Data Communication

Prof. Dr. Hassan Al-Mahdi

2021-2022-2
 INTRODUCTION: Data Communication
o Sharing information : We communicate to share information either local or

remote.
Local Remote
Communication Communication

o Telecommunication: Communication at a distance.

o Data : Refers to information presented in whatever form is agreed upon by
the parties creating and using the data.
o Data communications : Exchange of data between two devices via some
form of transmission medium such as a wire cable and electromagnetic
wave.
 INTRODUCTION: Data Communication
o Fundamental characteristics of data communications
Delivery Accuracy

The system must deliver data to The system must deliver the data
the correct destination. accurately. Data that have been
altered in transmission and left
uncorrected are unusable
Timeliness Jitter

The system must deliver data in a Jitter refers to the variation in the
timely manner (as they are packet arrival time. It is the unequal
produced). This kind of delivery is delay in the delivery of audio or
called real-time transmission. video packets.
 INTRODUCTION: Data Communication
❖ Components of a data communication system

▪ Message: Text, numbers, pictures, audio, and video.

▪ Sender :
o Sends the data message (computer, workstation, and so on).
o Converts data into transmittable signals (modems)
▪ Receiver:
o Receives the message (computer, workstation, and so on).
o Converts received signal into data
 INTRODUCTION: Data Communication
❖Components of a data communication system

▪ Transmission medium : the physical path or medium through which

data is transmitted from one device to another. It is the means by
which signals, data, or information is sent from one location to
another, either via wired or wireless means.
▪ Protocol. A set of rules that govern data communications.
 INTRODUCTION: Data Communication
❖Data Representation
Text

Audio
Data Numbers

Video

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 INTRODUCTION: Data Communication
❖Data Flow (transmission mode)
o Simplex: data transmission occurs in only one direction, either from the sender to
the receiver or from the receiver to the sender. For example, a one-way radio
communication. In this scenario, the sender cannot receive any response or
feedback from the receiver (i.e., Keyboards and traditional monitors)

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 INTRODUCTION: Data Communication
❖Data Flow (transmission mode)
o Half-Duplex: A communication mode where data can be transmitted in both
directions, but not simultaneously. In other words, a device can either send or
receive data at any given time, but not both at the same time. Fore example,
Walkie-talkies and CB (citizens band) radios
 INTRODUCTION: Data Communication
❖Data Flow (transmission mode)
o Full-duplex: Both stations can transmit and receive simultaneously. Channel
capacity must be divided between two directions. In full-duplex mode, data can be
transmitted and received faster because both devices can communicate
simultaneously, which makes it more efficient than half-duplex mode.
 INTRODUCTION: NETWORKS
o Network: A set of devices (hosts, nodes) connected by communication links. A
node can be a computer, printer, or any other device capable of sending and/or
receiving data.

o Distributed Processing: A task is divided among multiple computers across

the network.
 INTRODUCTION: NETWORKS
❖Network Criteria
❑ Performance :
o It can be measured in many ways, including transit time and
response time.
o It depends on a number of factors, including the number of
users, the type of transmission medium, the capabilities of the
connected hardware, and the efficiency of the software.
o It is often evaluated by two networking metrics: throughput and
delay.
 INTRODUCTION: NETWORKS
❖Network Criteria

❑ Reliability: is measured by the frequency of failure, the time

of recover from a failure, and the network's robustness in a
disasters.
❑ Security : Protecting data from unauthorized access,
protecting data from damage and development, and
implementing policies and procedures for
recovery from data losses
 INTRODUCTION: NETWORKS
❖Physical Structures : Connections
Point to Point - Is uses a dedicated physical or virtual
communication channel between nodes. It is allowing for high-
speed, reliable data transmission without interference from other
devices or network traffic. It is commonly used in applications
such as telecommunications, computer networking, and
industrial automation.
 INTRODUCTION: NETWORKS
❖Physical Structures : Connections

▪ Multipoint - Multiple recipients of single transmission. The

capacity of the channel is shared, either spatially (simultaneously

) or temporally (turns).
 INTRODUCTION: NETWORKS
❖Physical Structures : Mesh Topology
o Every device has a dedicated link to every other device
o Failure during a single device won’t break the network.
o Provides multiple paths destination.
o It provides high privacy and security.
o Adding new devices won’t disrupt data transmissions.
o This topology has robust features to beat any situation.
o We need n(n – 1) physical links.
o if each physical link allows communication in both
directions, we need n (n – 1) / 2 duplex-mode links.
 INTRODUCTION: NETWORKS
❖Physical Structures : Star Topology
Star topology has become the dominant physical topology for LANs. Each node
is connected directly to a central device such as a hub or a switch,.

❑ More efficient compared to bus topology.

❑ Easy to diagnose the fault in the network.
❑ Easy to install.
❑ Easy to expand
❑ Requires more cable compared.
 INTRODUCTION: NETWORKS
❖Physical Structures : Bus Topology
In this topology all devices are connected to a single cable, and data is transmitted in
both directions between devices. If two devices transmit data at the same time, a
collision occurs, and both devices must retransmit their data after a random delay.
Although bus topology is simple and inexpensive to implement, it can be limited in
terms of scalability and reliability. A failure of the backbone cable can disrupt the
entire network, and troubleshooting can be challenging.
 INTRODUCTION: NETWORKS
❖Physical Structures : Ring Topology
oEach device has dedicated point-to - point connection with only the two devices
on either side of it.
oSignal is passed along the ring in one direction until reaches its destination.
o Each device in ring incorporates a repeater.
oWhen a device receives a signal intended for another device, its repeater
regenerates the bits and passes them
 INTRODUCTION: NETWORKS
❖ NETWORK TYPES: Local Area Network (LAN)

A Local Area Network (LAN) is a computer

network that connects devices in a small
geographical area, typically within a building
or campus. LANs are commonly used in
homes, offices, schools, and other
organizations to share resources, such as
printers, files, and internet access.
 INTRODUCTION: NETWORKS
❖ NETWORK TYPES: Local Area Network (LAN)
Advantages of LANs.
o Resource sharing: LANs enable devices to share resources such as
printers, scanners, and storage devices, reducing the need for each
device to have its own set of peripherals.
o Cost-effective: Compared to wide-area networks (WANs), LANs are
typically less expensive to set up and maintain.
o Faster data transfer: LANs have high-speed data transfer rates,
allowing for quick file transfers and communication between devices.
o Increased productivity: With LANs, users can collaborate on projects
and share information easily, leading to increased productivity.
o Security: LANs can be more secure than the internet, as access to the
network can be controlled, and sensitive information can be protected.
 INTRODUCTION: NETWORKS
❖ NETWORK TYPES: Local Area Network (LAN)
Disadvantages of LANs.
o Limited range: LANs are limited to a small geographic area, and devices
outside the LAN cannot directly access the network.
o Complexity: Setting up and maintaining a LAN can be complex, requiring
specialized knowledge and equipment.
o Dependence on a server: Many LANs rely on a central server to manage
network resources, and if the server fails, the entire network can be
disrupted.
o Security risks: While LANs can be secure, they are still vulnerable to
security risks, such as hacking, viruses, and data theft.
o Scalability: LANs can become overcrowded and slow as the number of
devices and users increases, requiring upgrades to the network
infrastructure.
 INTRODUCTION: NETWORKS
❖ Categories of Networks: Wide Area Network (WAN)
o Long-distance transmission of data,
o Cover large geographic areas (i.e., Point-to-Point WAN

country, a continent, or even the

whole world) .
o It can be point-to-point WAN or
switched WAN .

Switched WAN
 INTRODUCTION: NETWORKS
❖ Categories of Networks: Wide Area Network (WAN)
o The point-to-point WAN is normally a
line leased from a telephone or cable Point-to-Point WAN
TV provider that connects a home
computer or a small LAN to an
Internet service provider (lSP).
o The switched WAN connects the end
systems, which usually comprise a
router (internetworking connecting
device) that connects to another LAN
Switched WAN
or WAN.
 INTRODUCTION: NETWORKS
❖NETWORK TYPES: MAN
▪ Covers a larger geographic area
▪ Connect to the citizens and private
industries.
▪ LANs are connected to each other
through a telephone exchange line.
▪ It has a higher range than Local Area
Network(LAN).
 INTRODUCTION: NETWORKS
❖NETWORK TYPES: MAN
▪ MAN is used in communication
between the banks in a city.
▪ It can be used in an Airline
Reservation.
▪ It can be used in a college within a
city.
▪ It can also be used for communication
in the military.
 INTRODUCTION: NETWORK
❖ NETWORK TYPES: Heterogeneous
▪ It is very rare to see a LAN, a
MAN, or a LAN in isolation.
▪ In this network, we have two
offices and president.
▪ Two LANs: star and bus
topologies.
▪ A switched WAN has been leased.
▪ To connect the LANs to this
switched
 INTRODUCTION: NETWORK
❖ NETWORK TYPES: Heterogeneous

▪ WAN, however, three point-to-

point WANs are required.
▪ These point-to-point WANs can be
a high-speed DSL line offered by a
telephone company or a cable
modern line offered by a cable TV
provider
 INTRODUCTION: NETWORKS
❖The Internet:
The Internet is a global network of interconnected computers and servers
that enables communication and the sharing of information across the
world.
It provides a vast array of services
and resources, including email,
social media, e-commerce, online
entertainment, educational
materials, and more.
 INTRODUCTION: NETWORKS
❖The Internet: Advantages
❑ Communication: The Internet allows people to communicate and connect with

each other from different parts of the world through email, instant messaging,

video calls, and social media.

❑ Information access: The Internet provides access to a vast amount of

information on almost any topic imaginable, making it a valuable resource for

research, education, and learning.

 INTRODUCTION: NETWORKS
❖The Internet: Advantages
❑ E-commerce: The Internet has revolutionized the way people buy and sell goods

and services, making it easier and more convenient to purchase items online.

❑ Entertainment: The Internet provides a vast array of entertainment options,

including online games, streaming movies and TV shows, and social media.

❑ Globalization: The Internet has brought people and businesses from all over the

world closer together, facilitating international trade, cultural exchange, and

collaboration.
 INTRODUCTION: NETWORKS
❖The Internet: Disadvantages
❑ Addiction: The Internet can be addictive, leading to excessive use and
neglect of other important activities, such as work, school, and personal
relationships.
❑ Cybercrime: The Internet is a breeding ground for cybercrime, including
hacking, identity theft, and phishing scams, which can compromise
personal and financial information.
❑ Misinformation: The Internet is also a source of misinformation, fake
news, and conspiracy theories, which can spread quickly and have serious
real-world consequences.
 INTRODUCTION: NETWORKS
❖The Internet: Disadvantages
❑ Privacy concerns: The Internet has raised concerns about privacy and

security, as personal information can be easily accessed and shared

online without the user's knowledge or consent.

❑ Digital divide: The Internet has created a digital divide between those

who have access to it and those who do not, leading to unequal

opportunities and access to information and resources.

 Network Models: 2.1 PROTOCOL LAYERING
❖Protocol
❖Protocol: Set of rules that senders, receivers and intermediate devices need to
follow to be able to communicate effectively.
❖In simple communications, we may need only one simple protocol.
❖In complex communications, we may need to divide the task between different
layers, in which case we need a protocol at each layer, or protocol layering.
 Network Models: 2.1 PROTOCOL LAYERING
❖Protocol
Advantages of protocol layering.

▪ Separate the services from the

implementation. A layer receives a set
of services from the lower layer and to
gives the services to the upper layer.
▪ Modularity which means independent
layers. Protocol layering enables us to
divide a complex task into several
smaller and simpler tasks.
 Network Models: PROTOCOL LAYERING
❖ Principles of Protocol Layering
▪ Bidirectional communication: Each layer is able to
perform two opposite tasks, one in each direction. For
example, the third layer task is to listen (in one
direction) and talk (in the other direction). The second
layer needs to be able to encrypt and decrypt.
▪ Objects under each layer at both sites should be
identical

❖ Logical Connections
▪ Maria and Ann can think that there is a logical
(imaginary) connection at each layer through which they
can send the object created from that layer.