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CHAPTER 1 (STIMULI AND RESPONSES)

1.1 HUMAN NERVOUS SYSTEM
Structure of the Human Nervous System
# Label the structure of Human Nervous System
Central Nervous system | Peripheral Nervous System | Brain | Spinal Cord | Spinal Nerves

Functions of the Human Nervous System

1 3
2 4

Voluntary and Involuntary Actions

Voluntary Actions are ___________________ and ______________________
Controlled by the _______________
Eg:

Pathway of Impulse in a Voluntary Actions

eg

eg Brain

Involuntary Actions are actions that occurs __________ without ___________________

Involved 1 eg: ____________________________________
2 eg: ____________________________________

Pathway of Impulse in a Involuntary Actions

eg

eg
Spinal Cord

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1.2 STIMULI AND RESPONSES IN HUMAN

Stimuli Changes in surroundings
Examples of stimuli
Stimuli detected by eg:_________________________

Eye

Structure Function
A : Ciliary Muscle : changes thickness of eye lens
B :______________________ : _________________________________________
C :______________________ : _________________________________________
D :______________________ : _________________________________________
E :______________________ : _________________________________________
F :______________________ : _________________________________________
G :______________________ : _________________________________________
H :______________________ : _________________________________________
I :______________________ : _________________________________________
J :______________________ : _________________________________________
K :______________________ : _________________________________________
L :______________________ : _________________________________________

Photoreceptors on the Retina:

1. _____________ : sensitive to light intensities
2. _____________ : sensitive to colours of light. 3 types: RGB

Ear

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Structure Function
1 : Earlobe : collect and direct sound waves to ear canal
2 :______________________ : _________________________________________
3 :______________________ : _________________________________________
4 :______________________ : _________________________________________
5 :______________________ : _________________________________________
6 :______________________ : _________________________________________
7 :______________________ : _________________________________________
8 :______________________ : _________________________________________
9 :______________________ : _________________________________________

Nose
# Label
Nostril | Nasal Cavity | Sensory Cells | Nerves

1. Sensory Cells for smell are _______________ and covered with layers of ______________
2. __________________ in air will ________________ in layers of ______________ and
stimulate the cells to produce ____________________ .

Tongue
Structure of Tongue

is a tiny nodules on the surface of the tongue which covered by

hundreds of that contain 10-50

Function of the Tongue

When food is chewed …
chemical substances in food wil dissolve in the
diffuse into
stimulate the
produce
interpreted as

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Skin
# Label
Pain receptor | Cold receptor | Heat receptor | Touch receptor | Pressure receptor
Hair | Nerve | Oil gland | Epidermis | Dermis | Fat layer

Skin has five types of receptors

When receptors is stimulated _________________ are produced.
Sent through the __________________ to the ______________
Interpreted and produced as _______________

Mechanism of Hearing
S E E E

A C O O

B S

Mechanism of Sight
1 2 3
Light ray from object enter The light rays stimulate The brain interprets the
the eye through to produce The image appeared
1 and sent to
2
3
4
These parts focus the light
rays onto the
5
The objects appears

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Sensitivity of the Skin on Different Parts of the Body towards Stimuli

The sensitivity of skin towards stumuli depends on 1
2

Sensitivity of the Toungue towards Different Taste Stimuli

The toungue can detect 5 taste
Taste
Area

Combination of the Sense of Taste and the Sense of Smell

Food taste better with the combination of sense of Tase and sense of Smell

Limitation of Sight
Optical Illusions occurs when _________________________________________
Because the brain unable to accurately interpret the object due to ____________________

Blind Spot occurs when images fall on the __________ on the Retina.

Defects of Sight and Ways to Correct Them

Short-sightedness Long-sightedness Astigmatism
Inability to see
Image focused
Caused by 1 1
2 2
How to correct

Draw

Limitation of Hearing
Human can hear sounds of frequency ___Hz to __________ Hz.
When a person gets older:
- the frequency range ____________
- because the Eardrum _________________

Defects of Hearing and Ways to Correct Them

Caused by Damage Corrected by
1. Infection by microorganism Punctured eardrum Medicine/Surgery
2 _______________________ Damage Ossicles
3 _______________________ Cochlea
4 _______________________ Auditory nerve

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1.3 STIMULI AND RESPONSES IN PLANTS

Responses in Plants

Tropism
Phototropism Parts Response againstExperiment
Response towards
- positive Shoot Light -
- negative Roots - Light

Hydrotropism Parts Response againstExperiment

Response towards
- positive -
- negative -

Geotropism Parts Response againstExperiment

Response towards
- positive -
- negative -

Thigmotropism Parts Response towards Examples

Tendril Touch ___________ (tendril)
Stem 1. Depend on ___________ (stem )
Direction of Stimulus
2. Slow
Nastic Movement
Parts Response towards Examples
Leaf Touch Mimosa sp.
1. Does Not Depend on
Direction of Stimulus
2. Rapid

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1.4 IMPORTANCE OF RESPONSES TO STIMULUS IN ANIMALS

Stereoscopic and Monocular Visions
Stereoscopic vision Monocular Vision
Eye in front of their heads
Field of Vision
Overlap Area
Dimensional
images
Estimate accurate not accurate but wide view
distance
Predators/
prey

Stereophonic Hearing
is a hearing using _______________
allow us to determine ______________________ accurately.
helps predators to ________________________________
helps prey to ______________________________
How: 1. The ear nearer to the source of sound receives sound ______________ and
_______________
2. The difference in _________ and ________________________ detected by
the ______________ that allows us to determine the ___________________

Hearing Frequencies of Animals

Human Elephant Dog Sea Lion Rat Dolpinh Bat

Sensory Organs Ensure the Survival of Animals on Earth

Eel Electric Field (response)
Fish (Sensory organ)
Beetle (response)

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CHAPTER 2 (RESPIRATION)
2.1 HUMAN RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
Human Respiratory System
Breathing
Human Respiratory System
# Label the structure of Human Respiratory System using the terms below
Nasal cavity | Nostrils | Pharynx | Epiglottis | Larynx | Trachea | Bronchus | Bronchiole | Alveolus
Right Lung | Left Lung | Diaphragm | Intercostal Muscle

Breathing Mechanism

N N P L

T B B A

Inhalation & Exhalation

1) IM 3) DM
2) RC 4) TC

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When you inhale

1 contract and pull upwards and outwards

2 contract and pull descend and become flat
3 make the bigger and cause decrease
4 outside forces air to enter the lungs.

When you exhale,

1 relax and the move downwards and inwards.

2 relax and curve uopwards
3 make the smaller and cause increase
4 insiude pushes air out.

2.2 MOVEMENT AND EXCHANGE OF GASES IN THE HUMAN BODY

Movement and Exchange of Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide in the Human Body

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Explain the process of gas exchange in the human body using the keyword given:
1 Air inhaled/ O 2 concentration 2 Haemoglobin/ Oxyhaemoglobin

4 Blood reaches body cells 3 Transportation of Blood + Oxyhaemoglobin

5 In the body cells/ cellular respiration 6 CO 2 released by cells/ Exhalation

Importance of the Adaptations of the Alveolar Structure

1
2
3
4

2.3 HEALTH OF HUMAN RESPIRATORY SYSTEM

Substances that are Harmful by the Human Respiratory System
1 Cigarette Tar
Source: toxic in cigarrette smoke.
How: ciggarette tar inhaled, kills cells in air passage (thorax, pharynx, epiglotis, bronchi,
bronchiol, alveoli)
Effects: lung cancer
2 Carbon Monoxide
Source: cigarette smoke & exhaust gases of motor vehicles
How: carbon monoxide diffuses from alveoli, combine with haemoglobin and form
carboxyhaemoglobin
Effects: shortage of oxyhaemoglobin so body cells unable to produce enough energy
through cellular respiration

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3 Sulphur Dioxide
Source:
How:
Effects:

4 Nitrogen Dioxide
Source:
How:
Effects:

5 Haze, Dust and Pollen

Source:

How:
Effects:

Respiratory Diseases and their Symtoms

1 Asthma
Cause:
How
Symptoms:

2 Bronchitis
Cause:
How
Symptoms:

3 Emphysema
Cause

How

Symptoms

4 Lung Cancer
Cause
How

Symptoms

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Effects of Smoking on the Lungs

Experiment: To Study the efects of smoking on the lungs
Problem Statement: ___________________________
Hypothesis: ______________________________
Variables 1. ___________________________
2. ___________________________
3. __________________________
Procedure _____________________________
_____________________________

Observation Presence of Colour of cotton wool Colour of litmus solution

cigarette smoke beginning end beginning end
No
Yes
Conclusion ______________________________

2.4 ADAPTATIONS IN RESPIRATORY SYSTEMS

How the Respiratory System Adapts in Different Surroundings
3 Features to ensure an efficient gaseous exchange with the surroundings
1 Moist surface of respiratory structure
2 Thin respiratory structures
3 Large surface area of respiratory structure

Frog
Respiratory Structure
Features Moist - _____________________________________________________
Thin- _____________________________________________________
Large - _____________________________________________________

Fish
Respiratory Structure
Features Moist - _____________________________________________________
Thin- _____________________________________________________
Large - _____________________________________________________

Grasshopper
Respiratory Structure
Features Moist - _____________________________________________________
Thin- _____________________________________________________
Large - _____________________________________________________

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2.5 GASEOUS EXCHANGE IN PLANTS

Mechanism of Gaseous Exchange in Plants
Gases exchange in plants through
because of Large Surface Area

Diffusion of Carbon Dioxide * use arrow

1.CO2 used in Photosynthesis
2. Concentration of CO2 in Cells _______Concentration of CO2 in the Air Space
3. CO2 diffused from Air Space_________ Cells

1. Concentration of CO 2 in Air Space ___Concentration of CO 2 in the Atmosphere

2. CO2 diffused from Atmosphere_______into the Air Space through Stoma

Stomatal Pore And Guard Cells

Stoma is made up of bounded by
which contain

Stomata open during _________________________

Stomata close when __________________________

Stomata close when __________________________

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Process of Osmosis Affects The Stoma

OSMOSIS
is the process of MOVEMENT of

from

to

through

Process of Osmosis in Guard Cells and Stoma

* construct an explaination using the keyword provided in the bracket.
When there is light

1. Photosynthesis produce
2. Concentration of is high in
3 from surrounding cells into
through
4. Guard cell becomes &
5. Stoma

At night or hot days

1. ____________________________________________________________
2. ____________________________________________________________
3. ____________________________________________________________
4. ____________________________________________________________
5. ____________________________________________________________

Importance of Unpolluted Environment for the Survival of Plants

Effects of Haze and Dust
1
2
Effects of Acidic Gasses in the Air
1
2

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CHAPTER 3 (TRANSPORTATION)
3.1 TRANSPORT SYSTEM IN ORGANISM
The Need of Transport System
1- To Transport and to cells
2- To Eliminate Waste Product such as from the body

Transport System in Simple Organisms

Oxygen and Nutrients enter cells directly through the through the process of

Transport System in Complex Organisms

Need a Specialised Transport System because ______________________________________

Importance of the Function of Transport System

1
2
3

3.2 BLOOD CIRCULATORY SYSTEM

Blood Circulatory System In Vertebrates
Draw the arrow for blood flow # use red pen for oxygenated blood
A- Atrium V- Ventricle # use blue pen for deoxygenated blood

V A A

A V V
Heart
Heart

Fish Mammals & Birds

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A A A A

V V
Heart Heart

Reptiles Amphibians

Atrium Ventricle Respiratory Organ

Fish
Amphibians
Reptiles
Mammals & Birds

Blood Circulatory System In Human

Structure & Function of the Human Heart

Pulmonary Left Atrium Bicuspid Left Ventricle Semilunar AORTA

L Vein Valve Valve C
U E
N L
G L
S 6 5 4 3 2 1 S

Ain # Draw the direction

HEART: Vout of blood flow
LUNGS: Pulmonary Vein using red
Pulmonary Artery and blue pen
on the palm

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Structure & Function of Main Blood Vessels

Type Vein Capillary Artery
Structure
# thin
# valve
# lumen
Functions

Blood Flow
Blood Pressure
Pulse

Double Blood Circulatory System

Pulmonary Circulatory system Systematic Circulatory System

Heartbeat
Systole (blood out) Diastole (blood in)
Bicuspid Valve lub Bicuspid Valve
Tricuspid Valve lub Tricuspid Valve
Semilunar Valve Semilunar Valve dub

Diastolic pressure: __________________________________________________________________

Systolic pressure: ___________________________________________________________________

Measurement of Blood Pressure

Blood pressure measured using
A normal blood pressure reading is

Pulse Rate
Pulse is produces by ______________________________________________________

Factors That Influence the Pulse Rate

Activity Pulse Rate

Age Pulse Rate

Body Health Pulse Rate

Gender Pulse Rate

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3.3 HUMAN BLOOD

Components and Constituents of Human Blood
Blood is a type of MIXTURE because _________________________________________________
The component of blood can be separated using ________________________

Components of Blood
Blood consist of Blood Plasma made up of
________ % _________%
_________%
________ %
________ %

Substances Transported by Blood

Nutrients
Gases
Enzymes
Hormones
Waste Products

Human Blood Groups

Antigens on Red Blood Cells

Antibodies in Blood Plasma

Blood Type Antigens Antibodies Coagulation is caused by
________________________________
________________________________

Compatibility of Blood Groups od Donors and Recipients

Donor Recipient -A Recipient -B Recipient -ABRecipient -O
A
B
AB
O

3.4 TRANSPORT SYSTEM IN PLANTS

Water Loss In Plants
1) Transpiration is______________________________________________________________
through _____________________________________________________
which occurs at ___________________________________________________

2) Exudation (Guttation) is ____________________________________________________

through __________________________________________
which occurs at ________________________________________

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Rate of Transpiration
Factors 1 2 3 4 5

Structures and Functions of the Components in Vascular Bundles of Plants

Sucrose transported from __________________________________ through ____________
Water & Minerals absorbed by _____________ and transported through _______________

Vascular Bundles Patterns

Root Stem Leaf

3.5 BLOOD CIRCULATORY SYSTEM IN ANIMALS AND TRANSPORT SYSTEM IN PLANTS

Blood Circulatory Systen
Animals Plants
Similarities 1
2
3
Differences
# Structures
# Types of
Transport
Vessel
# Connection
Between
Transport
Vessel

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CHAPTER 4 (REACTIVITY OF METALS)

4.1 VARIETY OF MINERALS
Various Forms of Minerals in Earth's Crust
Minerals are _______________________ or _____________________ .

Common Name Systematic Name Combination of Elements

Hematiite
Quartz
Cassiterite
Galena
Bauxite

4.2 REACTIVITY SERIES OF METALS

Reactivity of Metals towards Oxygen
* when metals heated with oxygen. Mark
Metals Burns Burns ✔ Burns Glows Glows Dimly
Very Quickly Quickly Slowly Brightly
& Brightly & Brightly
Magnesium
Zinc
Lead
Iron
Aluminium

Arrange according to their decreasing reactivity towards Oxygen

Constructing Reactivity Series of Metals

C H
Reactivity of metals towards oxygen

Position of Carbon in Reactivity Series of Metals

Mixture Observation Reactivity of Carbon
Zinc Oxide
& Carbon
Aluminium Oxide
& Carbon
Lead (II) Oxide
& Carbon

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Position of Carbon in Reactivity Series of Metals

Mixture Observation Inferences
Hydrogen
& Aluminium Oxide
Hydrogen
& Zinc Oxide
Hydrogen
& Iron (II) Oxide
Hydrogen
& Lead (II) Oxide
Hydrogen
& Copper (II) Oxide

4.3 EXTRACTION OF METALS FROM THEIR ORES

C H

1 2 3 4
1 Extraction through __________________________________
2 Extraction through __________________________________
3 Extraction through __________________________________
4 Exist in form of Elements in Earth Crust

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Extraction of Iron in a Blast Furnace

1
2
3
(i) Production of Iron

(ii) Production of Slag

4
iron -
slag -

Mining Issues In Malaysia

1 __________________________________________________________
2 __________________________________________________________
3 __________________________________________________________
4 __________________________________________________________
5 __________________________________________________________
6 __________________________________________________________

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CHAPTER 5 (THERMOCHEMISTRY)
5.1 ENDOTHERMIC & EXOTHERMIC REACTIONS
Types of Chemical Reactions
1 Heat is _______________ into the surroundings in _____________ reactions
which cause a ________ in temperature in the Product of Reaction
eg: ____________________________________________________________

2 Heat is _______________ from the surroundings in _____________ reactions

which cause a ________ in temperature in the Product of Reaction
eg:____________________________________________________________

Reactants Sodium Ammonium Hydrochoric Hydrochoric

Hydroxide Chloride Acid Acid
+ + + +
Water Water Sodium Sodium
Hydroxide Hydrogen Carbonate
Temperature before
reaction
Max or min temperature
during reaction
Type of Reaction

* Neutralization is of Exothermic reaction

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CHAPTER 6 (ELECTRICITY AND MAGNETISM)

6.1 GENERATION OF ELECTRICITY
Various Energy Sources to Generate Electricity Power Staions In Malaysia
Name State
Renewable Non-renewable
Energy Sources Energy Sources
Definition

Examples 1 1
2 2
3 3
4 4
5
6
7
Process of Generating Electricity
1 Movement of the Wire 2 Movement of the Magnet
# causes ________________ to be cut # causes _____________ to be cut
# A ________ is moved rapidly through # a _________ is moved so that the
space between ________________ ____________________ are cut by
# _______________ is produced in the the _____________.
______________ and flows through # _______________ is produced in the
# The pointer in the _______________ ______________ and flows through
deflects ______________
# The pointer in the _______________
Electricity Generated at Power Stations
1 Power Station using Diesel, Natural Gas and Coal
Mechanism
Eenrgy change
2 Power Station using Solar Energy
Mechanism
Eenrgy change
3 Hydroelectric Power Station
Mechanism
Eenrgy change
4 Power Station using Wind Energy
Mechanism
Eenrgy change
5 Power Station using Nuclear Fuel
Mechanism
Eenrgy change
6 Power Station using Biomass
Mechanism
Eenrgy change

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Direct Current (d.c.) and Alternating Current (a.c.)

Direct Current (d.c.)
An electric currrent that flows in _________________
Examples of Devices

Examples of Generators & Sources of Electricity

Alternating Current (a.c.)

An electric currrent that flows in __________________________
Examples of Devices

Cathode Ray Oscilloscope (C.R.O)

An electronic device that is used to show the differences in the
1
2
3
for direct current and alternating current

Connect the dry cell to the Y-input

6. Multiply the displacement with the value of Y-gain7. Turn on the Time Base Knob

Reverse the connection of the dry cell terminals

8. Multiply the displacement with the value of Y-gain9. Turn on the Time Base Knob

Input switch to a.c. Adjust Y-gain knob to 1V/division. Turn off the Time Base Knob
Connect a 2V a.c. terminal to Y-input
12. Observe the trace displayed on screen. 13.Turn on the Time Based Knob

Reverse the connection of the dry cell terminals

14. Observe the trace displayed on screen. 15.Turn on the Time Based Knob

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6.2 TRANSFORMER

Transformer is a device for

Transformer is made up of 1 2 3
Two types of transformer 1 2

Step Up Transformer Step Down Transformer

Drawing

Symbol

Vp & Vs

Number
of Turns

Number of turns of Number of turns of Brightness of Bulb

PrimaryCoil (Np) Secondary Coil (Ns) P Q
30 15
30 60

Function of Transformer in Home Electrical Appliances

In Malaysia, the supply voltage of alternating current is

Formula for ceiling fan regulator to determine the number of turns in the secondary coil to
lower theinput voltage from 240V to voltages ranging from 2V to 10V

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Transformer Equation
Ratio of Primary Voltage(Vp) to the Secondary voltage (Vs)

=
Ratio of the Number of Turns of the Primary Coil (Np)
to the
Number of Turns of the Secondary Coil (Ns)
In a Transformer

6.3 TRANSMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRICITY

Key Voltage
A Power Stations 11kV @ 25kV

Bn Step-Up Transformer Station 132kV, 275kV, 500kV

C National Grid Network 132kV, 275kV, 500kV

E1 D Main Substation/Switch Zone

E2 Bt Branch Substation/ Heavy Industrial 33kV

Step-Down Transformer Light Industrial 11kV
Hospital/Office Building 415V
Residential/House 240V

Electrical Wiring System in Malaysia

Three Phase Wiring Single Phase Wiring
Suitable for

Area

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Electricity Supply and Wiring System in Homes

3 pin and2 pin Plugs Safety Components in Wiring System

3 pin plug 2 pin plug 1 2
3 4
5 6

Fuse
Fuse is a
2 types of fuses 1 2

Determining the Value of a Fuse

The value of a fuse is ________________________________________________________
Choosing the value of a fuse depends on ________________________________________

6.4 CALCULATE THE COST OF ELECTRICITY CONSUMPTION

Energy Efficiency

Energy Efficiency = _____________________ X 100%

Eg: 200 J of input electrical energy supplied. 18 J of useful energy output. Find the energy
efficiency:

Technology which Applies the Concept of Energy Efficiency

Lamp 1. Fillament lamp 2. Compact Fluorescent Lamp 3. LED Lamp
Energy
efficiency

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Use of Electricity in Electrical Appliances

Electric Power (P) is __________________________________________________________

SI Unit is ___________
The power of 1 watt means ___________________________________________________

P (W) = _____________

Electric Current (I) is _______________________________________________

SI Unit for Electric current is _____________
SI Unit for Electric charge is _____________

I (A) = ____________

Voltage is the _______________________________________________________________

SI Unit for Voltage is _______________

V(V) = ____________

Calculating Flow of Current through Electrical Appliences

P(W) = ____ ( )

( )

Calculating the Cost of Electrical Energy Used

Common unit used for electrical energy is ____________
__________ = 1 unit. 1 unit = 27 cents

Electrical = X
Energy(kWh)
Ways to Save Electrical Energy Consumption
Features of Green Building
1
2
3

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CHAPTER 7 (ENERGY AND POWER)

7.1 WORK, ENERGY AND POWER
Work

Work is the product of _______________ and __________________

W = Fs
SI Unit for work is _______________
1 Joule (J) of work is done when _____________________ is used to move an object over a
distance of ___________ in the direction of the force.
1 J = 1 Nm

Energy & Power

Energy is defined as ___________________________________

SI Unit for Energy is ____________
When a force of 1N is used to move an object of 1m in the direction of force, _____ of
energy is used.

Power is defined as ____________________

SI Unit for Power is ______________
When 1 Joule of Work is done in 1 second(s), power of _________ is used
1 Watt = 1 J/s

P = ________________

7.2 POTENTIAL ENERGY AND KINETIC ENERGY

Gravitational Potential Energy
Gravitational Potential Energy is _____________ to lift an object to a ____________ from
the earth's surface.

Gravitational
Potential = m x g x h (work done)
Energy
m = mass in kg # speed = distance (m) / time (s) = ms -1

g = gravitational acceleration in ms-2 #acceleration=speed(ms-1) /time(s) = ms -2

h = height in m # mass = kg
# weight = N = kgms -2

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Elastic Potential Energy

Elastic Potential Energy is ______________ to ___________ or _____________ of an elastic
material over a ______________________ from the _______________________

Elastic 1
Potential = ________ Fx
Energy 2
F = the streching or compression force in N
x = the displacement from the equilibrium position in m

Kinetic Energy
Kinetic Energy is the energy possessed by a ____________________.

7.3 PRINCIPLE OF CONSERVATION ENERGY

Principle of Conservation of Energy
Principle of Conservation of Energy states that
1- Energy cannot be ____________________________________
2- But can only be ______________________________________

Oscillating Systems such as pendulum is applying the Principle of Conservation of Energy

Transformation of energy in oscillating system is between ________________ &
________________

1 3

2 4

1 1

2 2

3 3

4 4

Trasformation of Kinetic Energy & Potential Energy in a Closed System

Closed System
The TOTAL PE and KE in a Closed Oscillation System is ____________

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CHAPTER 8 (RADIOACTIVITY)
8.1 DISCOVERY OF RADIOACTIVITY
History of Radioactivity
1895 Wilhelm Conrad Roentgendiscover ________________
1896 Antoine Henri Becquerel discover ________________
1897 Marie & Pierre Curie discover ______________________________________

Radioactivity
Radioactivity is a
Radioactive Radiation consists of:
1 2 3

Decay of Uranium-238
Uranium 238 Thorium-235 Helium
92 p 91 p 2p
146 n 145 n 4n
Alpha
Decay of Thorium-234

Beta
Decay of Cobalt-60

Gamma
Radioactive Decay is a

eg; 1 2
3 4

Units of Radioactivity
curie (Ci) 1 Ci =
becquerel (Bq) 1 Bq =

Half-life of Radioactive Decay

Half Life (T1/2 ) is a

SI Unit for Half Life is ___________

# Protactinium 234 (Pa- 234) decays to Uranium-234 (U-234) with half life T1/2 of 5.3 Hours
Calculate the mass of Pa-234 after 37.1 hours with its original mass of 400g
Time + T1/2 0 5.3 10.6
Activity/ Mass ➗ 2 400g

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8.2 ATOM AND NUCLEUS

Structure of Atom
#Draw & Label the Subatomic Particles in an Atom
Electron (-) Proton (+ )

Neutron ( 0 )

Formation of Positive Ions and Negative Ions

When atom ___________ electrons, they becomes a _______________ ( cation )
eg:
Sodium atom, Na ( with 11 proton, 11 electron)
loses 1 electron, forms __________
Sodium Ion, Na+ (with 11 proton, 10 electron)

When atom ___________ electrons, they becomes a _______________ ( anion )

eg:
Chlorine atom, Cl ( with 17 proton, 17 electron)
loses 1 electron, forms __________
Chloride Ion, Cl- (with 17 proton, 18 electron)

8.3 IONISING RADIATION AND NON- IONISING RADIATION

Ionising Radiation and Non-Ionising Radiation
Non-Ionising Radiation is a
# low energy radiation
# does not have enough energy to ionize atoms
# eg:

Ionising Radiation occurs when

# contain sufficient energy
# when Radioactive Radiation passes through air
# forms + and - ion
# eg:

Types of Ionising Radiation

Types Alpha Beta Gamma
Natural Characteristics Helium nucleus
Charge of particle positive
Ionising Power high
Penetration power paper
Deflection by electric field towards - plate
Deflection by magnetic field upwards

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Sources of Ionising Radiation in the Environment

Natural: ______________________________________________
Man-made: ___________________________________________
Cosmic Rays are ____________________________________________________________
Background Radiation
# is made up of _______________________________
# sources : 1 3
2 4

Unit of Dose Rate Measurement for Background Radiation

# When Ionising Radiation absorbed into human body, it will damage body cells.
# 1 dose of 1 SV = 1 Joule of ionising radiation energy that absorbed by 1 kg of living tissue
# Unit: microSievert/hour (µSv/h)
# Safe Dose: 0.2 µSv/h | 0.0002 mSv/h | 1.752 µSv/year | 1.752 mSv/year
Source Dose Rate
TV/computer (ionising radiation) 0.01mSv/h
X-ray 5.5 mSv/medical test
Smoking (radioactive radiation) 55 mSv/cigarette
Building (radioactive radiation) 1.5 mSv/year
Food (radioactive radiation) 0.1 - 0.5 mSv/year
Environment (background radiation) 0.4 - 1.0 mSv/year
Flight (cosmic rays) 0.003 mSv/h
High altitude (cosmic rays) 0.3 - 0.5 mSv/year
Outer space ((cosmic rays) 0.35 mSv/year
# highlight the sources which exceed the safe dose.
Risk from Exposure to Natural Ionising Radiation (Safety Measures)
Backround Radiation
Taking X-ray
Television
Radioactive Contaminated Food
Cosmic Rays
8.4 USES OF RADIOACTIVE RADIATION
Fields Application
Archeology and Geochronology
Thickness of Metal Shield
Agriculture
Defence
Food Preservation
Medical

Safe Handling of Radioactive Substances and Waste

1. Thick Lead
2. Thick Slabs of Leads
3. Robotic Hands
4
5
6

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CHAPTER 9 (SPACE WEATHER)

9.1 ACTIVITIES OF THE SUN THAT AFFECT EARTH
Structure of the Sun

Phenomena on the Surface of the Sun

Granules, Sunspots and Solar Cycle
# Granules
# Sunspots
# Solar Cycle

Prominence

Solar Flares
# Aurora

Coronal Mass Ejections

Solar Wind

Earth Magnetosphere and its Importance

Shape of Earth's Magnetosphere

Definition of Earth's Magnetosphere

Formation of Earth's Magnetosphere

Importance of Earth's Magnetosphere

9.2 SPACE WEATHER

# On the surface of the Sun
# In Space

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CHAPTER 10 (SPACE EXPLORATION)

10 DEVELOPMENT IN ASTRONOMY
Historical Development of the Solar System Model

(Ptolemy) (Copernicus)

Modified Heliocentric Model @ Kepler's Eliptical Orbits

(Kepler)

10 DEVELOPMENT OF TECHNOLOGY & ITS APPLICATION IN SPACE EXPLORATION

11th Century 1989
1609 1990
1957 1996
1961 2000
1969 2002
1973 2011
1981 2019

Application of Technology in Space Exploration and Their Importance

1
2
3
4
5

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