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Biological Basis of Behaviour

The document discusses the basic units and types of neurons that make up the nervous system, including sensory and motor neurons. It also describes the central and peripheral nervous systems, their components, and functions. The endocrine system is introduced along with the major glands like the pituitary, thyroid, adrenal and sex glands, and the hormones they secrete to regulate bodily functions.

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Sarfraz Ahmad Mayo
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
121 views

Biological Basis of Behaviour

The document discusses the basic units and types of neurons that make up the nervous system, including sensory and motor neurons. It also describes the central and peripheral nervous systems, their components, and functions. The endocrine system is introduced along with the major glands like the pituitary, thyroid, adrenal and sex glands, and the hormones they secrete to regulate bodily functions.

Uploaded by

Sarfraz Ahmad Mayo
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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SARFRAZ AHMAD MAYO

Govt. Degree College,


Raiwind, Lahore
 Basic Units of the Nervous System
 Neurons are cells that specialize in the transfer of information
within the nervous system

Types of Neurons
1. Sensory: Transmit information from sensory receptors to the brain
(afferent)
2. Motor: Transmit commands from the brain to the muscles and
glands of the body (efferent)
3. Interneuron's: Interconnect neurons
qDendrites
Receive information from other
neurons
qCell body
Creates transmitter molecules
qAxon
A protective coat of fat and
protein that wraps around the
axon.
The space between two neurons where the axon of a
sending neuron communicates with the dendrites of a
receiving neuron by using chemical messages.
Made up of neurons with long axons and dendrites, it
branches out from the spinal cord and brain and reaches
the extremities of the body.
There are two types of PNS:
1. Autonomic Nervous System
2. Somatic Nervous System
Autonomic Nervous System
The part of the peripheral nervous system that controls involuntary
movement of the heart, glands, lungs, and other organs
1. Sympathetic division: The part of the autonomic division of the
nervous system that acts to prepare the body for action in stressful
situations, engaging all the organism’s resources to respond to a
threat. It is responsible in Fight & Flight Response.
2. Parasympathetic division: The part of the autonomic division of
the nervous system that acts to calm the body after an emergency
has ended.
.
Somatic Nervous System
The part of the peripheral nervous system that specializes in
the control of voluntary movements and the communication
of information to and from the sense organs.

Example: The motion of the eyes to read this sentence or those of the
hand to turn this page—and the communication of information to and
from the sense organs
A bundle of neurons
that leaves the brain
and runs down the
length of the back and
is the main means for
transmitting messages
between the brain
and the body
Thalamus: grey matter deeply situated in the forebrain at the

top most portion of the diencephalon. The structure has

sensory and motor functions.

Hypothalamus: Hypothalamus- part of the diencephalon, is

involved in functions including homeostasis, emotion, thirst,

hunger, circadian rhythms, and control of the autonomic

nervous system
§ Amygdala: It is a part of the telencephalon, located in the

temporal lobe, involved in memory, emotion, and fear.

§ Hippocampus: important for learning and memory, for

converting short term memory to more permanent memory

 Brain Stem: Underneath the limbic system is the brain stem.

This structure is responsible for basic vital life functions such as

breathing, heartbeat, and blood pressure.


Cerebrum
The cerebrum or cortex is the largest part of the human brain,
associated with higher brain function such as thought and action.
The cerebral cortex is divided into four sections, called "lobes":
1. Frontal lobe,
2. Parietal lobe
3. Occipital lobe
4. Temporal lobe
 Medulla: It is responsible for maintaining vital body functions,
such as breathing, blood pressure and heart rate

 Cerebellum: This structure is associated with regulation and


coordination of movement, posture, and balance.

 Pons: It is involved in motor control and sensory analysis... for


example; information from the ear first enters the brain in the
Pons. It has parts that are important for the level of consciousness
and for sleep.
§ Neurotransmitters (NTs) are chemicals
§ NTs are stored within vesicles of the pre-synaptic cell
§ NTs are released in response to the action potential sweeping along
the pre-synaptic membrane
§ Transmitter molecules diffuse across the synaptic cleft and bind to
postsynaptic receptors
ü Endocrine glands release hormones
into blood stream
ü Have effects at diffuse target sites
throughout the body
ü Hormones bind to receptors
ü Hormones can have organizational
effects (permanent change in
structure and function)
ü Hormones can have activational
effects:
§ Lack of testosterone, reduces sexual behavior

.
§ The endocrine glands are also called ductless glands
because they release hormones directly into the
bloodstream.
§ In contrast, the duct glands release their contents through
small holes, or ducts, onto the surface of the body or into
the dige
 Pituitary Gland: The pituitary gland, located near the midbrain
and the hypothalamus, secretes many hormones, many of
which control the output of hormones by other endocrine
glands. They also control growth and reproduction, including
ovulation and lactation (milk production) in females.
 Pinal Glands: The pineal gland is a tiny gland located nearly in
the centre of the brain. Pineal gland secretes a hormone called
melatonin which control the biological timetable for sexual
maturation. Another of its functions is to regulate the sleep
cycle.
§ Thyroid Glands: The thyroid gland is located toward the base
and front of the neck. The thyroid gland produces the hormone
thyroxin. Which is important for all tissues of the body. The
thyroid gland is located below the larynx.
§ Structure of the Gland

The thyroid consists of secretory parts called follicles filled with


hormone-storing colloid.
Adrenal Glands: They release epinephrine and nor-epinephrine
(also called adrenaline and nor-adrenaline) into the bloodstream.
These secretions cause the heartbeat and breathing to increase.
They can heighten emotions, such as fear and anxiety.
Structure of the Glands
 The pyramid-shaped glands consist of an inner adrenal medulla
and an outer adrenal cortex.
 The adrenal medulla is made up of modified postganglionic
neurons that are connected to the sympathetic nervous system.
 Pancreas gland: The pancreas gland is a large gland located
under the stomach. One of the hormones secreted by the
pancreas is insulin. Insulin helps to regulate blood sugar. The
disease diabetes is associated with an inadequate insulin
production.
 Sex Glands: There are two types of sex glands—testes in males
and ovaries in females.
 Gonads: Primary reproductive organs are testes in the male and
the ovaries in the female. These organs are responsible for
producing the sperm and ova, but they also secrete other
hormones, and that is why they are endocrine glands.
Testes: Male sex hormones (as groups) are called androgens of
which the most important and influential is ‘testosterone’;
secreted by the testes. A small amount is also produced by the
adrenal cortex.
Ovaries: Two groups of female sex hormones are produced in the
ovaries i.e., Oestrogens and Progesterone
§ Oestrogen: Oestrogen (on the onset of puberty) activates/
promotes:
ü Development of female bodily characteristics.

ü Distribution of fats in the body.

§ Progesterone: Causes the uterine lining to become thick,


preparing uterus for pregnancy.

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