INVERSE FUNCTIONS

Prepared by:
Mr. Reymund Gonowon, Ms. Emmielyn Bardiano,
Ms. Shiela Salvador, and Dr. Luis Razon
 More Function Types

We learned about

✓ Rational Equation and Inequalities

✓ Rational Functions
✓ Piecewise Functions
✓ One-to-one and Inverse Functions

2
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 What’s a function?

Types of relations:
x to y
– One-to-many
Functions

– One-to-one

– Many-to-one
Non-Functions

– Many-to-many
A function is a rule that
2 1
assigns a unique value to 7
every member in its 3 5 3 0
domain. 9
f
Notation: f (2) = 1, f (3) = 7, f (5) = 3 and f (9) =0
(2,1) (3, 7) (5, 3) (9, 0)

7
2
3 3 Notation:
5 0
9 g(2) = 7, g(3) = 7, g(5) = 3 and g(9) =0
g
(2,7) (3, 7) (5, 3) (9, 0)
One-to-One Functions
A function is one –to-one if 2 1
7
each value in its domain is 3 5 3 0
assigned a different value in 9
the range. f
(2,1) (3, 7) (5, 3) (9, 0)
One-to-One

(2,7) (3, 7) (5, 3) (9, 0)

7 Not one-to-one
2
3 3
5 0 One-to-one functions have important
9 properties that make them very
g
useful.
One-to-One Functions

A function y = f (x) with domain D is one-to-one on D, if and only

if for every x1 and x2 in D, f (x1) = f (x2) implies that x1 = x2.

A function is one-to-one if each element f (x) of the range is

mapped from one, and only one, element, x, of the domain.
One-to-One Functions

For equations, we need to show that no two ordered pairs have the
same y coordinate and different x coordinates.

We assume there are two ordered pairs 𝑥1 , 𝑓 𝑥1 and 𝑥2 , 𝑓 𝑥2

in the function f with the same y coordinates, then we show that the
x coordinates must be the same.

In summary, we show that

𝑓 𝑥1 = 𝑓 𝑥2 if and only if 𝑥1 = 𝑥2 .

One-to-one functions
in equation form
One-to-One Functions
Example

Is f x = 3x − 1 a one-to-one function?

Assume that outputs are equal: 𝑓 𝑥1 = 𝑓 𝑥2

Evaluate: 3𝑥1 − 1 = 3𝑥2 − 1

Simplify: 𝑥1 = 𝑥2

Since 3𝑥1 − 1 = 3𝑥2 − 1 is true iff 𝑥1 = 𝑥2 , this means that

𝑓 𝑥 = 3𝑥 − 1 is one-to-one.
One-to-One Functions
Example
𝑥+2
Is 𝑓 𝑥 = a one-to-one function?
𝑥+1

Assume that outputs are equal: 𝑓 𝑥1 = 𝑓 𝑥2

𝑥1 +2 𝑥2 +2
Evaluate: =
𝑥1 +1 𝑥2 +1

Simplify: 𝑥2 + 1 𝑥1 + 2 = 𝑥2 + 2 𝑥1 + 1
𝑥1 𝑥2 + 𝑥1 + 2𝑥2 + 2 = 𝑥1 𝑥2 + 2𝑥1 + 𝑥2 + 2
𝑥1 = 𝑥2
𝑥1 +2 𝑥2 +2
Since = iff 𝑥1 = 𝑥2
𝑥1 +1 𝑥2 +1
𝑥+2
this means that 𝑓 𝑥 = is one-to-one.
𝑥+1
One-to-One Functions
Example
Is 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 a one-to-one function?
Assume that outputs are equal: 𝑓 𝑥1 = 𝑓 𝑥2

Evaluate: 𝑥1 2 + 2𝑥1 = 𝑥2 2 + 2𝑥2

Simplify: 𝑥1 𝑥1 + 2 = 𝑥2 𝑥2 + 2

Since 𝑥1 2 + 2𝑥1 = 𝑥2 2 + 2𝑥2 would be satisfied even if

𝑥1 ≠ 𝑥2 , this means that 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 is not one-to-one.

𝑥1 𝑥1 + 2 = 𝑥2 𝑥2 + 2 if x1 = 0 and x2 = -2, for example

One-to-One Functions
Example

Is 𝑓 𝑥 = 3 4 − 𝑥 5 a one-to-one function?
Assume that outputs are equal: 𝑓 𝑥1 = 𝑓 𝑥2

Evaluate: 3 4 − 𝑥15 = 3 4 − 𝑥25

Simplify: 9 4 − 𝑥15 = 9 4 − 𝑥25

4 − 𝑥15 = 4 − 𝑥25

−𝑥15 = −𝑥25

3 4 − 𝑥15 = 3 4 − 𝑥25 iff 𝑥15 = 𝑥25

this means that 𝑓 𝑥 = 3 4 − 𝑥 5 is one-to-one.
One-to-One Functions

Horizontal Line Test

A function y = f (x) is one-to-one if and only if no horizontal
line intersects the graph of y = f (x) in more than one point.

Example:
y
The function y = x2 – 4x + 7 is not
(0, 7) (4, 7)
one-to-one on the real numbers
y=7
because the line y = 7 intersects
2 the graph at both (0, 7) and (4, 7).
x
2
 One-to-One Functions
Example

a) y = x3 b) y = x3 + 3x2 – x – 1
y y

8 8

4 4

-4 4 -4 4
x x

one-to-one not one-to-one

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Suppose we had the following table of shoe sizes

• Let 𝑆 be set of US sizes and 𝐾 be the set of UK sizes.

𝑆 = 𝑆 𝐾 and 𝐾 = 𝐾 𝑆

• S and K are inverses of each other.

The inputs and outputs of ordered pairs of the function f are
interchanged to produce the ordered pairs of the inverse.

Example: Given the correspondence

f = {(1, 1), (2, 3), (3, 1), (4, 2)}, its domain is {1, 2, 3, 4} and its range
is {1, 2, 3}.

The inverse of f is {(1, 1), (3, 2), (1, 3), (2, 4)}. Its domain is {1, 2, 3}
and its range is {1, 2, 3, 4}

The domain of the inverse relation is the range of the

original function.
The range of the inverse relation is the domain of the
original function.
Inverse Functions

Which inverse is a function?

Types of relations:
x to y
– One-to-many
Functions

– One-to-one

– Many-to-one
Non-Functions

– Many-to-many
Inverse Functions

For a function y = f (x), the inverse relation of f is a function if

and only if f is one-to-one.

For a function y = f (x), the inverse relation of f is a function if

and only if:
• the graph of f passes the horizontal line test.
• it is shown that 𝑓 𝑥1 = 𝑓 𝑥2 if and only if 𝑥1 = 𝑥2 .

If f is one-to-one, the inverse relation of f is a function called

the inverse function of f.

The inverse function of y = f (x) is written as f -1(x).

Inverse Functions

f -1(x) is read "f-inverse of x“

– is not an exponent
– it does not mean reciprocal

1
𝑓 −1 𝑥 =
𝑓(𝑥)
Inverse Functions

The inverse of (3, 5)

is (5, 3).

The inverse of (-2, 0)

is (0, -2).
 Inverse Functions
Example
𝑥 3 −2
𝑓 𝑥 =
4

The ordered pairs of

The ordered pairs
the inverse of f are
of f are given by 3
given by 𝑦 = 4𝑥 + 2
(𝑥 3 −2)
𝑦=
4

The graphs of a relation

and its inverse are
reflections about the
line y = x.
Inverse Functions
Example
To find the inverse of a
relation algebraically,
interchange x and y and
solve for y.

𝑓 −1 𝑥 = 𝑥 2 + 3 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥−3
𝑦 = 𝑥−3
𝑥= 𝑦−3
2
2
𝑥 = 𝑦−3
f ( x) = x − 3 𝑥2 = 𝑦 − 3
𝑦 = 𝑥2 + 3
𝑓 −1 𝑥 = 𝑥 2 + 3
Inverse Functions
Example

g (x ) = h( x ) = 3 x + 1 − 2
3x
x−2
3x y = 3 x +1 − 2
y=
x−2
x = 3 y +1 − 2
3y
x= x + 2 = 3 y +1
y−2
x( y − 2 ) = 3 y
(x + 2) = ( y + 1 )
3 3
3
xy − 2 x = 3 y
xy − 3 y = 2 x (x + 2)3 = y + 1
y (x − 3) = 2 x (x + 2)3 − 1 = y
g (x ) =
2x
h −1 (x ) = (x + 2 )3 − 1
−1
x−3
Inverse Functions
Example
f(x) = 3x2 + 2
x = 3y2 + 2
𝑥 − 2 = 3𝑦 2
𝑥−2
= 𝑦2
3
x−2 𝑥−2 x−2
y= = 𝑦2 y=−
3 3 3

x−2 x−2
f −1
(x ) = f −1
(x ) = −
3 3
The domain of f (x) has to be restricted, such that it becomes a one-to-one
function, so that its inverse is a function as well. For example, setting x >0
makes f(x) a one-to-one function.
 Inverse Functions

• Recall:
– The domain of the inverse
relation is the range of the
original function.
– The range of the inverse
relation is the domain of the
original function.

• Understanding inverse functions

allows us to determine domain
and range of functions
Inverse Functions
Example
3𝑥
Determine the range of function 𝑔 𝑥 = .
𝑥−2

This is easily doable by obtaining the domain of 𝑔−1 (𝑥)

−1
2𝑥
𝑔 𝑥 =
𝑥−3
The range of g(x) is the domain of 𝑔−1 (𝑥)
3𝑥 −1
2𝑥
𝑔 𝑥 = 𝑔 𝑥 =
𝑥−2 𝑥−3
D : (− ,2 )  (2,  ) D : (− ,3)  (3,  )

R : (− ,3)  (3,  ) R : (− ,2 )  (2,  )

Inverse Functions
The inverse function is an “inverse” with respect to the
operation of composition of functions.

The inverse function “undoes” the

function, that is, f -1( f (x)) = x.

The function is the inverse of its inverse

function, that is, f ( f -1(x)) = x.

Example: The inverse of f (x) = x3 is 𝑓 −1 𝑥 = 3

𝑥.

−1 3
𝑓 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥3 = 𝑥 𝑓 𝑓 −1 (𝑥) = 3
𝑥 3
=𝑥
Inverse Functions
𝑥+1
Example: Verify that the function 𝑔 𝑥 =
2

is the inverse of f(x) = 2x – 1.

𝑓 𝑥 +1 2𝑥 − 1 + 1
𝑔 𝑓 𝑥 = = =𝑥
2 2

It follows that g = f -1.

𝑥+1
𝑓 𝑔 𝑥 = 2𝑔 𝑥 − 1 = 2 −1=𝑥
2
 REFERENCES
• http://davisclasses.weebly.com/uploads/2/2/5/4/22542542/day_1_notes_-
_graphing_rational_functions_-_keyed.pdf
• https://mcckc.edu/tutoring/docs/br/math/graphing/Graphing_a_Rational_Fu
nction.pdf
• https://www.sctcc.edu/sites/default/files/users/cas/Asymptotes%20and%20Gr
aphing%20Rational%20Functions.pdf
• http://msenux2.redwoods.edu/IntAlgText/chapter7/chapter7.pdf
• http://msenux2.redwoods.edu/IntAlgText/chapter4/section1.pdf
• http://www.kkuniyuk.com/PrecalcBook/Precalc0105to0107.pdf
• https://www.cusd80.com/cms/lib/AZ01001175/Centricity/Domain/2385/4.7%2
0Alg.pdf
• https://wl.apsva.us/wp-content/uploads/sites/38/2017/08/Wright-2.7-Piecewise-
SY18.pdf
• https://www.jacksonsd.org/cms/lib/NJ01912744/Centricity/Domain/504/Alg%20
3.7%20BI%20TB.pdf
• https://www.classzone.com/eservices/home/pdf/student/LA202HAD.pdf

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ONE-TO-ONE AND INVERSE
FUNCTIONS

Prepared by:
Mr. Reymund Gonowon, Ms. Emmielyn Bardiano,
Ms. Shiela Salvador, and Dr. Luis Razon