k|f/lDes d:of}bf v08

-s_ gful/stf ;DaGwL d:of}bf

efu– ====
gful/stf
l;=g+ ljifoj:t' ;+ljwfgdf /fVg] k|:tfljt Joj:yf ;+ljwfgdf k|:tfljt Joj:yf ug'{ kgf{sf] sf/0f jf JofVofTds l6Kk0fL
/xg] :yfg
!= Psn ;+3Lo Psn ;+3Lo gful/stfsf] Joj:yfM g]kfndf gful/stf ;+3Lo /fHo Joj:yfdf ;+3Lo ;/sf/n], /fHo ;/sf/n] jf ;+3Lo
gful/stfsf] ;+3Lo ;/sf/n] k|bfg ug]{ u/L k|fb]lzs klxrfg ;/sf/ / /fHo ;/sf/ b'j}n] gful/stf k|bfg ug]{ k|rng /x]sf]
Joj:yf ;lxtsf] Psn gful/stfsf] Joj:yf ul/Psf] kfOG5 . eljiodf gful/stf ;DaGwdf hl6ntfx¿ cfpg glbg,
∗ ;a} gful/sx¿nfO{ g]kfnsf] gful/ssf] ?kdf ;dfg clwsf/ /
5.
st{Jo ;'lglZrt ug{ tyf k|zf;lgs ;'udtf ;d]tsf] nflu
g]kfndf Psn gful/stf k|0ffnL cGtu{t ;+3Lo ;/sf/n] cfkm}+
jf k|fb]lzs ;+/rgfdfkm{t k|bfg ug]{ Psn gful/stf x'g] u/L
o;k|sf/sf] Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 . gful/stfsf] k|df0f kqdf g}
g]kfnL gful/ssf] k|fb]lzs klxrfg v'Ng] Joj:yf ug{ o;
k|sf/sf] Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 .
@= g]kfnsf] g]kfnsf] gful/s 7xg]{M g]kfndf :yfoL a;f]af; gful/stfn] /fi6« / gful/saLr /fhgLlts ;DaGw lgwf{/0f ug]{
gful/s 7xg]{ ePsf] b]xfosf] JolQm of] ;+ljwfg adf]lhd ePsf]n] k|To]s gful/snfO{ /fi6«sf] /fhgLlts dfldnfdf
g]kfnsf] gful/s 7xg]{5 – ;xefuL x'g] clwsf/ tyf bfloTj k|fKt x'G5g\ . sltko
-s_ of] ;+ljwfg k|f/De x'Fbfsf avt gful/s tyf /fhgLlts clwsf/ gful/snfO{ dfq k|fKt x'G5g\
;fy} gful/sn] /fi6«k|lt lgi7f / jkmfbf/Lsf st{Jo ;d]t lgjf{x

∗
o; k|jwfgsf] ;§fdf km/s dt /x]sf] . km/s dt ;DaGwL ljj/0fx¿ km/s dt v08df lbOPsf] 5 .

1
 g]kfnsf] gful/stf k|fKt JolQm, ug'{ kg]{ x'G5 . gful/s /fi6«sf /fhgLlts afl;Gbf ePsf]n]
g]kfnsf] /fhgLlts dfldnfx¿df ;xefuL x'g] tyf /fi6«sfk|lt
ljleGg st{Jox¿ axg ug'{ kg]{ u/L g]kfndf a;f]af; ug]{
g]kfnsf] gful/stf k|fKt ul/;s]sf jf ug{] gful/snfO{
g]kfnsf] gful/ssf] ?kdf dfGotf k|bfg ug{ o]f Joj:yf
ul/Psf] 5 .
b]zdf ;+j}wflgs l/Qmtfsf] cj:yf x'g glbg, ljutsf]
;+j}wflgs / sfg"gL Joj:yf adf]lhd k|fKt gful/stfnfO{
j}wflgstf / lg/Gt/tf k|bfg ug{, g]kfnL gful/sn] u/]sf jf
ug{ nfu]sf sfd sf/jfxLnfO{ j}wflgstf k|bfg ug{, g]kfnL
hgtfsf] /fi6«elQmnfO{ cIf'00f /fVg Pj+ gful/snfO{ k'gM
gful/stf lng' kg]{ afWotf ;dfKt ug{ of] ;+ljwfg k|f/De
x'g'eGbf cufj} k|rlnt ;+ljwfg / sfg"g adf]lhd g]kfnL
gful/sn] k|fKt ul/;]ssf gful/stfnfO{ j+zh, cËLs[t,
hGdsf cfwf/df jf ;Ddfgfy{ h'g cfwf/df g]kfnsf] gful/stf
k|bfg ul/Psf] 5 ;f]xL cfwf/df g]kfnsf] gful/stfnfO{
lg/Gt/tf k|bfg ug{ of] Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 .
-v_ of] ;+ljwfg k|f/De ePkl5 g]kfnsf] of] ;+ljwfg k|f/De ePkl5 a+zh, cËLs[t, ;Ddfgfy{ gful/stf
gful/stf k|fKt JolQm, jf s'g} ef}uf]lns If]q ufFlebf To; If]qdf a;f]af; ug]{
JolQmnfO{{ k|bfg ul/g]] gful/stf k|fKt ug]{ gful/s g]kfnsf
gful/s x'g] Joj:yf ub}{ of] ;+ljwfg hf/L ePkl5 g]kfnsf]
gful/stf k|fKt ug]{ JolQmx¿nfO{ gful/stf k|fKt ul/;s]kl5
g]kfnL gful/ssf ?kdf dfGotf k|bfg ug{ of] Joj:yf ul/Psf]
5.
-u_ wf/f # adf]lhd g]kfnsf] gful/stf gful/s x'g' / gful/stf k|df0f kq k|fKt ug'{ k[ys k[ys ljifo
k|fKt ug{ of]Uo JolQm . ePsf] / s]jn gful/stf k|df0f kq glnPsf] jf k|fljlws
sf/0fn] k|df0f kq k|fKt ul/g;s]sf gful/snfO{ cgful/s

2
 dfGg pko'Qm gx'g] ePsf]n] j+zhsf] cfwf/df g]kfnsf]
gful/stf k|fKt ug]{ JolQmnfO{ gful/stfsf] k|df0fkq glnP
tfklg g]kfnsf] gful/ssf] ?kdf dfGotf k|bfg ug{ of] Joj:yf
ul/Psf] 5 . of] ;+ljwfg k|f/De eP kZrft h'g;'s} cfwf/df
g]kfnsf] gful/stf k|fKt JolQm g]kfnsf] gful/s x'g] Joj:yf
o;}wf/fsf] v08 -v_ df ul/;lsPsf] tyf cËLs[t gful/stf
k|fKt ug]{ JolQmsf] xsdf g]kfnsf] gful/stf k|df0f kq k|fKt
u/]kl5 dfq g]kfnsf] gful/s 7xg]{ ePsf]n] wf/f # adf]lhd
a+zhsf] cfwf/df g]kfnsf] gful/stf k|fKt ug{ of]Uo t/
g]kfnsf] gful/stf k|fKt gul/;s]sf] JolQmnfO{ g]kfnL
gful/ssf] ?kdf dfGotf k|bfg ug{ of] Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 .
#= j+zhsf] j+zhsf] cfwf/df gful/stfM -!_ g]kfndf j+zhsf] cfwf/ g]kfnsf] gful/stf k||bfg ug]{ Ps k|d'v cfwf/
cfwf/df :yfoL a;f]af; ePsf] b]xfosf] JolQmnfO{ xf] . g]kfnsf] ;Gbe{df gful/stf ;DaGwL j+zsf] cfwf/ (Jus
gful/stf j+zhsf] cfwf/df g]kfnsf] gful/stf k|bfg
Sanguinis) nfO{ g} g]kfnL gful/stf k|flKtsf] cfwf/sf] ?kdf
ul/g]5 –
Joj:yf ub}{ g]kfndf a+zhsf] cfwf/df gful/stf k|fKt ug{
-s_ s'g} JolQmsf] hGd x'Fbfsf avt lghsf] ;Sg] JolQmsf] of]Uotf lgwf{/0f ug{ o:tf] Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 .
cfdf / afa' g]kfnL gful/s /x]5 eg] gful/stf ;DaGwL j+zsf] cfwf/ (Jus Sanguinis) sf]
∗
To:tf] JolQm, dfGotf cg'?k cleefjssf] gful/stfsf] cfwf/df ;Gtfgsf]
gful/stfsf] clwsf/ ;'lglZrt ug{ s'g} JolQmsf] hGd x'Fbfsf
avt lghsf] afa' / cfdfn] b'j} hgf j+zh, clËs[t jf hGd
h'g;'s} cfwf/df g]kfnsf] gful/stf k|fKt u/]sf] eP tfklg
g]kfnL gful/s ePdf To:tf] JolQmnfO{ cfdf jf afa'sf] j+zsf]
cfwf/df g]kfnsf] gful/stf k|bfg ug{ of] Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 .
;fy}] g]kfnL gful/s afa' / cfdfaf6 hGd]sf] / lghsf]
hGdkl5 afa' jf cfdfn] g]kfnsf] gful/stf kl/Tofu u/]sf]

∗
o; k|jwfgsf] ;§fdf km/s dt /x]sf] .

3
 cj:yfdf klg of] clwsf/ k|fKt x'g] / afa' / cfdf b'j} hgf
g]kfnL gful/saf6 :jb]z jf ljb]zdf hGd]sf] tyf g]kfndf
:yfoL a;f]af; ePsf] JolQmnfO{ ;d]t of] clwsf/ k|fKt x'g]
u/L of] Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 .
-v_ ljb]zL gful/s;Fu ljjfx ePsf g]kfnL ljb]zL gful/s;Fu ljjfx ePsf g]kfnL gful/saf6 g]kfndf g}
gful/saf6 g]kfndf hGd eO{ g]kfndf hGd eO{ g]kfndf g} :yfoL a;f]af; u/]sf / afa' jf cfdfsf]
g} :yfoL a;f]jf; u/]sf] / cfdf jf gfdaf6 ljb]zL d'n'ssf] gful/stf k|fKt gu/]sf ;GtfgdWo]
afa'sf] gful/stfsf] cfwf/df ljb]zL To:tf ;Gtfgn] g]kfnL gful/stfsf] k|df0f kq k|fKt ug'{ cufj}
d'n'ssf] gful/stf k|fKt gu/]sf] cfdf / afa' b'j} g]kfnL gful/s eO;s]sf /x]5g\ eg] To:tf
JolQmn] gful/stf k|fKt ubf{sf avt JolQmnfO{ ljgf n}lËs lje]b j+zhsf cfwf/df g]kfnL
lghsf cfdf / afa' b'j} g]kfnL gful/stf k|bfg ug{ of] Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 .
+
gful/s /x]5g\ eg] To:tf] JolQm .
-@_ g]kfn ;/xbleq k]mnf k/]sf] cfdf s;}sf] sf]xL 5}g eg] p;sf] ;+/If0f /fHon] ub{5 (Doctrine
afa'sf] 7]ufg gePsf] k|To]s gfafns gfaflnsf of Parens patriae) eGg] dfGotf /
lghsf] cfdf jf afa' kQf gnfu];Dd j+zhsf] gfafns÷gfaflnsfnfO{ /fHoljxLg x'gaf6 arfpg ;d]t cfdf
cfwf/df g]kfnL gful/s 7xg]{5 . afa' ljb]zL ePsf] kQf nfu]df :jtM ab/ x'g] u/L cfdf afa'
7]ufg gnfu]sf g]kfn ;/xbdf km]nf k/]sf
gfafns÷gfaflnsfnfO{ j+zhsf] cfwf/df gful/stf k|bfg ug{
of] Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 .
$= cËLs[t − cEof;df j}jflxs ;DaGw cËLs[t gful/stf k|bfg ug]{ Ps
cËLs[t gful/stf ;DaGwL Joj:yfM -!_ of]
gful/stf cfwf/sf] ?kdf /xFb} cfPsf] / ljutdf /x]sf] n}lËs lje]b
;+ljwfg k|f/De ePkl5 g]kfnL gful/s;Fu
;DaGwL ;d]tsf] cGTo ub}{ g]kfnL gful/s;Fu j}jflxs ;DaGw ePsf]
j}jflxs ;DaGw ePsf ljb]zLn] rfx]df g]kfndf

+
cGo k|fjwfg klg yk ug]{ u/L km/s dt /x]sf] .
−
of] k|fjwfg x6fpg] u/L km/s dt /x]sf] .
+
o; k|fjwfgdf yk ug]{ u/L km/s dt /x]sf] .

4
Joj:yf sfg"gL ?kdf kGw| jif{ a;f]af; u/]sf] / ljb]zL ljb]zLnfO{ sDtLdf kGw| jif{ g]kfndf sfg"gL ?kdf a;f]af;
d'n'ssf] gful/stf Tofu u/]kl5 k|rlnt sfg"g u/]sf] / ljb]zL d'n'ssf] gful/stf Tofu u/]sf] cfwf/df
adf]lhd cËLs[t g]kfnL gful/stf k|fKt ug{ g]kfnsf] clËs[t gful/stf k|bfg ug{ ;lsg] u/L o:tf]
;Sg]5 . Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 .
t/ of] ;+ljwfg k|f/De x'g' eGbf cufj} g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# sf] wf/f * sf] pkwf/f -^_
g]kfnL gful/s;Fu j}jflxs ;DaGw sfod tyf k|rlnt sfg"g adf]lhd g]kfnL gful/s;Fu j}jflxs
ePsf ljb]zL dlxnfn] g]kfnL gful/stfsf] ;DaGw sfod u/]sf] ljb]zL dlxnfn] ljb]zsf] gful/stf Tofu
k|df0f kq lng rfx]df ljb]zL d'n'ssf] ug]{ sf/jfxL rnfPkl5 cËLs[t g]kfnL gful/stf k|fKt ug]{
gful/stf TofUg] sf/jfxL rnfP kl5 c·Ls[t Joj:yf u/]sf] / of] ;+ljwfg k|f/De ePkl5 g]kfnL gful/s;Fu
∗ j}jflxs ;DaGw ePsf ljb]zLn] g]kfndf sfg"gL ?kdf kGw| jif{
g]kfnL gful/stf k|fKt ug{ ;Sg]5 . a;f]af; u/]sf] / ljbzL d'n'ssf] gful/stf Tofu u/]kl5 dfq
g]kfnL gful/stf k|fKt ug]{ Joj:yf ul/Psf] ;Gbe{df of]
;+ljwfg k|f/De x'g' eGbf cufj} g]kfnL gful/s;Fu j}jflxs
;DaGw sfod ePsf g]kfnL gful/stf k|fKt ug{ OR5's ljb]zL
dlxnnfO{ ljb]zL d'n'ssf] gful/stf TofUg] sf/jfxL rnfP
kl5 cËLs[t g]kfnL gful/stfsf] k|df0f kq k|bfg ug{ of]
Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 .
-@_ g]kfnL gful/s cfdfaf6 g]kfndf anfTsf/sf] sf/0faf6 hGd eO{ afa'sf] klxrfg x'g g;s]sf
hGd eO{ g]kfndf g} a;f]af; u/]sf] / afa'sf] JolQmx¿ tyf afbL ;d'bfo, 6f]a], 6f]a]gL, b]psL h:tf k|rng
klxrfg gePsf] JolQmn] k|rlnt sfg"g adf]lhd ePsf] ;d'bfo jf cj:yfdf hGd ePsf / afa'sf] klxrfg x'g
c·Ls[t gful/stf k|fKt ug{ ;Sg]5 . g;]s]sf g]kfnL gful/saf6 g]kfndf hGd eO{ g]kfndf g}
a;f]af; u/]sf] ;Gtfgn] k|rlnt sfg"g adf]lhd c·Ls[t
gful/stf k|fKt ug{ ;Sg] Joj:yfsf] nflu of] Joj:yf ul/Psf]
5.

5
 -#_ ljb]zL gful/s;Fu ljjfx ePsf ljb]zL gful/s;Fu ljjfx ePsf g]kfnL gful/saf6 g]kfndf g}
g]kfnL gful/saf6 g]kfndf hGd eO{ g]kfndf hGd eO{ g]kfndf g} :yfoL a;f]af; u/]sf / afa' jf cfdfsf]
g} :yfoL a;f]jf; u/]sf] / cfdf jf afa'sf] gfdaf6 ljb]zL d'n'ssf] gful/stf k|fKt gu/]sf ;GtfgdWo]
gful/stfsf] cfwf/df ljb]zL d'n'ssf] To:tf ;Gtfgn] g]kfnL gful/stfsf] k|df0f kq k|fKt ug'{ cufj}
gful/stf k|fKt gu/]sf] JolQmn] k|rlnt sfg"g cfdf / afa' b'j} g]kfnL gful/s eO;s]sf /x]5g\ eg] To:tf
adf]lhd g]kfnsf] c·Ls[t gful/stf k|fKt ug{ ;GtfgnfO{ j+zhsf] cfwf/df gful/stf k|fKt ug]{ Joj:yf
;Sg]5 . eO;s]sf] ;Gbe{df g]kfndf hGd]sf] s'g} JolQmsf] hGd x'Fbf
cfdf jf afa' Ps hgfdfq g]kfnL gful/s /x]5 eg] tyf
g]kfnL gful/stf k|fKt ug'{ eGbf cufj} hGd]sf cËLs[t g]kfnL
gful/ssf ;GtfgnfO{ g]kfndf :yfoL a;f]af; ePsf / ljb]zL
d'n'ssf] gful/stf k|fKt gu/]sf] cj:yfdf sfg"g adf]lhd
cËLs[t gful/stf k|bfg ug{ ;lsg] u/L of] Joj:yf ul/Psf]
5.
-$_ of] ;+ljwfg k|f/De ePkl5 a;f]af; h:tf ljleGg zt{ / cfwf/df ljb]zL gful/snfO{
g]kfnsf] cfly{s jf ;fdflhs pGgltdf ljz]if cËLs/0fsf] dfWodaf6 gful/stf k|bfg ug]{ ljutdf klg
of]ubfg k'¥ofPsf] ljb]zLnfO{ cGo s'/fsf k|rng /x]sf]n] of] ;+ljwfg k|f/De eP kl5 g]kfnsf] cfly{s,
cltl/Qm b]xfosf zt{ / cj:yf k"/f u/]sf] ;fdflhs, cf}Bf]lus ;d]tsf If]qdf ljlzi6 of]ubfg k'¥ofPsf]
ljb]zL gful/snfO{ g]kfnL jf g]kfndf k|rlnt cGo s'g} efiff
cfwf/df k|rlnt sfg"g adf]lhd ;+3Lo
af]Ng / n]Vg hfg]sf], g]kfndf s'g} Joj;fo ul/a;]sf], cGo
;/sf/n] g]kfnsf] cËLs[t gful/stf k|bfg ug{ d'n'ssf] gful/stf Tofu]sf], sDtLdf kGw| jif{;Dd g]kfndf
;Sg]5 – sfg"gL ?kdf a;f]af; u/]sf], g]kfnL gful/snfO{ cËLs[t
-s_ g]kfnL jf g]kfndf k|rlnt cGo s'g} gful/stf lbg] sfg"gL Joj:yf jf k|rng ePsf] d'n'ssf]
efiff af]Ng / n]Vg hfg]sf], gful/s ePsf], c;n rfn rng ePsf] tyf sfg"gn] tf]s]sf]
-v_ g]kfndf s'g} Joj;fo ul/a;]sf], cGo zt{ ;d]tsf cfwf/df ;+3Lo ;/sf/sf] -dlGqkl/ifb\_
lg0f{o adf]lhd g]kfnsf] cËLs[t gful/stf k|bfg ug{ ;Sg]
-u_ cGo d'n'ssf] gful/stf Tofu]sf], u/L o;k|sf/sf] Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 . ljb]zLn] g]kfnsf] cËLs[t
-3_ sDtLdf kGw| jif{;Dd g]kfndf gful/stf k|fKt ug{ cfj]bg ubf{ tyf sf/jfxLsf] qmddf
ljb]zsf] gful/stf TofUg' gkg]{ / lghnfO{ gful/stf k|bfg

6
 sfg"gL ?kdf a;f]af; u/]sf], ug]{ lg0f{o ug'{ cl3 ljb]zsf] gful/stf Tofu ug]{] Joj:yfsf
-ª_ g]kfnL gful/snfO{ cËLs[t nflu of] Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 .
gful/stf lbg] sfg"gL Joj:yf jf
k|rng ePsf] d'n'ssf] gful/s
ePsf],
-r_ c;n rfn rng ePsf] .
-%_ pkwf/f -$_ adf]lhd k|bfg ljb]zL gful/snfO{ cËLs[t gful/stf k|bfg ug]{ ljifonfO{
ul/Psf] cËLs[t gful/stf ;DaGwL ljj/0f kf/bzL{ / pQ/bfoL agfpg o;} wf/fsf] pkwf/f -@_ adf]lhd
;+3Lo Joj:yflksf ;dIf k|:t't ug'{ kg]{5 . k|bfg ul/Psf] cËLs[t gful/stf ;DaGwL ljj/0f ;+3Lo
Joj:yflksf ;dIf k|:t't ug{ / ;f] pk/ 5nkmn x'g ;Sg] u/L
of] Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 .
%= If]q ufleFbfsf] If]q ufle+bfsf] gful/stfM g]kfnleq ufleg] u/L eljiodf g]kfnleq ufleg] u/L s'g} If]q k|fKt ePdf To:tf] If]q
gful/stf s'g} If]q k|fKt ePdf ;f] If]qleq a;f]jf; ePsf] g]kfnsf] e"–efu x'g] ePsf]n] pQm If]qdf a;f]af; ug]{
JolQm k|rlnt sfg"gsf] cwLgdf /xL g]kfnsf] afl;GbfnfO{ k|rlnt sfg"g adf]lhd g]kfnsf] gful/stf k|bfg
gful/s x'g]5 . ug{ ;Sg] u/L o:tf] Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 .

^= j+zLo cfwf/ j+zLo cfwf/ tyf n}lËs klxrfg ;lxtsf] g]kfnL gful/stfsf] k|df0fkq k|bfg ubf{ g]kfnL gful/stf
tyf n}lËs gful/stfM k|To]s gful/snfO{ lghsf] cfdf jf k|df0fkq k|fKt ug{ cfj]bg ug]{ JolQmsf] cfdf, afa' jf b'j}sf]
klxrfg afa'sf] j+zsf] cfwf/df n}lËs klxrfg ;lxtsf] gfdaf6 dlxnf, k'?if jf t];|f] lnËLnfO{ klxrfg ;lxtsf]
;lxtsf] + gful/stfsf] k|df0fkq k|bfg ug{ of] Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 .
g]kfnL gful/stfsf] k|df0fkq k|bfg ul/g]5 .
gful/stf

+
s]xL k|fjwfg yk ug]{ u/L km/s dt /x]sf] .

7
&= gful/stfsf] gful/stfsf] k'gM k|flKtM g]kfnL gful/stf Tofu of] Joj:yf g]kfnL gful/sn] g]kfnsf] gful/stf Tofu u/L
k'gM k|flKt u/L ljb]zL d'n'ssf] gful/stf lnPsf JolQmn] ljb]zsf] gful/stf lnPsf] / k'gM g]kfnsf] gful/stf k|bfg ug]{
k'gM g]kfndf cfO{ kfFr jif{ a;f]af; u/L ljifo;Fu ;DalGwt 5 . g]kfndf sDtLdf kGw| aif{ a;f]af; u/L
ljb]zL d'n'ssf] gful/stf Tofu u/]df klxn] g]kfnsf] cfly{s, ;fdflhs If]qdf of]ubfg k'¥ofPsf] cfwf/df
h'g lsl;dsf] g]kfnsf] gful/stf k|bfg cËLs[t gful/stf k|bfg ul/Psf] JolQm afx]s cGo k|sf/sf
ul/Psf] xf] lghnfO{ ;f]xL lsl;dsf] gful/stf g]kfnL gful/sn] g]kfnsf] gful/stf Tofu u/L ljb]zsf]
k|bfg ug{ ;lsg]5 . gful/stf lnPsf]df To:tf] JolQm k'gM g]kfndf cfO{ sDtLdf
kfFr aif{;Dd a;f]af; u/L ljb]zsf] gful/stf Tofu]df To:tf]
t/ of] Joj:yf wf/f $ sf] pkwf/f -$_ JolQmnfO{ lghn] klxn] h'g lsl;dsf] gful/stf lnPsf] lyof]
adf]lhd k|bfg ul/Psf] c·Ls[t gful/ssf] ;f]xL lsl;dsf] gful/stf k|bfg ug{ ;lsg] u/L of] Joj:yf
xsdf nfu" x'g] 5}g .∗ ul/Psf] 5 .
*= ;Ddfgfy{ ;Ddfgfy{ gful/stfM ;+3Lo ;/sf/n] cGt/f{li6«o /fhgLlts clwsf/ k|of]u ug{ gkfpg] u/L ;Ddfg :j?k
gful/stf Voflt k|fKt JolQmnfO{ ;Ddfgfy{ g]kfnsf] cGt/f{li6«o Vofltk|fKt JolQmnfO{ ;+3Lo ;/sf/n] lg0f{o u/L
gful/stf k|bfg ug{ ;Sg]5 . g]kfnsf] gful/stf k|bfg ug{ ;Sg] u/L of] Joj:yf ul/Psf]
5.
(= em"6f] ljj/0f em"6f] ljj/0f k]z u/L jf k6s k6s gful/stf em"6f] ljj/0f jf jofg lbO{ em'SofO{ jf Psk6s eGbf a9L k6s
k]z u/L jf lng lbg gx'g]M s;}n] em"6f] ljj/0f jf jofg Ps} jf ljleGg k|fb]lzs /fHoaf6 gful/stf lng lbg gx'g] u/L
k6s k6s lbO{ jf Psk6s eGbf a9L jf PseGbf a9L em"6f] ljj/0f k]z u/L jf k6s k6s gful/stf lng g]kfnL jf
gful/stf :yfgaf6 gful/stf lng lbg x'Fb}g . To:tf] ljb]zL h'g;'s} JolQmnfO{ lbg lgif]w ub}{ To:tf] sfo{nfO{ u+eL/
lng lbg gx'g] sfo{ sfg"g adf]lhd b08gLo x'g]5 . ck/fwsf] ?kdf Joj:yf ub}{ To:tf] s;"/df ;DnUg ;a}nfO{
sfg"g adf]lhd ;hfo ug{ of] Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 .
t/ k|df0fsf cfwf/df gful/stf k|df0f
kqdf plNnlvt n]vfO jf 5kfOsf ;fdfGo q'6L
;Rofpg jf gful/stfsf] k|df0fkqsf] k|ltlnlk t/ j}jflxs, a;fO{+;/fO{+sf] sf/0fn] jf gfd y/ cflbdf ePsf]
lng lbg o; wf/fn] /f]s nufPsf] dflgg] 5}g . n]vfO jf 5kfO ;DaGwL dfgjLo uNtLx¿nfO{ ;RofP/

∗
o; wf/fsf] ;§fdf km/s dt /x]sf] .

8
 gful/stfsf] k|df0f kqsf] k|ltlnlk lng jf gful/stfsf] k|df0f
kq x/fPsf], RofltPsf] h:tf sf/0fn] gful/stfsf] k|ltlnlk
dfu ug{ tyf ;Rofpg dfu]sf] gful/stfsf] k|df0f kq lvrL
:kli6s/0fM gful/stf ;DaGwL csf]{ gful/stf k|bfg ug{ jf klxnfsf] gful/stf k|df0f kqsf]
clen]vdf /x]sf gfd, y/, 7]ufgf h:tf ljifodf k|ltnfO{ cdfGo u/L gful/stfsf] d"nk|ltsf cfwf/df k|ltlnlk
/x]sf n]vfO{ jf 5kfO{ ;DaGwL ;fdfGo q'l6nfO{ dfq dfGo x'g] u/L gful/stfsf] k|df0f kq lng lbg o; wf/fn]
o; wf/fsf] k|of]hgsf nflu em"6f] ljj/0f dflgg] /f]s gnufpg] Joj:yf ug{ ;d]t o; k|sf/sf] Joj:yf ul/Psf]
5}g . 5.
;fy} gful/stfsf] k|df0fkq k|fKt ug{ s'g} JolQmn] k]z u/]sf
clen]vdf ePsf gfd, y/, 7]ufgf h:tf ljifodf /x]sf n]vfO{
jf 5kfO{ ;DaGwL ;fdfGo q'l6nfO{ em"6f] ljj/0f gdflgg] u/L
Joj:yf ug{ of] Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 .
!)= gful/stfsf] gful/stfsf] k|df0fkq pk/ 5fgljg ug]{M o; em"6f] ljj/0f jf jofg lbO{ em'SofO{ g]kfnL gful/stfsf] k|df0f
k|df0fkq pk/ efudf cGoq h'g;'s} s'/f n]lvPsf] eP tfklg kq lnPsf] eGg] ljleGg ph"/L, u'gf;fx¿ ;d]t cfO/x]sf]
5fgljg ug]{ ;+3Lo ;/sf/n] g]kfnL gful/stfsf] k|df0fkq ;Gbe{df To;/L ljutdf k|bfg ul/Psf tyf eljiodf j+zh jf
pk/ 5fgljg u/L u}/g]kfnLn] lnPsf] g]kfnL cËLs[t nufot h'g;'s} cfwf/df k|bfg ul/g] gful/stf ;+3Lo
gful/stfsf] k|df0fkq /2 ug{ / To:tf] ;/sf/n] 5fgjLg u/L u}/ g]kfnL gful/sn] sfg"g ljkl/t
JolQmnfO{ g]kfnL gful/saf6 x6fpg ;Sg]5 . lnPsf] gful/stf ab/ ug{ / To:tf JolQmnfO{ g]kfnsf]
gful/saf6 x6fpg ;Sg];Ddsf] Joj:yf ug{ of] Joj:yf
ul/Psf] 5 .
!!= gful/stf gful/stf sfod g/xg]M -!_ b]xfosf] cj:yfdf JolQmn] :j]R5fn] Tofu u/]df jf cGo ljleGg sf/0fn] JolQmsf]
sfod g/xg] s'g} klg JolQmsf] g]kfnL gful/stf sfod /xg] gful/stf ;dfKt x'g ;S5 . gful/stf /f]Hg kfpg], kl/jt{g
5}g– ug{ kfpg] tyf gful/stf Tofu ug{ kfpg] JolQmsf] clwsf/
ePsf]n] g]kfnL gful/stf k|fKt JolQmn] :j]R5fn] g]kfnsf]
-s_ :j]R5fn] g]kfnsf] gful/stf gful/stf kl/Tofu u/]df To:tf] JolQmn] k|fKt u/]sf] g]kfnsf]
kl/Tofu u/]df, gful/stf ;dfKt ug{ of] Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 .

9
 -v_ ljb]zL d'n'ssf] gful/stf k|fKt g]kfnn] ax'gful/stf (Multiple Citizenship) k|0ffnL
u/]df, cjnDjg gu/]sf]n] s'g} g]kfnL gful/sn] cfkm"v';L ljb]zL
d'n'ssf] gful/stf k|fKt u/]df jf ljb]zsf] gful/stf k|fKt
ul/;s]sf] JolQmn] g]kfnsf] gful/stf lnPdf To:tf JolQm
g]kfnsf] gful/s sfod g/xg] u/L of] Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 .
-u_ o; efudf cGoyf Joj:yf ePsf]df ljb]zL gful/sn] g]kfnsf] gful/stf kfpg] u/L o;} efudf
afx]s s'g} u}/g]kfnLn] g]kfnsf] pNn]v ul/Psf zt{ / Joj:yf ljkl/t x'g] u/L s'g} u}/g]kfnLn]
gful/stf lnPsf] k|dfl0ft g]kfnsf] gful/stf lnPsf] k|dfl0ft ePdf To:tf] JolQmsf]
ePdf . g]kfnsf] gful/stf ;dfKt ug{ of] Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 .
-@_ g]kfnL gful/stf k|fKt ug{ of]Uotf gful/stf ;DaGwL gLltut ljljwtfn] ubf{ s'g} JolQm Ps};fy
k'u]sf] s'g} JolQm cGo d'n'ssf] klg gful/stf g]kfn / cGo d'n'ssf] gful/s x'g] cj:yf ePdf To:tf]
k|fKt ug{ of]Uo /x]5 eg] To:tf] JolQmn] JolQmn] ;f] cj:yf ePsf] ldltn] b'O{ jif{leq g]kfnsf]
gful/stf k|df0fkq lng of]Uotf k'u]sf] b'O{ gful/stf sfod /fVg] xf] eg] g]kfnsf] gful/stf /f]hL;Sg'
jif{leq tyf gfjfns gfaflnsfsf] xsdf aflnu kg]{ tyf s'g} gfafns jf gfjflnsfnfO{ To:tf] b'j} b]zsf]
ePsf] ldltn] b'O{ jif{leq g]kfnsf] gful/stf gful/stf k|fKt x'g] cj:yf ePdf To:tf] gfjfns jf
g/f]h]df To:tf] JolQm g]kfnsf] gful/s sfod gfaflnsf aflnu ePsf] ldltn] b'O{ jif{leq g]kfnsf] gful/stf
/xg] 5}g . /f]hL;Sg' kg]{ tyf pQm cjwLleq g]kfnsf] gful/stf g/f]h]df
To:tf] JolQmsf] g]kfnL gful/stf nf]k x'g] u/L of] Joj:yf
ul/Psf] 5 .
!@= ljj/0f ljj/0f cBfjlws ug]{M g]kfnL gful/s;Fu g]kfnL gful/s;Fu j}jflxs ;DaGw sfod ePsf ljb]zL
cBfjlws ug]{ j}jflxs ;DaGw sfod u/]sf ljb]zL gful/s JolQmnfO{ g]kfndf !% aif{ a;f]af; u/]sf] / ljb]zsf]
tyf To:tf bDkQLaf6 hGd]sf ;Gtfgx¿sf] gful/stf Tofu u/]sf] cfwf/df cËLs[t gful/stf k|bfg ug]{
ljj/0f sfg"g adf]lhd cBfjlws ul/g]5 . tyf To:tf] bDktLaf6 g]kfndf hGd eO{ g]kfndf g} a;f]af;
u/]sf ;GtfgnfO{ g]kfnL gful/stf k|bfg ug]{ Joj:yf ul/Psf]
;Gbe{df g]kfndf a;f]af; u/] gu/]sf] ;'lglZrt ug{ g]kfnL
gful/s;Fu j}jflxs ;DaGw sfod ug]{ ljb]zL gful/ssf]
ljjfx btf{, ljjfxk"j{ sfod /x]sf] gful/stf / a;f]af; ePsf]

10
 :yfg, g]kfndf a;f]af; u/]sf] 7]ufgf, k]zf, Joj;fo nufotsf
ljj/0f / To:tf bDkQLaf6 hGd]sf ;Gtfgsf] hGd :yfgsf]
7]ufgf, hGdbt{f, z}lIfs ljj/0f, a;f]af;sf] 7]ufgf, k]zf
Joj;fo nufotsf ljj/0f sfg"g adf]lhd pko'Qm k|s[ofåf/f
cBfjlws u/L /fVgsf] nflu of] Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 .
!#= kbflwsf/Lsf] ∗ ljljw g]kfnsf] /fi6«k|d'v, /fi6« pk–k|d'v tyf g]kfnsf] ;+3Lo Pj+
kbflwsf/Lsf] gful/stf ;DaGwL Joj:yfM -!_
gful/stf /fHo:t/sf ;a} Joj:yflksf, sfo{kflnsf / Gofokflnsfsf]
g]kfnsf] /fi6«k|d'v tyf pk–k|d'v, ;+3Lo jf
;DaGwL k|d'vsf] kbdf, ;+j}wflgs cË tyf ;'/Iff lgsfosf] k|d'vsf]
Joj:yf /fHo:t/sf] Joj:yflksf, sfo{kflnsf /
kbdf j+zhsf] cfwf/df g]kfnsf] gful/stf k|fKt JolQmx¿
Gofokflnsfsf] k|d'v / ;+j}wflgs cË tyf
dfq lgjf{lrt jf lgo'Qm x'g kfpg] u/L of] Joj:yf ul/Psf]
;'/Iff lgsfo k|d'vsf] kbdf lgjf{lrt jf lgo'Qm 5.
x'g j+zhsf] cfwf/df gful/stf k|fKt g]kfnL
gful/s x'g' kg]{5 .
-@_ of] ;+ljwfg adf]lhd g]kfnsf] j+zh afx]ssf hGd jf cËLs[t cfwf/df g]kfnsf] gful/stf
;+j}wflgs kbdf lgo'lQmsf] nflu of]Uo x'g] k|fKt JolQmx¿n] g]kfnsf] ;+j}wflgs kbx¿df lgo'Qm x'g
cËLs[t jf hGdsf cfwf/df g]kfnL gful/stf sDtLdf bz jif{ g]kfndf g} a;f]af; u/]sf] x'g' kg]{ / Ps
k|fKt g]kfnL gful/s sDtLdf bz jif{ / k6s g]kfnsf] j+zhsf] gful/stf Tofu u/L k'gM j+zhsf]
g]kfnsf] gful/stf Tofu u/L k'gM j+zhsf] cfwf/df g]kfnL gful/stf k|fKt u/]sf] JolQmnfO{ s'g} klg
cfwf/df gful/stf k|fKt u/]sf] g]kfnL gful/s ;+j}wflgs kbdf lgo'Qm x'g k'gM g]kfnL gful/stf lnPsf] kfFr
sDtLdf kfFr jif{ g]kfndf a;f]af; u/]sf] x'g' jif{ k"/f ePsf] x'g' kg]{ u/L of] Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 .
∗
kg]{5 .

∗
o; k|jwfgsf] ;§fdf km/s dt /x]sf] .

11
!$= u}/cfjf;Lo u}/cfjf;Lo g]kfnLnfO{ kl/rokq lbg ljljw g]kfnL gful/stf Tofu u/L ljb]zL gful/stf lnPsf
g]kfnL ;lsg]Mg]kfnsf] gful/stf Tofu u/L ljb]zsf] u}/cfjfzLo g]kfnLnfO{ g]kfndf ;fdflhs, ;fF:s[lts / cfly{s
kl/rokq gful/stf k|fKt u/]sf g]kfnL d'nsf JolQmnfO{ ;DaGw hf]8\g] k|of]hgsf nflu /fhgLlts clwsf/,
k|rlnt sfg"g adf]lhd cfly{s, ;fdflhs / dtflwsf/sf] k|of]u / ;fj{hlgs kbdf axfn /xg gkfpg] tyf
;fF:s[lts clwsf/ pkef]u ug{ kfpg] u/L sfg"gdf /f]s nufOPsf afx]ssf cGo clwsf/ k|of]u ug{
u}/cfjf;Lo g]kfnL kl/rokq k|bfg ug{ kfpg] u/L u}/cfjf;Lo g]kfnL kl/ro kqsf] Joj:yf ug{ of]
+ Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 .
;lsg]5 .−
!%= sfg"g sfg"g adf]lhd x'g]M gful/stf ;DaGwL cGo gful/stf ;+ljwfgdf pNn]v ePsf k|fjwfgx¿ ljkl/t gx'g] u/L
adf]lhd x'g] Joj:yf k|rlnt sfg"g adf]lhd x'g]5 . gful/stf ;DaGwL sfo{ljlwut nufotsf Joj:yfx¿ sfg"g
dfkm{t ug{ cfjZos ePsf]n] of] k|fjwfg /flvPsf] 5 .

−
of] k|fjwfgnfO{ x6fpg] u/L km/s dt /x]sf] .
+
k|fjwfg yk ug]{ u/L km/s dt /x]sf] .

12