LOGICAL DEDUCTIONS

THEORY:-
Logical Deduction:
The phenomenon of deriving a conclusion from a single proposition or a set of given propositions, is known
as logical deduction. The given propositions are also referred to as the premises.
Two Inferential Processes of Deduction :
I. Immediate Deductive Inference :
Here, conclusion is deduced from one of the given propositions, by any of the three ways -conversion,
obversion and contraposition.
1. Conversion: The Conversion proceeds with interchanging the subject term and the predicate term i.e. the
subject term of the premise becomes the predicate term of the conclusion and the predicate term of the
premise becomes the subject of the conclusion. The given proposition is called convertend, whereas the
conclusion drawn from it is called its converse.
Table of Valid Conversions
Convertend Converse
A: All S is P I: Some P is S
Ex. All pins are tops. Some tops are pins.
E: No S is P. E: No P is S.
Ex. No fish is whale. No whale is fish.
I: Some S is P. I: Some P is S.
Ex. Some boys are poets. Some poets are boys.
O: Some S is not P. No valid conversion
Note that in a conversion, the quality remains the same and the quantity may change.
2. Obversion: In obversion, we change the quality of the proposition and replace the predicate term by its
complement.
Table of Valid Obversions
Obvertend Obverse
A: All birds are mammals. E: No birds are non-mammals.
E: No poets are singers. A: All poets are non-singers.
I: Some nurses are doctors. O: Some nurses are not non-doctors.
O: some politicians are not statesmen. I: Some politicians are non-statesmen.
3. Contraposition: To obtain the contrapositive of a statement, we first replace the subject and predicate
terms in the proposition and then exchange both these terms with their complements.
Table of Valid Contrapositions
Proposition Contrapositive
A: All birds are mammals. A: All non-mammals are non-birds.
I: Some birds are mammals. I: Some non-mammals are non-birds.
Note: The valid converse, obverse or contrapositive of a given proposition always logically follows from the
proposition.
II. Mediate Deductive Inference (SYLLOGISM): First introduced by Aristotle, a Syllogism is a deductive
argument in which conclusion has to be drawn from two propositions referred to as the premises.
Example:
1. All lotus are flowers.
2. All flowers are beautiful.
3. All lotus are beautiful.
Clearly, the propositions 1 and 2 are the premises and the proposition 3, which follows from the first two
propositions, is called the conclusion.
Term : In Logic, a term is a word or a combination of words, which by itself can be used as a subject or
predicate of a proposition.
Syllogism is concerned with three terms :
1. Major Term : It is the predicate of the conclusion and is denoted by P (first letter of 'Predicate').
2. Minor Term: It is the subject of the conclusion and is denoted by S (first letter of 'Subject').
3. Middle Term: It is the term common to both the premises and is denoted by M (first letter of 'Middle').
Example:
Premises:
1. All dogs are animals.
2. All tigers are dogs.
Conclusion :
All tigers are animals.
Here 'animals' is the predicate of the conclusion and so,.it is the major term. P.
'Tigers' is the subject of the conclusion and so, it is the minor term, S.
'Dogs' is the term common to both the premises and so, it is the middle term, M.
Major And Minor Premises : Of the two premises, the major premise is that in which the middle term is the
subject and the minor premise is that in which the middle term is the predicate.
RULES FOR DERIVING CONCLUSION FROM TWO GIVEN PREMISES:
1. The conclusion does not contain the middle term.
Example.
Statements :
1. All men are girls.
2. Some girls are students.
Conclusions :
1. All girls are men.
2. Some girls are not students.
Since both the conclusions 1 and 2 contain the middle term 'girls', so neither of them can follow.

2. No term can be distributed in the conclusion unless it is distributed in the premises.

Example.
Statements :
1. Some dogs are goats.
2. All goats are cows.
Conclusions :
1. All cows are goats.
2. Some dogs are cows.
Statement 1 is an I-type proposition which distributes neither the subject nor the predicate.
Statement 2 is an A type proposition which distributes the subject i.e. 'goats' only.
Conclusion 1 is an A-type proposition which distributes the subject 'cow' only Since the term 'cows' is
distributed in conclusion 1 without being distributed in the premises, so conclusion 1 cannot follow.

3. The middle term (M) should he distributed at least once in the premises. Otherwise, the conclusion
cannot follow.
For the middle term to be distributed in a premise.
(i) M must be the subject if premise is an A proposition.
(ii) M must be subject or predicate if premise is an E proposition.
(iii) M must be predicate if premise is an O proposition.
Note that in an I proposition, which distributes neither the subject nor the predicate, the middle term cannot be
distributed.
Example.
Statements :
1. All fans are watches.
2. Some watches are black.
Conclusions :
1. All watches are fans.
2. Some fans are black.
In the premises, the middle term is 'watches'. Clearly, it is not distributed in the first premise which is an A
proposition as it does not form its subject. Also, it is not distributed in the second premise which is an I
proposition. Since the middle term is not distributed even once in the premises, so no conclusion follows.

4. No conclusion follows
(a) if both the premises are particular
Example.
Statements :
1. Some books are pens.
2. Some pens are erasers.
Conclusions:
1. All books are erasers.
2. Some erasers are books.
Since both the premises are particular, so no definite conclusion follows.
(b) if both the premises are negative.
Example.
Statements :
1. No flower is mango.
2. No mango is cherry.
Conclusions :
1. No flower is cherry.
2. Some cherries are mangoes. Since both the premises are negative, neither conclusion follows.
(c) if the major premise is particular and the minor premise is negative.
Example.

Statements:
1. Some dogs are bulls.
2. No tigers are dogs.
Conclusions:
1. No dogs are tigers.
2. Some bulls are tigers.
Here, the first premise containing the middle term 'dogs' as the subject is the major premise and the second
premise containing the middle term 'dogs' as the predicate is the minor premise. Since the major premise is
particular and the minor premise is negative, so no conclusion follows.

5. If the middle term is distributed twice, the conclusion cannot be universal.

Example.
Statements :
1. All fans are chairs.
2. No tables are fans.
Conclusions:
1. No tables are chairs.
2. Some tables are chairs.
Here, the first premise is an A proposition and so, the middle term 'fans' forming the subject is distributed. The
second premise is an E proposition and so, the middle term 'fans' forming the predicate is distributed. Since
the middle term is distributed twice, so the conclusion cannot be universal.

6. If one premise is negative, the conclusion must be negative.

Example.
Statements:
1. All grasses are trees.
2. No tree is shrub.
Conclusions:
1. No grasses are shrubs.
2. Some shrubs are grasses.
Since one premise is negative, the conclusion must be negative. So, conclusion 2 cannot follow.

7. If one premise is particular, the conclusion must be particular.

Example.
Statements:
1. Some boys are thieves.
2. All thieves are dacoits.
Conclusions :
1. Some boys are dacoits.
2. All dacoits are boys.
Since one premise is particular, the conclusion must be particular. So, conclusion 2 cannot follow.

8. If both the premises are affirmative, the conclusion must be affirmative.

Example.
Statements :
1. All women are mothers.
2. All mothers are sisters.
Conclusions :
1. All women are sisters.
2. Some women are not sisters.
Since both the premises are affirmative, the conclusion must be affirmative. So, conclusion 2 cannot follow.

9. If both the premises are universal, the conclusion must be universal.

Complementary pair:
A pair of contradictory statements i.e. a pair of statements such that if one is true, the other is false and when
no definite conclusion can be drawn, either of them is bound to follow, is called a complementary pair. E and I-
type propositions together form a complementary pair and usually either of them follows, in a case where we
cannot arrive at a definite conclusion, using the rules of syllogism.
Let us study the various possible cases and draw all possible inferences in each case, along with verification
through Venn diagrams.
Case 1: All men are boys. All boys are students.
Immediate Deductive Inferences:
The converse of first premise i.e. 'Some boys are men' and the converse of second premise i.e. 'Some
students are boys' both hold.
Mediate Deductive Inferences:
Since both the premises are universal and affirmative, the conclusion must be universal affirmative. Also, the
conclusion should not contain the middle term. So, it follows that 'All men are students'. The converse of this
conclusion i.e. 'Some students are men' also holds.

Case 2: All birds are animals. All fishes are animals.

Immediate Deductive Inferences:
The converse of first premise i.e. 'Some animals are birds' and the converse of second premise i.e. 'Some
animals are fishes' both hold.
Mediate Deductive Inferences:
Both, being A-type propositions, distribute subject only. Thus, the middle term 'animals' is not distributed even
once in the premises. So, no definite conclusion follows.

Case 3: All puppets are dolls. Some dolls are rattles.

Immediate Deductive Inferences:
The converse of the first premise i.e. 'Some dolls are puppets' and the converse of the second premise i.e.
'Some rattles are dolls', both hold.
Mediate Deductive Inferences:
First premise, being an A-type proposition, distributes the subject only while the second premise,
being an I-type proposition, distributes neither subject nor predicate. Since the middle term 'dolls' is
not distributed even once in the premises, so no definite conclusion can be drawn.

Case 4: Some writers are players. All players are musicians.

Immediate Deductive Inferences :
The converse of the first premise i.e. 'Some players are writers' and the converse of the second premise i.e.
'Some musicians are players', both hold.
Mediate Deductive Inferences:
Since one premise is particular, the conclusion must be particular and should not contain the middle term. So,
it follows that 'Some writers are musicians'. The converse of this conclusion i.e. 'Some musicians are writers'
also holds.

Case 5: All boxes are toys. Some boxes are clips.

Immediate Deductive Inferences :
The converse of the first premise i.e. 'Some toys are boxes' and the converse of the second premise i.e. 'Some
clips are boxes', both hold.
Mediate Deductive Inferences:
Since one premise is particular, the conclusion must be particular and should not contain the middle term. So,
it follows that 'Some toys are clips'. The converse of this conclusion i.e. 'Some clips are toys' also holds.

Case 6: All buses are vans. Some cycles are vans.

Immediate Deductive Inferences:
The converse of the first premise i.e. 'Some vans are buses' and the converse of the second premise i.e.
'Some vans are cycles', both hold.
Mediate Deductive Inferences:
First premise, being an A-type proposition, distributes subject only and the second premise, being an I-type
proposition, distributes neither subject nor predicate. So, the middle term 'vans' is not distributed even once in
the premises. Hence, no definite conclusion can be drawn.

Case 7: Some radios are cameras. Some cameras are statues.

Immediate Deductive Inferences:
The converse of the first premise i.e. 'Some cameras are radios' and the converse of the second premise i.e.
'Some statues are cameras', both hold.
Mediate Deductive Inferences :
Since both premises are particular, no definite conclusion follows.

Case 8: All cakes are candies. No candy is pastry.

Immediate Deductive Inferences:
The converse of the first premise i.e. 'Some candies are cakes' and the converse of the second premise i.e.
'No pastry is candy', both hold.
Mediate Deductive Inferences:
Since both premises are universal, the conclusion must be universal. Since one premise is negative, the
conclusion must be negative. So, it follows that 'No cake is pastry'. The converse of this conclusion i.e. 'No
pastry is cake' also holds.

Case 9: No coin is ring. All rings are bangles.

Immediate Deductive Inferences :
The converse of the first premise i.e. 'No ring is coin' and the converse of the second premise i.e.'Some
bangles are rings', both hold.
Mediate Deductive Inferences:
First premise, being an E-type proposition, distributes both the subject and the predicate.
Second premise, being an A-type proposition, distributes the subject. Thus, the middle term 'ring' is distributed
twice in the premises. So, the conclusion cannot be universal. Also, since one premise is negative, the
conclusion must be negative. Thus, the conclusion must be particular negative i.e. O-type. So, it follows that
'some bangles are not coins'.

Case 10: Some lamps are candles. No candle is bulb.

Immediate Deductive Inferences:
The converse of the first premise i.e. 'Some candles are lamps' and the converse of the second premise i.e.
'No bulb is candle', both hold.
Mediate Deductive Inferences:
Since one premise is particular and the other negative, the conclusion must be particular negative i.e. O-type,
So, it follows that 'Some lamps are not bulbs'.

Important Points To Remember:

While deriving logical conclusions, always remember that the following conclusions hold :
1. The converse of each of the given premises;
2. The conclusion that directly follows from the given premises in accordance with the rules of syllogism;
3. The converse of the derived conclusions.

SOLVED EXAMPLES:-
1. Statements: No women teacher can play. Some women teachers are athletes.
Conclusions:
Male athletes can play.
Some athletes can play.
A. Only conclusion I follows

B. Only conclusion II follows

C. Either I or II follows

D. Neither I nor II follows

E. Both I and II follow

Answer: Option D

Explanation:
Since one premise is negative, the conclusion must be negative. So, neither conclusion follows.

2. Statements: All bags are cakes. All lamps are cakes.

Conclusions:
Some lamps are bags.
No lamp is bag.
A. Only conclusion I follows

B. Only conclusion II follows

C. Either I or II follows

D. Neither I nor II follows

E. Both I and II follow

Answer: Option C
 Explanation:
Since the middle term 'cakes' is not distributed even once in the premises, no definite conclusion follows.
However, I and II involve only the extreme terms and form a complementary pair. So, either I or II follows.

3. Statements: All mangoes are golden in colour. No golden-coloured things are cheap.
Conclusions:
All mangoes are cheap.
Golden-coloured mangoes are not cheap.
A. Only conclusion I follows

B. Only conclusion II follows

C. Either I or II follows

D. Neither I nor II follows

E. Both I and II follow

Answer: Option B

Explanation:
Clearly, the conclusion must be universal negative and should not contain the middle term. So, it follows that 'No
mango is cheap'. Since all mangoes are golden in colour, we may substitute 'mangoes' with 'golden-coloured
mangoes'. Thus, II follows.

4. Statements: Some kings are queens. All queens are beautiful.

Conclusions:
All kings are beautiful.
All queens are kings.
A. Only conclusion I follows

B. Only conclusion II follows

C. Either I or II follows

D. Neither I nor II follows

E. Both I and II follow

Answer: Option D

Explanation:
Since one premise is particular, the conclusion must be particular. So, neither I nor II follows.

5. Statements: Some doctors are fools. Some fools are rich.

Conclusions:
Some doctors are rich
Some rich are doctors.
A. Only conclusion I follows
 B. Only conclusion II follows

C. Either I or II follows

D. Neither I nor II follows

E. Both I and II follow

Answer: Option D

Explanation:
Since both the premises are particular, no definite conclusion follows.

6. Statements: All roads are waters. Some waters are boats.

Conclusions:
Some boats are roads.
All waters are boats.
A. Only conclusion I follows

B. Only conclusion II follows

C. Either I or II follows

D. Neither I nor II follows

E. Both I and II follow

Answer: Option D

Explanation:
The first premise is A type and distributes the subject. So, the middle term 'waters' which forms its predicate, is
not distributed. The second premise is I type and does not distribute either subject or predicate. So, the middle
term 'waters' forming its subject is not distributed. Since the middle term is not distributed even once in the
premises, no definite conclusion follows.

7. Statements: No bat is ball. No ball is wicket.

Conclusions:No bat is wicket.
All wickets are bats.
A. Only conclusion I follows

B. Only conclusion II follows

C. Either I or II follows

D. Neither I nor II follows

E. Both I and II follow

Answer: Option D

Explanation:
Since both the premises are negative, no definite conclusion follows.

8. Statements: All flowers are trees. No fruit is tree.

 Conclusions:
No fruit is flower.
Some trees are flowers.
A. Only conclusion I follows

B. Only conclusion II follows

C. Either I or II follows

D. Neither I nor II follows

E. Both I and II follow

Answer: Option E

Explanation:
As discussed above, the conclusion must be universal negative and should not contain the middle term. So, it
follows that 'No flower is fruit'. I is the converse of this conclusion and thus it follows. II is the converse of the first
premise and so it also holds.

9. Statements: Every minister is a student. Every student is inexperienced.

Conclusions:
Every minister is inexperienced.
Some inexperienced are students.
A. Only conclusion I follows

B. Only conclusion II follows

C. Either I or II follows

D. Neither I nor II follows

E. Both I and II follow

Answer: Option E

Explanation:
'Every' is equivalent to 'All'. Thus, since both the premises are universal and affirmative, the conclusion must be
universal affirmative and should not contain the middle term. So, I follows. II is the converse of the second
premise and thus it also holds.

10. Statements: All roads are poles. No pole is a house.

Conclusions:
Some roads are houses.
Some houses are poles.
A. Only conclusion I follows

B. Only conclusion II follows

C. Either I or II follows

D. Neither I nor II follows

 E. Both I and II follow
Answer: Option D

Explanation:
Since both the premises are universal and one premise is negative, the conclusion must be universal negative.
So, neither I nor II follows.

UNSOLVED EXAMPLES:
11. Statements: All fish are tortoise. No tortoise is a crocodile.
Conclusions:
No crocodile is a fish.
No fish is a crocodile.
A. Only conclusion I follows

B. Only conclusion II follows

C. Either I or II follows

D. Neither I nor II follows

E. Both I and II follow

12. Statements: Some dedicated souls are angels. All social workers are angels.
Conclusions:
Some dedicated souls are social workers.
Some social workers are dedicated souls.
A. Only conclusion I follows

B. Only conclusion II follows

C. Either I or II follows

D. Neither I nor II follows

E. Both I and II follow

13. Statements: No gentleman is poor. All gentlemen are rich.

Conclusions:
No poor man is rich.
No rich man is poor.
A. Only conclusion I follows

B. Only conclusion II follows

C. Either I or II follows

D. Neither I nor II follows

E. Both I and II follow

14. Statements: Some swords are sharp. All swords are rusty
Conclusions:
Some rusty things are sharp.
Some rusty things are not sharp.
A. Only conclusion I follows

B. Only conclusion II follows

C. Either I or II follows

D. Neither I nor II follows

E. Both I and II follow

15. Statements: All fishes are grey in colour. Some fishes are heavy.
Conclusions: All heavy fishes are grey in colour.
All light fishes are not grey in colour.
A. Only conclusion I follows

B. Only conclusion II follows

C. Either I or II follows

D. Neither I nor II follows

E. Both I and II follow

HOMEWORK PROBLEMS:-
1. Statements: All branches are flowers. All flowers are leaves.
Conclusions:
All branches are leaves.
All leaves are branches.
All flowers are branches.
Some leaves are branches.
A. None follows

B. Only I and IV follow

C. Only II and III follow

D. All follow
Answer: Option B

Explanation:
Since both the premises are universal and affirmative, the conclusion must be universal affirmative and should
not contain the middle term. So, it follows that 'All branches are leaves'. Thus, I follows. IV is the converse of this
conclusion and so it also holds.
2. Statements: Some bags are pockets. No pocket is a pouch.
Conclusions:
No bag is a pouch.
Some bags are not pouches.
Some pockets are bags.
No pocket is a bag,
A. None follows

B. Only I and III follow

C. Only II and III follow

D. Only either I or IV follows

E. All follow
Answer: Option C

Explanation:
Since one premise is particular and the other negative, the conclusion must be particular negative and should
not contain the middle term. So, II follows. III is the converse of the first premise and thus it also holds.

3. Statements:
All fruits are vegetables. All pens are vegetables. All vegetables are rains.
Conclusions:
All fruits are rains.
All pens are rains.
Some rains are vegetables.
A. None follows

B. Only I and II follow

C. Only II and III follow

D. Only I and III follow

E. All follow
Answer: Option E

Explanation:
III is the converse of the third premise and so it holds.
All fruits are vegetables. All vegetables are rains.
The conclusion must be universal affirmative and should not contain the middle term.
So, it follows that 'All fruits are rains'. Thus, I follows.
All pens are vegetables. All vegetables are rains.
Clearly, it follows that 'All pens are rains'. Thus, II follows.
4. Statements: Some towels are brushes. No brush is soap. All soaps are rats.
Conclusions:
Some rats are brushes.
No rat is brush.
Some towels are soaps.
A. None follows

B. Only either I or II follows

C. Only II follows

D. Only I and III follow

E. None of these
Answer: Option B

Explanation:
Some towels are brushes. No brush is soap.
Since one premise is particular and the other negative, the conclusion must be particular negative (O-type) and
should not contain the middle term. So, it follows that 'Some towels are not soaps'. No brush is soap. All soaps
are rats.
Since the middle term is distributed twice, the conclusion must be particular. Since one premise is negative, the
conclusion must be negative. So, it follows that 'Some brushes are not rats'. Since I and II involve the same
terms and form a complementary pair, so either I or II follows.

5. Statements: All benches are desks. Some desks are roads. All roads are pillars.
Conclusions:
Some pillars are benches.
Some pillars are desks.
Some roads are benches.
No pillar is bench.
A. None follows

B. Only either I or IV, and III follow

C. Only either I or IV follows

D. Only either I or IV, and II follow

E. All follow
Answer: Option D

Explanation:
All benches are desks. Some desks are roads.
Since the middle term 'desks' is not distributed even once in the premises, no definite conclusion follows.
Some desks are roads. All roads are pillars.
Since one premise is particular, the conclusion must be particular and should not contain the middle term. So, it
follows that 'Some desks are pillars'. II is the converse of this conclusion and so it holds.
 All benches are desks. Some desks are pillars.
Since the middle term 'desks' is not distributed even once in the premises, no definite conclusion follows.
However, I and IV involve the extreme terms and form a complementary pair. So, either I or IV follows.

DIRECTION SENSE
THEORY:-
There are four main directions - East, West, North and South as shown below:

There are four cardinal directions - North-East (N-E), North-West (N-W), South-East (S-E), and South-West (S-
W) as shown below:

1. At the time of sunrise if a man stands facing the east, his shadow will be towards west.
2. At the time of sunset the shadow of an object is always in the east.
3. If a man stands facing the North, at the time of sunrise his shadow will be towards his left and at the time of sunset it
will be towards his right.
4. At 12:00 noon, the rays of the sun are vertically downward hence there will be no shadow.

Main types of questions are given below:

Type 1:
Siva starting from his house, goes 5 km in the East, then he turns to his left and goes 4 km. Finally he turns to his
left and goes 5 km. Now how far is he from his house and in what direction?
Solution:

From third position it is clear he is 4 km from his house and is in North direction.
Type 2:
Suresh starting from his house, goes 4 km in the East, then he turns to his right and goes 3 km. What minimum
distance will be covered by him to come back to his house?
Solution:

Type 3:
One morning after sunrise Juhi while going to school met Lalli at Boring road crossing. Lalli's shadow was exactly to
the right of Juhi. If they were face to face, which direction was Juhi facing?
Solution: In the morning sunrises in the east.

So in morning the shadow falls towards the west.

Now Lalli's shadow falls to the right of the Juhi. Hence Juhi is facing South.

Type 4:
Hema starting from her house walked 5 km to reach the crossing of Palace. In which direction she was going, a road
opposite to this direction goes to Hospital. The road to the right goes to station. If the road which goes to station is
just opposite to the road which IT-Park, then in which direction to Hema is the road which goes to IT-Park?
Solution:

From II it is clear that the road which goes to IT-Park is left to Hema
 SOLVED EXAMPLES

1. One morning Udai and Vishal were talking to each other face to face at a crossing. If Vishal's shadow was
exactly to the left of Udai, which direction was Udai facing?
A. East

B. West

C. North

D. South

Answer: Option C
Explanation:

2. Y is in the East of X which is in the North of Z. If P is in the South of Z, then in which direction of Y, is P?
A. North

B. South

C. South-East

D. None of these

Answer: Option D
Explanation:

P is in South-West of Y.

3. If South-East becomes North, North-East becomes West and so on. What will West become?
A. North-East
 B. North-West

C. South-East

D. South-West

Answer: Option C
Explanation:

It is clear from the diagrams that new name of West will become South-East.

4. A man walks 5 km toward south and then turns to the right. After walking 3 km he turns to the left and walks 5
km. Now in which direction is he from the starting place?
A. West

B. South

C. North-East

D. South-West

Answer: Option D
Explanation:

Hence required direction is South-West.

5. Rahul put his timepiece on the table in such a way that at 6 P.M. hour hand points to North. In which direction
the minute hand will point at 9.15 P.M. ?
A. South-East

B. South

C. North
 D. West

Answer: Option D
Explanation:

At 9.15 P.M., the minute hand will point towards west

UNSOLVED EXAMPLES

6. Rasik walked 20 m towards north. Then he turned right and walks 30 m. Then he turns right and walks 35 m.
Then he turns left and walks 15 m. Finally he turns left and walks 15 m. In which direction and how many metres
is he from the starting position?
A. 15 m West

B. 30 m East

C. 30 m West

D. 45 m East

7. Two cars start from the opposite places of a main road, 150 km apart. First car runs for 25 km and takes a right
turn and then runs 15 km. It then turns left and then runs for another 25 km and then takes the direction back to
reach the main road. In the mean time, due to minor break down the other car has run only 35 km along the
main road. What would be the distance between two cars at this point?
A. 65 km

B. 75 km

C. 80 km

D. 85 km
8. Starting from the point X, Jayant walked 15 m towards west. He turned left and walked 20 m. He then turned left
and walked 15 m. After this he turned to his right and walked 12 m. How far and in which directions is now
Jayant from X?
A. 32 m, South

B. 47 m, East

C. 42 m, North

D. 27 m, South

9. One evening before sunset Rekha and Hema were talking to each other face to face. If Hema's shadow was
exactly to the right of Hema, which direction was Rekha facing?
A. North

B. South

C. East

D. Data is inadequate

10. A boy rode his bicycle Northward, then turned left and rode 1 km and again turned left and rode 2 km. He found
himself 1 km west of his starting point. How far did he ride northward initially?
A. 1 km

B. 2 km

C. 3 km

D. 5 km

HOMEWORK
11. K is 40 m South-West of L. If M is 40 m South-East of L, then M is in which direction of K?
A. East

B. West

C. North-East

D. South
 Answer: Option A
Explanation:

Hence M is in the East of K.

12. A man walks 2 km towards North. Then he turns to East and walks 10 km. After this he turns to North and walks
3 km. Again he turns towards East and walks 2 km. How far is he from the starting point?
A. 10 km

B. 13 km

C. 15 km

D. None of these

Answer: Option B
Explanation:

13. The length and breadth of a room are 8 m and 6 m respectively. A cat runs along all the four walls and finally
along a diagonal order to catch a rat. How much total distance is covered by the cat?
A. 10

B. 14
 C. 38

D. 48

Answer: Option C
Explanation:

14. One morning sujata started to walk towards the Sun. After covering some distance she turned to right then
again to the right and after covering some distance she again turns to the right. Now in which direction is she
facing?
A. North

B. South

C. North-East

D. South-West

Answer: Option A
Explanation:

Hence finally Sujata will face towards North.

15. Some boys are sitting in three rows all facing North such that A is in the middle row. P is just to the right of A but
in the same row. Q is just behind of P while R is in the North of A. In which direction of R is Q?
A. South
 B. South-West

C. North-East

D. South-East

Answer: Option D
Explanation:

Q is in South-East of R

BLOOD RELATIONS
Introduction:
The questions which are asked in this section depend upon Relation. You should have a sound knowledge of the
blood relation in order to solve the questions.
To remember easily the relations may be divided into two sides as given below:
1. Relations of Paternal side:
1. Father's father → Grandfather
2. Father's mother → Grandmother
3. Father's brother → Uncle
4. Father's sister → Aunt
5. Children of uncle → Cousin
6. Wife of uncle → Aunt
7. Children of aunt → Cousin
8. Husband of aunt → Uncle
2. Relations of Maternal side:
1. Mother's father → Maternal grandfather
2. Mother's mother → Maternal grandmother
3. Mother's brother Maternal uncle
4. Mother's sister → Aunt
5. Children of maternal uncle → Cousin
6. Wife of maternal uncle → Maternal aunt

Relations from one generation to next:

Different types of questions with explanation:

Type 1:
If A + B means A is the mother of B; A x B means A is the father of B; A $ B means A is the brother of B and A @ B
means A is the sister of B then which of the following means P is the son of Q?
(A) Q + R @ P @ N (B) Q + R * P @ N
(C) Q x R $ P @ N (D) Q x R $ P $ N
Solution: (D)
Q x R = Q is the father of R [-Q, ±R]
R $ P = R is the brother of P [+ R, ±P]
P $ N = P is the brother of N [+ P, ±N]
Therefore P is the son of Q.

Type 2:
A has 3 children. B is the brother of C and C is the sister of D, E who is the wife of A is the mother of D. There is
only one daughter of the husband of E. what is the relation between D and B?
Solution: With the chart

Therefore, D is a boy because there is only one daughter of E.

Hence, B is the brother of D.

Type 3:
Pointing to a photograph, Rekha says to Lalli, "The girl in the photo is the second daughter of the wife of only son of
the grandmother of my younger sister." How this girl of photograph is related to Rekha?
Solution:
First Method - By Generating Charts:
 Second method:
1. Grandmother of younger sister of Rekha → Grandmother of Rekha
2. Wife of only son of grandmother → Mother of Rekha
3. Younger daughter of the mother → Younger sister.
Note: While solving the question (+) can be used for male and (-) can be used for female.

SOLVED EXAMPLES
1. Pointing to a photograph of a boy Suresh said, "He is the son of the only son of my mother." How is Suresh
related to that boy?
A. Brother

B. Uncle

C. Cousin

D. Father

Answer: Option D
Explanation:
The boy in the photograph is the only son of the son of Suresh's mother i.e., the son of Suresh. Hence, Suresh
is the father of boy.

2. If A + B means A is the mother of B; A - B means A is the brother B; A % B means A is the father of B and A x B
 means A is the sister of B, which of the following shows that P is the maternal uncle of Q?
A. Q-N+MxP

B. P+SxN-Q

C. P-M+NxQ

D. Q-S%P

Answer: Option C
Explanation:
P - M → P is the brother of M
M + N → M is the mother of N
N x Q → N is the sister of Q
Therefore, P is the maternal uncle of Q.

3. If A is the brother of B; B is the sister of C; and C is the father of D, how D is related to A?

A. Brother

B. Sister

C. Nephew

D. Cannot be determined

Answer: Option D
Explanation:
If D is Male, the answer is Nephew.
If D is Female, the answer is Niece.
As the sex of D is not known, hence, the relation between D and A cannot be determined.
Note: Niece - A daughter of one's brother or sister, or of one's brother-in-law or sister-in-law. Nephew - A son of
one's brother or sister, or of one's brother-in-law or sister-in-law.

4. If A + B means A is the brother of B; A - B means A is the sister of B and A x B means A is the father of B.
Which of the following means that C is the son of M?
A. M-NxC+F

B. F-C+NxM
 C. N+M-FxC

D. MxN-C+F

Answer: Option D
Explanation:
M x N → M is the father of N
N - C → N is the sister of C
and C + F → C is the brother of F.
Hence, M is the father of C or C is the son of M.

5. Introducing a boy, a girl said, "He is the son of the daughter of the father of my uncle." How is the boy related to
the girl?
A. Brother

B. Nephew

C. Uncle

D. Son-in-law

Answer: Option A
Explanation:
The father of the boy's uncle → the grandfather of the boy and daughter of the grandfather → sister of father

UNSOLVED EXAMPLES
6. Pointing to a photograph Lata says, "He is the son of the only son of my grandfather." How is the man in the
photograph related to Lata?
A. Brother

B. Uncle

C. Cousin

D. Data is inadequate

7. If A + B means A is the brother of B; A x B means A is the son of B; and A % B means B is the daughter of A
then which of the following means M is the maternal uncle of N?
A. M+OxN
 B. M%OxN+P

C. M+O%N

D. None of these

8. If D is the brother of B, how B is related to C? To answer this question which of the statements is/are
necessary?
The son of D is the grandson of C.
B is the sister of D.
A. Only 1

B. Only 2

C. Either 1 or 2

D. 1 and 2 both are required

9. If A + B means A is the father of B; A - B means A is the brother B; A % B means A is the wife of B and A x B
means A is the mother of B, which of the following shows that M is the maternal grandmother of T?
A. MxN%S+T

B. MxN-S%T

C. MxS-N%T

D. MxNxS%T

10. Pointing to a photograph. Bajpai said, "He is the son of the only daughter of the father of my brother." How
Bajpai is related to the man in the photograph?
A. Nephew

B. Brother

C. Father

D. Maternal Uncle
 HOMEWORK
11. Deepak said to Nitin, "That boy playing with the football is the younger of the two brothers of the daughter of my
father's wife." How is the boy playing football related to Deepak?
A. Son

B. Brother

C. Cousin

D. Brother-in-law

Answer: Option B
Explanation:
Father's wife → mother. Hence, the daughter of the mother means sister and sister's younger brother means
brother. Therefore, the boy is the brother of Deepak.

12. Pointing a photograph X said to his friend Y, "She is the only daughter of the father of my mother." How X is
related to the person of photograph?
A. Daughter

B. Son

C. Nephew

D. Cannot be decided

Answer: Option B
Explanation:
'The only daughter of the father of X's mother' means mother of X.
Hence X is the son of the lady in the photograph.
Note: Still have doubt like "How X is a male?" -

13. Veena who is the sister-in-law of Ashok, is the daughter-in-law of Kalyani. Dheeraj is the father of Sudeep who
is the only brother of Ashok. How Kalyani is related to Ashok?
A. Mother-in-law

B. Aunt

C. Wife
 D. None of these

Answer: Option D
Explanation:
Ashok is the only brother of Sudeep and Veena is the sister-in-law of Ashok. Hence Veena is the wife of
Sudeep. Kalyani is the mother-in-law of Veena. Kalyani is the mother of Ashok.

14. If A + B means A is the sister of B; A x B means A is the wife of B, A % B means A is the father of B and A - B
means A is the brother of B. Which of the following means T is the daughter of P?
A. PxQ%R+S-T

B. PxQ%R-T+S

C. PxQ%R+T-S

D. PxQ%R+S+T

Answer: Option B
Explanation:
P x Q → P is the wife of Q
Q % R → Q is the father of R
R - T → R is the brother of T
T + S → T is the sister of S.
Therefore, T is the daughter of P.

15. Pointing to a woman, Abhijit said, "Her granddaughter is the only daughter of my brother." How is the woman
related to Abhijit?
A. Sister

B. Grandmother

C. Mother-in-law

D. Mother

Answer: Option D
Explanation:
Daughter of Abhijit's brother → niece of Abhijit. Thus the granddaughter of the woman is Abhijit's niece.
Hence, the woman is the mother of Abhijit

DATA SUFFICIENCY
 Directions to Solve

In each of the questions below consists of a question and two statements numbered I and II given below it. You
have to decide whether the data provided in the statements are sufficient to answer the question. Read both the
statements and
Give answer
 (A) If the data in statement I alone are sufficient to answer the question, while the data in statement II alone are not
sufficient to answer the question
 (B) If the data in statement II alone are sufficient to answer the question, while the data in statement I alone are not
sufficient to answer the question
 (C) If the data either in statement I alone or in statement II alone are sufficient to answer the question
 (D) If the data given in both statements I and II together are not sufficient to answer the question and
 (E) If the data in both statements I and II together are necessary to answer the question.

SOLVED EXAMPLES

1. Question: In which year was Rahul born ?

Statements:
Rahul at present is 25 years younger to his mother.
Rahul's brother, who was born in 1964, is 35 years younger to his mother.
A. I alone is sufficient while II alone is not sufficient

B. II alone is sufficient while I alone is not sufficient

C. Either I or II is sufficient

D. Neither I nor II is sufficient

E. Both I and II are sufficient

Answer: Option E
Explanation:
From both I and II, we find that Rahul is (35 - 25) = 10 years older than his brother, who was born in 1964. So,
Rahul was born in 1954.

2. Question: What will be the total weight of 10 poles, each of the same weight ?
Statements:
One-fourth of the weight of each pole is 5 kg.
The total weight of three poles is 20 kilograms more than the total weight of two poles.
A. I alone is sufficient while II alone is not sufficient

B. II alone is sufficient while I alone is not sufficient

 C. Either I or II is sufficient

D. Neither I nor II is sufficient

E. Both I and II are sufficient

Answer: Option C
Explanation:
From I, we conclude that weight of each pole = (4x5) kg = 20 kg.
So, total weight of 10 poles = (20 x 10) kg = 200 kg.
From II, we conclude that:
Weight of each pole = (weight of 3 poles) - (weight of 2 poles) = 20 kg.
So, total weight of 10 pojes = (20 x 10) kg = 200 kg.

3. Question: How many children does M have ?

Statements:
H is the only daughter of X who is wife of M.
K and J are brothers of M.
A. I alone is sufficient while II alone is not sufficient

B. II alone is sufficient while I alone is not sufficient

C. Either I or II is sufficient

D. Neither I nor II is sufficient

E. Both I and II are sufficient

Answer: Option D
Explanation:
From I, we conclude that H is the only daughter of M. But this does not indicate that M has no son. The
information given in II is immaterial.

4. Question: How much was the total sale of the company ?

Statements:
The company sold 8000 units of product A each costing Rs. 25.
This company has no other product line.
A. I alone is sufficient while II alone is not sufficient
 B. II alone is sufficient while I alone is not sufficient

C. Either I or II is sufficient

D. Neither I nor II is sufficient

E. Both I and II are sufficient

Answer: Option E
Explanation:
From I, total sale of product A = Rs. (8000 x 25) = Rs. 200000.
From II, we know that the company deals only in product A.
This implies that sale of product A is the total sale of the company, which is Rs. 200000.

5. Question: The last Sunday of March, 2006 fell on which date ?

Statements:
The first Sunday of that month fell on 5th.
The last day of that month was Friday.
A. I alone is sufficient while II alone is not sufficient

B. II alone is sufficient while I alone is not sufficient

C. Either I or II is sufficient

D. Neither I nor II is sufficient

E. Both I and II are sufficient

Answer: Option C
Explanation:
From I, we conclude that 5th, 12th, 19th and 26th of March, 2006 were Sundays.
So, the last Sunday fell on 26th.
From II, we conclude that 31st March, 2006 was Friday. Thus, 26th March, 2006 was the last Sunday of the
month

UNSOLVED EXAMPLES

6. Question: What is the code for 'sky' in the code language ?

Statements:
In the code language, 'sky is clear' is written as 'de ra fa'.
 In the same code language, 'make it clear' is written as 'de ga jo'.
A. I alone is sufficient while II alone is not sufficient

B. II alone is sufficient while I alone is not sufficient

C. Either I or II is sufficient

D. Neither I nor II is sufficient

E. Both I and II are sufficient

7. Question: How many children are there between P and Q in a row of children ?
Statements:
P is fifteenth from the left in the row.
Q is exactly in the middle and there are ten children towards his right.
A. I alone is sufficient while II alone is not sufficient

B. II alone is sufficient while I alone is not sufficient

C. Either I or II is sufficient

D. Neither I nor II is sufficient

E. Both I and II are sufficient

8. Question: How is T related to K?

Statements:
R's sister J has married Ts brother L, who is the only son of his parents.
K is the only daughter of L and J.
A. I alone is sufficient while II alone is not sufficient

B. II alone is sufficient while I alone is not sufficient

C. Either I or II is sufficient

D. Neither I nor II is sufficient

E. Both I and II are sufficient

9. Question: How is J related to P ?
Statements:
M is brother of P and T is sister of P.
P's mother is married to J's husband who has one son and two daughters.
A. I alone is sufficient while II alone is not sufficient

B. II alone is sufficient while I alone is not sufficient

C. Either I or II is sufficient

D. Neither I nor II is sufficient

E. Both I and II are sufficient

10. Question: How is X related to Y ?

Statements:
Y and Z are children of D who is wife of X.
R's sister X is married to Ys father.
A. I alone is sufficient while II alone is not sufficient

B. II alone is sufficient while I alone is not sufficient

C. Either I or II is sufficient

D. Neither I nor II is sufficient

E. Both I and II are sufficient

HOMEWORK
1. Question: How is 'No' coded in the code language ?
Statements:
'Ne Pa Sic Lo' means 'But No None And' and 'Pa Lo Le Ne' means 'If None And But'.
'Le Se Ne Sic' means 'If No None Will' and 'Le Pi Se Be' means 'Not None If All'.
A. I alone is sufficient while II alone is not sufficient

B. II alone is sufficient while I alone is not sufficient

 C. Either I or II is sufficient

D. Neither I nor II is sufficient

E. Both I and II are sufficient

Answer: Option A
Explanation:
In the two statements given in I, the common words are 'But', 'None', 'And' and the
common code words are 'Ne', 'Pa', ,'Lo'. So, 'Ne', 'Pa' and 'Lo' are codes for 'But', 'None' and 'And'. Thus, in the
first statement, 'Sic' is the code for 'No'.

2. Question: Who among P, Q, T, V and M is exactly in the middle when they are arranged in ascending order of
their heights ?
Statements:
V is taller than Q but shorter than M.
T is taller than Q and M but shorter than P.
A. I alone is sufficient while II alone is not sufficient

B. II alone is sufficient while I alone is not sufficient

C. Either I or II is sufficient

D. Neither I nor II is sufficient

E. Both I and II are sufficient

Answer: Option E
Explanation:
From I, we have: M > V > Q.
From II, we have: T > Q, T > M, P > T.
Combining the above two, we have: P>T>M>V>Q i.e. Q<v<m<t<p.< p="" style="margin: 0px; box-sizing: border-
box;"></v<m<t<p.<>
Clearly, M is in the middle.

3. Question: Which code word stands for 'good' in the coded sentence 'sin co bye' which means 'He is good' ?
Statements:
In the same code language, 'co mot det' means 'They are good'.
In the same code language, 'sin mic bye' means 'He is honest'.
A. I alone is sufficient while II alone is not sufficient
 B. II alone is sufficient while I alone is not sufficient

C. Either I or II is sufficient

D. Neither I nor II is sufficient

E. Both I and II are sufficient

Answer: Option C
Explanation:
In the given statement and I, the common word is 'good' and the common code word is 'co'. So, 'co' is the code
for 'good'.
In the given statement and II, the common words are 'He' and 'is' and the common code words are 'sin' and
'bye'. So 'sin' and 'bye' are the codes for 'He' and 'is'. Thus, in the given statement, 'co' is the code for 'good'.

4. Question: What is the numerical code for 'water' in a certain code ?

Statements:
The code for 'give me water' is '719'.
The code for 'you can bring water for me' is written as '574186'.
A. I alone is sufficient while II alone is not sufficient

B. II alone is sufficient while I alone is not sufficient

C. Either I or II is sufficient

D. Neither I nor II is sufficient

E. Both I and II are sufficient

Answer: Option D
Explanation:
In I and II, the common words are 'me' and 'water' and the common code numbers are '7' and '1'. So, the code
for 'water' is either '7' or '1'.

5. Question: How many visitors saw the exhibition yesterday ?

Statements:
Each entry pass holder can take up to three persons with him/her.
In all, 243 passes were sold yesterday.
A. I alone is sufficient while II alone is not sufficient
 B. II alone is sufficient while I alone is not sufficient

C. Either I or II is sufficient

D. Neither I nor II is sufficient

E. Both I and II are sufficient

Answer: Option D
Explanation:
From I and II, we find that maximum (243 x 3) i.e. 729 visitors saw the exhibition.
But the exact number cannot be determined

ANALOGY & CLASSIFICATION

Introduction:
Analogy :
It means similarity. In this type of questions, two objects related in some way are given and third object is also
given with four or five alternatives. You have to find out which one of the alternatives bears the same relation with
the third objects as first and second objects are related.
Example 1:
Curd : Milk :: Shoe : ?
(A) Leather (B) Cloth
(C) Jute (D) Silver
Answer: Option A
As curd is made from milk similarly shoe is made from leather.

Classification:
In each of the following questions, five words have been given out of which four are alike in some manner, while the
fifth one is different. Choose the word which is different from the rest.
1. Choose the word which is different from the rest.
A. Chicken

B. Snake

C. Swan

D. Crocodile

E. Frog

Answer: Option A
Explanation:
All except Chicken can live in water.

SOLVED EXAMPLES
1. CUP : LIP :: BIRD : ?
A. BUSH

B. GRASS

C. FOREST

D. BEAK

Answer: Option D
Explanation:
Cup is used to drink something with the help of lips. Similarly birds collects grass with the help of beak to make
her nest.

2. Choose the word which is different from the rest.

A. Cap

B. Turban

C. Helmet

D. Veil

E. Hat

Answer: Option D
Explanation:
All except Veil cover the head, while veil covers the face.

3. Choose the word which is different from the rest.

A. Kiwi

B. Eagle

C. Emu

D. Ostrich

Answer: Option B
Explanation:
All except Eagle are flightless birds
4. Ornithologist : Bird :: Archealogist : ?
A. Islands
 B. Mediators

C. Archealogy

D. Aquatic

Answer: Option C
Explanation:
As Ornithologist is a specialist of Birds similarly Archealogist is a specialist of Archeology.

5. Peacock : India :: Bear : ?

A. Australia

B. America

C. Russia

D. England

Answer: Option C
Explanation:
As Peacock is the national bird of India, similarly Bear is the national animal of Russia

UNSOLVED EXAMPLES
6. Choose the word which is different from the rest.
A. Potassium

B. Silicon

C. Zirconium

D. Gallium

E. Germanium

7. Carbon : Diamond :: Corundum : ?

A. Garnet

B. Ruby

C. Pukhraj

D. Pearl
8. NATION : ANTINO :: HUNGRY : ?
A. HNUGRY

B. UHNGYR

C. YRNGUH

D. UNHGYR

9. Choose the word which is different from the rest.

A. Sparrow

B. Swan

C. Parrot

D. Koel

10. Choose the word which is different from the rest.

A. Tall

B. Huge

C. Thin

D. Sharp

E. Small

HOMEWORK
11. Choose the word which is different from the rest.
A. Pear

B. Apple

C. Litchi
 D. Guava

E. Orange

Answer: Option E
Explanation:
Orange is the only citrus fruit in the group.

12. Choose the word which is different from the rest.

A. Dagger

B. Hammer

C. Knife

D. Sword

E. Blade

Answer: Option B
Explanation:
All except Hammer are sharp-edged and have a cutting action.
13. Master : OCUVGT :: LABOUR : ?
A. NCDQWT

B. NDERWT

C. NBERWT

D. NEDRWT

Answer: Option A
Explanation:
14. Microphone : Loud :: Microscope : ?
A. Elongate

B. Investigate

C. Magnify

D. Examine

Answer: Option C
Explanation:
As Microphone makes sound louder similarly Microscope makes the object magnified.

15. Melt : Liquid :: Freeze : ?

A. Ice

B. Condense

C. Solid

D. Force

Answer: Option C
Explanation:
As on melting, liquid is formed similarly on freezing solid is formed.

PUZZLES

SOLVED EXAMPLES

1.
Answer : 9
Explanatio : The number at the centre of each triangle equals the sum of the lower two
n numbers minus the top number

2.

Answer : 6
Explanation : The numbers in each row and column add up to 15

3.
Identify the figure that completes the pattern.

(X) (1) (2) (3) (4)

A
1
.
B
2
.

C
3
.

D
4
.

Answer: Option D
Explanation:

4.

Answer : K
Explanatio : The numerical values of the letters in opposite segments of the circle
n always add up to 17.

5.

Answer : K
Explanatio : As you move down, the numerical value of the letters follows the sequence
n of Prime Numbers
UNSOLVED EXAMPLES
 6.

7.

8.

9.

10.

HOMEWORK
 1.

Answer : Hand pointing to 5

Explanatio : Starting with the top clock and moving anti-clockwise around the others,
n the hour hand moves back 1 hour, then 2, then 3 etc, while the minute
hand moves forward 10 minutes each time.

2.

Answer : T
Explanatio : Starting at F and moving anti-clockwise, letters move through the alphabet
n in steps of 2, 3, 4, 5 etc.

3.

Answer : U
Explanatio : Starting on the left, and moving along the line to the right, letters follow the
n alphabetic sequence, in steps of 1,2,3 and then 4, before repeating the
sequence.

4.
Answer : 4
Explanatio : In each triangle, the central number equals the sum of the three outer
n numbers divided by two

5. Identify the figure that completes the pattern.

(X) (1) (2) (3) (4)

A. 1

B. 2

C. 3

D. 4

Answer: Option D
Explanation:

ARITHEMATIC REASONING

SOLVED EXAMPLES
1. A student got twice as many sums wrong as he got right. If he attempted 48 sums in all, how many did he solve
correctly ?
A. 12

B. 16

C. 18

D. 24
 Answer: Option B
Explanation:
Suppose the boy got x sums right and 2x sums wrong.
Then, x + 2x = 48 3x = 48 x = 16.

2. David gets on the elevator at the 11th floor of a building and rides up at the rate of 57 floors per minute. At the
same time, Albert gets on an elevator at the 51st floor of the same building and rides down at the rate of 63
floors per minute. If they continue travelling at these rates, then at which floor will their paths cross ?
A. 19

B. 28

C. 30

D. 37

Answer: Option C
Explanation:

3. I have a few sweets to be distributed. If I keep 2, 3 or 4 in a pack, I am left with one sweet. If I keep 5 in a pack, I
am left with none. What is the minimum number of sweets I have to pack and distribute ?
A. 25

B. 37

C. 54

D. 65

Answer: Option A
Explanation:
Clearly, the required number would be such that it leaves a remainder of 1 when divided by 2, 3 or 4 and no
remainder when divided by 5. Such a number is 25.
4. If a clock takes seven seconds to strike seven, how long will it take to strike ten ?
A. 7 seconds

B. 9 seconds

C. 10 seconds

D. None of these

Answer: Option D
Explanation:

5. In a group of cows and hens, the number of legs are 14 more than twice the number of heads. The number of
cows is
A. 5

B. 7

C. 10

D. 12

Answer: Option B
Explanation:
Let the number of cows be x and the number of hens be y.
Then, 4x + 2y = 2 (x + y) + 14 4x + 2y = 2x + 2y + 14 2x = 14 x = 7.

UNSOLVED EXAMPLES
6. A father tells his son, "I was of your present age when you were born". If the father is 36 now, how old was the
boy five years back ?
A. 13

B. 15

C. 17
 D. 20

7. A fires 5 shots to B's 3 but A kills only once in 3 shots while B kills once in 2 shots. When B has missed 27
times, A has killed
A. 30 birds

B. 60 birds

C. 72 birds

D. 90 birds

8. In a class, 3/5 of the students are girls and rest are boys. If 2/9 of the girls and 1/4 of the boys are absent, what
part of the total number of students is present ?
A. 17/25

B. 18/49

C. 23/30

D. 23/36

9. In a family, a couple has a son and a daughter. The age of the father is three times that of his daughter and the
age of the son is half of that of his mother. The wife is 9 years younger to her husband and the brother is seven
years older than his sister. What is the age of the mother ?
A. 40 years

B. 45 years

C. 50 years

D. 60 years

10. If a 1 mm thick paper is folded so that the area is halved at every fold, then what would be the thickness of the
pile after 50 folds ?
A. 100 km
 B. 1000 km

C. 1 million km

D. 1 billion km

HOMEWORK
11. A is 3 years older to B and 3 years younger to C, while B and D are twins. How many years older is C to D?
A. 2

B. 3

C. 6

D. 12

Answer: Option C
Explanation:
Since B and D are twins, so B = D.
Now, A = B + 3 and A = C - 3.
Thus, B + 3 = C - 3 D + 3 = C-3 C - D = 6.

12. The 30 members of a club decided to play a badminton singles tournament. Every time a member loses a game
he is out of the tournament. There are no ties. What is the minimum number of matches that must be played to
determine the winner ?
A. 15

B. 29

C. 61

D. None of these

Answer: Option B
Explanation:
Clearly, every member except one (i.e. the winner) must lose one game to decide the winner. Thus, minimum
number of matches to be played = 30 - 1 = 29.

13. In a garden, there are 10 rows and 12 columns of mango trees. The distance between the two trees is 2 metres
and a distance of one metre is left from all sides of the boundary of the garden. The length of the garden is
 A. 20 m

B. 22 m

C. 24 m

D. 26 m

Answer: Option C
Explanation:
Each row contains 12 plants.
There are 11 gapes between the two corner trees (11 x 2) metres and 1 metre on each side is left.
Therefore Length = (22 + 2) m = 24 m.

14. 12 year old Manick is three times as old as his brother Rahul. How old will Manick be when he is twice as old as
Rahul ?
A. 14 years

B. 16 years

C. 18 years

D. 20 years

Answer: Option B
Explanation:
Manick's present age = 12 years, Rahul's present age = 4 years.
Let Manick be twice as old as Rahul after x years from now.
Then, 12 + x = 2 (4 + x) 12 + x = 8 + 2x x = 4.
Hence, Manick's required age = 12 + x = 16 years.

15. A tailor had a number of shirt pieces to cut from a roll of fabric. He cut each roll of equal length into 10 pieces.
He cut at the rate of 45 cuts a minute. How many rolls would be cut in 24 minutes ?
A. 32 rolls

B. 54 rolls

C. 108 rolls
 D. 120 rolls

Answer: Option D
Explanation:
Number of cuts made to cut a roll into 10 pieces = 9.
Therefore Required number of rolls = (45 x 24)/9 = 120.

LOGICAL WORD SEQUENCE

SOLVED EXAMPLES
In each of the following questions, arrange the given words in a meaningful sequence and thus find the correct
answer from alternatives.

1. Arrange the words given below in a meaningful sequence.

1. Key 2. Door 3. Lock

4.
5. Switch on
Room

A. 5, 1, 2, 4, 3

B. 4, 2, 1, 5, 3

C. 1, 3, 2, 4, 5

D. 1, 2, 3, 5, 4

Answer: Option C
Explanation:
The correct order is :

Loc
Key Door Room Switch on
k

1 3 2 4 5

2. Arrange the words given below in a meaningful sequence.

1. Word 2. Paragraph 3. Sentence

4.
5. Phrase
Letters
 A. 4, 1, 5, 2, 3

B. 4, 1, 3, 5, 2

C. 4, 2, 5, 1, 3

D. 4, 1, 5, 3, 2

Answer: Option D
Explanation:
The correct order is :

Letter Wor
Phrase Sentence Paragraph
s d

4 1 5 3 2

3. Arrange the words given below in a meaningful sequence.

1. Police 2. Punishment 3. Crime

4. Judge 5. Judgement

A. 3, 1, 2, 4, 5

B. 1, 2, 4, 3, 5

C. 5, 4, 3, 2, 1

D. 3, 1, 4, 5, 2

Answer: Option D
Explanation:
The correct order is :

Crim Polic Punishmen

Judge Judgement
e e t

3 1 4 5 2

4. Arrange the words given below in a meaningful sequence.

1. Family 2. Community 3. Member
 4.
5. Country
Locality

A. 3, 1, 2, 4, 5

B. 3, 1, 2, 5, 4

C. 3, 1, 4, 2, 5

D. 3, 1, 4, 5, 2

Answer: Option A
Explanation:
The correct order is :

Famil Localit
Member Community Country
y y

3 1 2 4 5

5. Arrange the words given below in a meaningful sequence.

1. Poverty 2. Population 3. Death

4.
5. Disease
Unemployment

A. 2, 3, 4, 5, 1

B. 3, 4, 2, 5, 1

C. 2, 4, 1, 5, 3

D. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5

Answer: Option C
Explanation:
The correct order is :

Populatio Diseas
Unemployment Poverty Death
n e

2 4 1 5 3

UNSOLVED EXAMPLES
6. Arrange the words given below in a meaningful sequence.
1. Leaf 2. Fruit 3. Stem

4. Root 5. Flower

A. 3, 4, 5, 1, 2

B. 4, 3, 1, 5, 2

C. 4, 1, 3, 5, 2

D. 4, 3, 1, 2, 5

7. Arrange the words given below in a meaningful sequence.

1. Nation 2. Village 3. City

4.
5. State
District

A. 2, 3, 4, 5, 1

B. 2, 3, 4, 1, 5

C. 1, 3, 5, 4, 2

D. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5

8. Arrange the words given below in a meaningful sequence.

1.
2. Family 3. Newly married Couple
Caste

4. Clan 5. Species

A. 2, 3, 1, 4, 5

B. 3, 4, 5, 1, 2

C. 3, 2, 1, 4, 5

D. 4, 5, 3, 2, 1
9. Arrange the words given below in a meaningful sequence.
1. Cut 2. Put on 3. Mark

4.
5. Tailor
Measure

A. 3, 1, 5, 4, 2

B. 2, 4, 3, 1, 5

C. 1, 3, 2, 4, 5

D. 4, 3, 1, 5, 2

10. Arrange the words given below in a meaningful sequence.

1.
2. Street 3. Room
House

4. Town 5. District

A. 3, 2, 1, 4, 5

B. 3, 1, 4, 2, 5

C. 3, 1, 2, 4, 5

D. 3, 1, 2, 5, 4

HOMEWORK
11. Arrange the words given below in a meaningful sequence.
1. Wall 2. Clay 3. House

4.
5. Bricks
Room

A. 5, 2, 1, 4, 3

B. 2, 5, 4, 1, 3

C. 2, 5, 1, 4, 3
 D. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5

Answer: Option C
Explanation:
The correct order is :

Cla
Bricks Wall Room House
y

2 5 1 4 3

12. Arrange the words given below in a meaningful sequence.

1. Probation 2. Interview 3. Selection

4.
5. Advertisement 6. Application
Appointment

A. 5, 6, 3, 2, 4, 1

B. 5, 6, 4, 2, 3, 1

C. 5, 6, 2, 3, 4, 1

D. 6, 5, 4, 2, 3, 1

Answer: Option C
Explanation:
The correct order is :

Probatio
Advertisement Application Interview Selection Appointment
n

5 6 2 3 4 1

13. Arrange the words given below in a meaningful sequence.

1.
2. Cat 3. Mosquito
Elephant

4. Tiger 5. Whale

A. 5, 3, 1, 2, 4

B. 3, 2, 4, 1, 5
 C. 1, 3, 5, 4, 2

D. 2, 5, 1, 4, 3

Answer: Option B
Explanation:
The correct order is :

Mosquit
Cat Tiger Elephant Whale
o

3 2 4 1 5

14. Arrange the words given below in a meaningful sequence.

1. Yarn 2. Plant 3. Saree

5.
4. Cotton
Cloth

A. 2, 4, 5, 1, 3

B. 2, 4, 3, 5, 1

C. 2, 4, 1, 5, 3

D. 2, 4, 5, 3, 1

Answer: Option C
Explanation:
The correct order is :

Plan
Cotton Yarn Cloth Saree
t

2 4 1 5 3

15. Arrange the words given below in a meaningful sequence.

1. Infant 2. Old 3. Adult

4. Adolescent 5. Child

A. 5, 4, 3, 2, 1

B. 3, 4, 2, 1, 5
 C. 2, 3, 4, 5, 1

D. 1, 5, 4, 3, 2

Answer: Option D
Explanation:
The correct order is :

Infant Child Adolescent Adult Old

1 5 4 3 2