What’s New

To start with our new lesson, try to perform the activity below to determine
what happens to red food coloring as it drops to water.

Activity No. 2: Diffusion of a Drop

Direction: Take a glass of water. Drop a few drops of red food coloring in it. Answer
the given question below.

Questions:
1. What happens?
2. Why does this happen?

Notes to the Teacher

You can view the Interactive diffusion of a drop activity using the
link https://lab.concord.org/embeddable.html#interactives/
sam/diffusion/1-dropping-dye-on-click.json

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 What is It

What is Kinetic Molecular Theory (KMT)?

The Kinetic Molecular Theory (KMT) is a model used to explain the behavior
of matter. It is based on a series of postulates

Some of the postulates of KMT are as follows:

1. The matter is made of particles that are constantly in motion. This

energy in motion is called kinetic energy.
2. The amount of kinetic energy in a substance is related to its
temperature.
3. There is space between particles. The amount of space in between
particles is related to the substance's state of matter.
4. Phase changes happen when the temperature of the substance
changes sufficiently.
5. There are attractive forces in between particles
called intermolecular forces.

Kinetic Molecular Theory and Properties of Liquid

Look at the two pictures

of liquid water:

One is a photo of water

in a swimming pool; other is
of liquid water on the
molecular level.

What properties of liquids are Figure 1. Photo of water in a swimming pool;

evident in these two pictures? the other is of liquid water on the molecular
level.

Liquid particles have sufficient kinetic energy to overcome their

attractive forces. Thus, the particles can move at short distances and collide
with each other. But liquid particles do not move away from independent of
each other. Liquids, therefore, have fixed volume but do not have a fixed
shape. The diffusion of liquids is more rapid than those of solids because of
the closely packed particles in solids. Since the particles are quite close,
compressibility is also very light but greater than that of solids.

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Kinetic Molecular Theory and Properties of Solid

Now, let’s check out some

solids:

One of these images is of

pyrite crystals in their naturally
occurring cubic form; the other is
the structure of phosphorus
trioxide on the molecular scale
Figure 2. Pyrite crystals and phosphorus
trioxide molecular structure
What properties of solids do you notice?

Solids have strong forces of attraction. The kinetic energy is not

sufficient to overcome the attractive forces. There are consequences of the
orderly arrangement of molecules in solids. The particles are not free to move
and their movement is limited to vibration. Since they are held in fixed
positions, they occupy a small volume and thus, have very high density.
Also, since they are not free to move, diffusion is slow and can only be
compressed very lightly.

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 What’s More

Activity 3: Molecular Model and Properties of Solids and Liquids

Direction: Draw the molecular models of solid and liquid, explain or

compare their motion, volume, shape, density, compressibility
and answer the given questions. Write your answer on a separate
sheet of paper.

SOLID LIQUID
1. 6.

Kinetic molecular model

2. 7.
Motion of molecules
3. 8.
Volume and shape
4. 9.
Density
5. 10.
Compressibility

Answer the following questions:

1. Why liquids are less dense than solids?

2. Why liquids are much more difficult to compress than gases?
3. Why solids are almost incompressible?

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 What I Have Learned

Direction: Complete the paragraph below by supplying the correct

term. Write your answer on a separate sheet of paper.

Solids have (1)_____________________. The (2)___________________ is not

sufficient to overcome the (3)__________________. There are consequences of
the orderly arrangement of molecules in (4)___________. The particles are
(5)_________ to move and their movement is limited to (6)____________. Since
they are held in (7)_________________, they occupy a (8)_________________ and
thus, have (9)_________ density. Also, since they are not free to move,
diffusion is slow and can only be compressed very (10)___________.

Liquid particles have sufficient (11)_______________ to overcome their

attractive forces. Thus, the particles can at short distances and collide with
each other. But liquid particles do not move away independent of each other.
Liquids, therefore, have(12) ___________ volume but do not have fixed
(13)___________. Diffusion of (14)____________ is more rapid than those of
solids because of the closely packed particles in solids. Since the particles
are quite close, compressibility is also (15)___________ but greater than of
solids.

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 What I Can Do

Kinetic Molecular Theory in My Life

Direction: Complete the table below by finding two solids and two liquids in
your life. For each one, you’ll describe how you think the molecules are moving,
and draw or sketch of their movement. Write your answer on a separate sheet of
paper.

Description of Picture of
Substance State of Matter
Molecular Motion Molecular Motion

Rubric
Use numbers 1-5 with 1 the lowest and 5 the highest.

Rating
Criteria
5 4 3 2 1
Correct usage of data
Accuracy of data
Application of concepts
TOTAL POINTS (15)

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 Assessment

Multiple Choice. Choose the letter of the best answer. Write the chosen letter
on a separate sheet of paper.

1. Which of the following properties of pertain to solid only?

A. The kinetic energy is sufficient to overcome the attractive forces.
B. The particles are able to slide past one another.
C. They expand slightly when heated.
D. They diffuse extremely slow because the particles are tightly
packed.
2. Rank the matter based on decreasing relative strength of attractive
forces between particles.
A. Liquid, solid, gas
B. Solid, liquid, gas
C. Gas, liquid, solid
D. Liquid, gas, solid
3. Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of liquids?
A. Liquids have the ability to flow.
B. The particles of a liquid are not attracted to each other.
C. The particles of liquids are closer together than particles of gases.
D. Liquids conform to the shape of their container.
4. Kinetic-molecular theory makes several assumptions about ___.
A. The size and energy of the molecules.
B. The motion and energy of the molecules.
C. The motion and size of the molecules
D. The size and weight of the molecules
5. In liquids, the attractive intermolecular forces are __________.
A. very weak compared with kinetic energies of the molecules
B. strong enough to hold molecules relatively close together
C. strong enough to keep the molecules confined to vibrating about
their fixed lattice points
D. not strong enough to keep molecules from moving past each other
6. Particles in which state of matter have the highest energy?
A. Gas
B. Solid
C. Liquid
D. Plasma
7. Which states of matter are fluids?
A. Solids, liquids, and gas
B. Liquid and gases
C. Gases only
D. Liquid only

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8. In which state of matter are the particles closest together?
A. Gas
B. Solid
C. Liquid
D. Plasma
9. According to kinetic molecular model, in liquids __________?
A. the particles are closely packed together, they occupy space and are
usually arranged in a regular pattern.
B. the particles occur in clusters with molecules slightly further apart.
C. the molecules are very far apart and occupy all the space made
available to them.
D. the movement of particles is high speed and random.
10. According to kinetic molecular model, in solids __________?
A. The particles are closely packed together, they occupy minimum
space and are usually arranged in a regular pattern.
B. The particles occur in clusters with molecules slightly further
apart.
C. The molecules are very far apart and occupy all the space made
available to them.
D. The movement of particles is high speed and random.
11. Which physical state/ property is incorrectly matched?
A. liquids and solids - rigid shape
B. gases - easily compressed
C. gases and liquids – flow
D. solids - higher density than gases
12. Which of the following statements is FALSE?
A. Condensed states have much higher densities than gases
B. Molecules are very far apart in gases and closer together in liquids
and solids
C. Vapor refers to a gas formed by evaporation of a liquid or
sublimation of a solid.
D. Solid water (ice), unlike most substances, is denser than its liquid
form (water).
13. Which one of the following statements does NOT describe the general
properties of liquids accurately?
A. Liquids have characteristic volumes that do not change greatly
with changes in temperature. (Assuming that the liquid is not
vaporized.)
B. Liquids have characteristic volumes that do not change greatly
with changes in pressure.
C. Liquids diffuse only very slowly when compared to solids.
D. The liquid state is highly disordered compared to the solid state.
14. Which one of the following statements does NOT describe the general
properties of solids accurately?
A. Solids have characteristic volumes that do not change greatly with
changes in temperature.
B. Solids have characteristic volumes that do not change greatly with
changes in pressure.
C. Most solids have high vapor pressures at room temperature
D. Solids are not fluid.

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 15. According to the KMT, solids have the ______________?
A. least organized entities
B. the most highly organized entities
C. an intermediate level of organization
D. Same as liquids

Additional Activities

Performance Task No. 1: My Talent

Direction: Compose a poem or a song (indicate the tune) in a separate

sheet of paper, it may be in Tagalog, English or in your own
dialect, at least 2 stanzas having four lines, showing or applying
the concepts about Kinetic Molecular Theory of solids and
liquids. Refer to the rubric below for grading.

Rubric for Creative Presentation

Points
Criteria Description Points
Obtained
Achieves precision and
clarity in presenting
Piece of Work 10
compelling and fully
developed ideas.
Original, unique, and
Creativity cogent ideas, phrasing, and 5
products.
Organization is convincing
Organization 5
and well structured.
TOTAL POINTS 20

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 Module 1
SDOIC_Q1_General Chemistry 2 SHS 15
Assessment
1. D
2. B
3. B
4. B
5. A
6. A
7. B
8. B
9. B
10.A
11.A
12.D
13.C
14.C
15.B
What I Know What’s In What’s New
1. B 1. A 1. The red food coloring
2. D 2. B drops should make
3. B 3. A their way down the
glass of water slowly,
4. C 4. D
spread out and finally
5. B 5. C tint all of the water a
6. B reddish color.
7. B 2. It happens because
8. B both substances are
9. C made out of molecules
10.B that are constantly
11.B moving. These
12.D molecules have energy;
13.A one of the fundamental
principles of the
14.B
kinetic molecular
15.B theory.
Answer Key
 Module 1
SDOIC_Q1_General Chemistry 2 SHS 16
What I Have What I Can Do Additional
Learned Answer may vary
Activities
Answer may vary Answer may vary
References

Image

Mind.org, “ Pyrite” https://www.mindat.org/min-3314.html

Wikimedia commons n.d “File:Blue waters swimming pool cebu mactan

philippines.jpg”
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Blue_waters_swimming_pool_cebu_mact
an_philippines.jpg

Pinclipart n.d “Liquid Water Molecules Bond Clipart”

https://www.pinclipart.com/pindetail/JbThwT_liquid-water-molecules-bond-
clipart/

Book
Marissa F. Ayson & Rebecca S. De Borja Ayson, General Chemistry 2: Kinetic
Molecular Theory of Solid and liquid. (Vibal Group, INC. 2016), 1-2.

Website

Kinetic Molecular Theory of Matter: A Microscopic Description of Matter.

“courses.lumenlearning. Accessed August 26, 2021.
https://courses.lumenlearning.com/boundless-chemistry/chapter/kinetic-
molecular-theory-of-matter/

"The Kinetic Molecular Theory: Properties of Solids and Liquids." Study.com.

January 21, 2015. https://study.com/academy/lesson/the-kinetic-molecular-
theory-properties-of-solids-and-liquids.html.

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