PHYSICS

BOARD’S QUESTION PAPER : SEPTEMBER 2021

Time : 3 Hours ] [ Max. Marks : 70

General instructions :
Section A : Q. No. 1 contains ten multiple choice type questions carrying one mark each. Q. No. 2 contains eight
1. 
very short answer type questions carrying one mark each.
Section B : Q. No. 3 to 14 contain twelve short answer type questions carrying two marks each. (Attempt any
2. 
eight)
Section C : Q. No. 15 to 26 contain twelve short answer type questions carrying three marks each. (Attempt any
3. 
eight)
Section D : Q. No. 27 to 31 contain five long answer type questions carrying four marks each. (Attempt any
4. 
three)
5. Use of logarithmic tables is allowed. Use of a calculator is not allowed.
6. Figures to the right indicate full marks.
7. For each multiple choice type question, it is mandatory to write the correct answer along with its alphabet,
e.g., (a)…/(b)…/(c)…/(d)… . No mark(s) shall be given if only the correct answer or the alphabet of the correct
answer is written. Only the first attempt will be considered for evaluation.
8. Physical constants :
(1) h  6.63  10  34 J·s  (2)  
  3.142   (3) g  9.8 m/s2  (4)  
 0  4   10  7 T·m/A
(5) e 0  8.85  10  12 C2/N·m2  (6) 1/4 e 0  9  109 SI unit   (7) R  8.319 J/mol·K

SECTION – A
Q. 1. Select and write the correct answer for the following multiple choice type questions :  [10]
(i) The SI unit of viscosity is

(a) N·s/m2 (b) N·m2/s (c) N2·s2/m (d) m2/N·s.(1)

(ii) The colour of a bright shining star is an indication of its

(a) distance from the Earth (b) size (c) temperature (d) mass. (1)

(iii) In which thermodynamic process does the volume of the system remain constant ?

(a) Isobaric (b) Isothermal (c) Adiabatic (d) Isochoric. (1)

(iv) If in a resonance tube an oil of density higher than that of water is used, then resonance frequency
would

(a) increase (b) decrease (c) slightly increase (d) remain the same. (1)

(v) In an interference experiment a transparent glass plate with refractive index n and thickness t is
introduced between one of the slits and the screen, the optical path shifts by

(a) (n  1) t (b) (n  1) t (c) (n  1)2 t (d) (n  1) t2.(1)

BOARD’S QUESTION PAPER : SEPTEMBER 2021 1

 (vi) For a series LCR circuit at resonance, the impedance of the circuit is equal to

(a) inductive reactance (b) capacitive reactance

(c) resistance  (d) both inductive and capacitive reactances. (1)

(vii) In the Bohr model of an [hydrogen] atom, which of the following is an integral multiple of h/2  ?

(a) Kinetic energy (b) Radius of the atom (c) Potential energy (d) Angular momentum (1)

(viii) A mass m attached to a spring oscillates every 2 seconds. If the mass is increased by 2 kg, then the
time period increases by 1 second. The initial mass was

(a) 1.6 kg (b) 2.4 kg (c) 3.2 kg (d) 1.4 kg. (1)

(ix) In a biprism experiment, the distance of a point on the screen from the slits is 1.8  10  5 m and
1.23  10  5 m. If the wavelength of light used is 6000 Å, then the fringe formed at that point is

(a) 10th bright (b) 10th dark (c) 9th dark (d) 9th bright. (1)

(x) In a common emitter amplifier, the current gain is 80 and the emitter current is 9 mA. The base
current is
1 1 1
(a) mA (b) 8 mA (c) mA (d) mA. (1)
81 8 9
Q. 2. Answer the following questions :  [8]
(i) State the formula for the moment of inertia of a solid sphere about an axis passing through its centre.(1)

(ii) Define angle of contact. (1)

(iii) What is an isothermal process? (1)

(iv) At which position is the restoring force acting on a particle executing linear SHM maximum? (1)

(v) When is an ac circuit noninductive? (1)

(vi) What is the phase difference between the input signal voltage and the output signal voltage in a
CE amplifier? (1)

(vii) Calculate the minimum energy required to take an electron from the ground state to the first excited
state in a hydrogen atom. (1)

(viii) If a charge of 50  C is moving with a speed of 50 m/s parallel to the direction of a magnetic field,
then what will be the mechanical force acting on the charged particle ? (1)

SECTION – B
Attempt any eight of the following questions :  [16]
Q. 3. Draw a neat labelled diagram of Fery’s blackbody.(2)
Q. 4. Write a note on free expansion in a thermodynamic process. (2)
Q. 5. What is magnetization? Write its unit and dimensions.(2)
Q. 6. State any two conditions for a steady interference pattern. (2)
Q. 7. With the help of a suitable diagram, state the expression for Biot-Savart’s law in vector form. (2)
Q. 8. State Faraday’s laws of electromagnetic induction. (2)

2 NAVNEET PRACTICE PAPERS : STD. XII

Q.  9. 
Explain why the total impedance of a circuit decreases when a capacitor is added in series with an inductor
and a resistor. (2)
Q. 10. 
A motorcyclist (treated as a point mass) is to undertake horizontal circles inside the cylindrical wall of a
well of inner radius 4 m. The coefficient of static friction between the tyres and the wall is 0.2. Calculate
the minimum speed and period necessary to perform this stunt. (2)
Q. 11. Compare the amounts of work done in blowing two soap bubbles of radii in the ratio 4 : 5.(2)
Q. 12. 
Find the distance between two successive antinodes in a stationary wave on a string vibrating with a
frequency of 32 Hz. [Speed of wave  48 m/s] (2)
Q. 13. 
The emf of a cell is balanced by a length of 320 cm of the potentiometer wire. When the cell is shunted by
a resistance of 50 Ω, the balancing length is reduced by 20 cm. Find the internal resistance of the cell. (2)
Q. 14. The photoelectric work function for a metal is 5 eV. Calculate the threshold frequency for the metal.(2)

SECTION – C

Attempt any eight of the following questions :  [24]

Q. 15. With a neat labelled schematic diagram, explain the experimental setup for photoelectric effect.(3)
Q. 16. 
What is a light emitting diode? Explain the working of an LED. (3)
Q. 17. Obtain an expression for the equivalent capacity for the combination of three capacitors connected in series.(3)
Q. 18. 
Explain surface tension on the basis of molecular theory. (3)
Q. 19. 
Derive an expression for the period of a simple pendulum. (3)
Q. 20. 
State Huygens’ principle. Explain geometrical construction of a plane wavefront. (3)
Q. 21. Obtain the expression for Bohr magneton. (3)
82 82
Q. 22. 
The wavelength of two sound waves in air are m and m. They produce 9 beats per second. Calculate
173 171
the velocity of sound in air. (3)
Q. 23. 
A circular loop of radius 9.2 cm carries a current of 2.3 A. Obtain the magnitude of magnetic field at the
centre of the loop.(3)
Q. 24. 
0.5 mole of a gas at a temperature of 450 K expands isothermally from an initial volume of 3 L to a final
volume of 9 L. (a) What is the work done by the gas? (b) How much heat is supplied to the gas? (3)
Q. 25. 
An alternating emf e  200 sin 314.2t volt is applied between the terminals of an electric bulb whose
filament has a resistance of 100  . Calculate (a) the rms current (b) the frequency of the ac signal (c) the
period of the ac signal. (3)
Q. 26. 
Two charges of magnitudes 5 nC and  2 nC are placed at points (2 cm, 0, 0) and (20 cm, 0, 0) in a region
of space where there is no external field. Find the electrostatic potential energy of the system. (3)

SECTION – D

Attempt any three of the following questions :  [12]

Q. 27. Using the principle of energy conservation, derive the expression for the minimum speeds at different
locations along a vertical circular motion controlled by gravity.(4)
Q. 28. 
Explain the conversion of a moving-coil galvanometer (MCG) into an ammeter. Obtain the necessary
formula.  (2)
State any two advantages of a potentiometer over a voltmeter. (2)

BOARD’S QUESTION PAPER : SEPTEMBER 2021 3

Q. 29. 
State (a) Stefan-Boltzmann law of radiation (b) Wien’s displacement law.(2)
The difference between the two molar specific heats of a gas is 6000 J/kg·K. If the ratio of the specific heats
is 1.4, calculate the molar specific heat at constant volume. (2)
Q. 30. Define : (a) self inductance (b) mutual inductance. (2)
A straight conductor is moving with a velocity of 3 m/s at right angles to a magnetic field of magnitude
4.5  10  5 Wb/m2. If an emf developed between its ends is 1.35  10  4 volt, calculate the length of the
straight conductor. (2)
Q. 31. 
State any two limitations of Bohr’s atomic model.(2)
The half-life of a radioactive species is 3.2 days. Calculate the decay constant (per day). (2)

Important note : In the problem in Q. 29, the unit J/kg·K and the magnitude of the difference indicate that the quantities are the
principal specific heat capacities and not molar specific heats.

________

4 NAVNEET PRACTICE PAPERS : STD. XII

 SOLUTION : BOARD’S QUESTION PAPER – SEPTEMBER 2021

SECTION – A

Q. 1. (i) (a) N·s/m2

(ii) (c) temperature
(iii) (d) Isochoric
(iv) (d) remain the same
(v) (b) (n  1)t
(vi) (c) resistance
(vii) (d) Angular momentum
(viii) (a) 1.6 kg
(ix) (b) 10th dark
1
(x) (d) mA
9
2
Q. 2.  (i) The moment of inertia of a solid sphere, of mass M and radius R, about its diameter is I  MR2.
5
(ii) The angle of contact for a liquid-solid pair (a liquid in contact with a solid) is defined as the angle
between the surface of the solid and the tangent drawn to the free surface of the liquid at the extreme
edge of the liquid, as measured through the liquid.

(iii) A thermodynamic process that takes place at constant volume is called an isochoric process (or isometric
process).

(iv) The magnitude of the restoring force on a particle performing SHM is F  kx, where k is the force
constant and x is the distance of the particle from the mean position. Hence, the magnitude of the restoring
force is maximum when x  xmax   A, where A is the amplitude of the motion.

(v) An ac circuit is noninductive when either the inductance is zero (i.e., there are no inductor in the circuit)
or the inductive reactance XL equals the capacitive reactance XC.

(vi) The output voltage of a CE amplifier is 180° out of phase with the input signal voltage.

(vii) The energy of the electron in the nth stationary state in a hydrogen atom (Z  1) is
13.6
  En   eV.
n2
 The minimum energy required for the transition of the electron from the ground state (n  1) to the
first excited state (n  2) is 

  E2  E1  13.6 ( 2  2)   13.6 (  1)  13.6 

1 1 1 3
2 1 4 4
 10.2 eV

(viii) The magnetic force on a charge q moving with a velocity lv in a magnetic field of induction lB is
lF  qlv  lB. Since, in this case, lv is parallel to lB, lF  0.

SOLUTION TO BOARD’S QUESTION PAPER – SEPTEMBER 2021 5

Q. 3.

Fery’s blackbody

Q. 4. A free expansion is an irreversible adiabatic process, i.e., a process in which no heat is added to the system
or removed from the system. It is characterized by Q  W  0, implying that the change in the internal energy,
ΔU  0.
   Consider a gas confined by a valve to one half of a double chamber with adiabatic walls while the other
half is evacuated. When the gas is in thermal equilibrium, the gas is allowed to expand to fill the entire
chamber by opening the valve. No interaction takes place and hence there are no local surroundings. While
rushing into a vacuum, the gas does not meet any pressure and hence no work is done by the gas. Hence,
Q  W  0.
   Free expansion is an uncontrolled change and the system is not in thermodynamic equilibrium. Free
expansion cannot be illustrated with a P – V diagram as only the initial state and final state are known.
Q. 5. In an atom, the orbital and spin magnetic moments of its electrons may or may not add up to zero, depending
on the electronic configuration. In some materials, their atoms have a net magnetic moment. When such a
material is placed in an external magnetic field of induction lB0, the magnetic moments tend to align with the
applied field. Due to this, the material as a whole acquires a net magnetic moment lMnet along lB0 and the
material is said to be magnetized.
   The magnetization of a material is defined as the net magnetic moment per unit volume of a material.
SI unit : The ampere per metre (A/m).
[magnetic moment]
Dimensions : [Magnetization]
[volume]
[L2I]
  [L1I].
[L3]
Q. 6. Conditions for a steady interference pattern :
(1) The two light sources must be coherent.
(2) The two light sources should be monochromatic.
Q. 7. Consider a very short segment of length dl of a wire carrying a current I. The product I dl l is called a current
element; the direction of dl l is along the wire in the direction of the current.
  Biot-Savart law (Laplace law) : The magnitude of the incremental magnetic induction dlB produced by
a current element I dl l at a distance r from it is directly proportional to the magnitude I dl of the current element,
the sine of the angle between the current element I dl l and the unit vector r6 directed from the current element

6 NAVNEET PRACTICE PAPERS : STD. XII

 toward the point in question, and inversely proportional to the square of the distance of the point from the
current element; the magnetic induction is directed perpendicular to both I dl l and r6 as per the cross product
rule.
I dl sin 
  dB 
r2
0 I dl sin 
 dB   ... (1)
4 r2
0 I dl lr6
In vector form, dlB  ( )  ... (2)
4 r2
lr
where r6  and the constant 0 is the permeability of free space. Equations (1) and (2) are called the Biot-
r
Savart law.

  The incremental magnetic induction dlB is given by the right-handed screw rule of vector product I dl l r6 .
In the figure, the current element I dl l and r6 are in the plane of the page, so that dlB points out of the page at
point P shown by ; at the point Q , dlB points into the page shown by .

Magnetic induction due to a current element

   The magnetic induction lB at the point due to the entire wire is, by the principle of superposition, the
vector sum of the contributions dlB from all the current elements making up the wire.
   From Eq. (2),
 Idl lr6
  lB   dlB  0   
4 r2 
Q. 8. The phenomenon of production of emf in a conductor or circuit by a changing magnetic flux through the circuit
is called electromagnetic induction.
Faraday’s laws of electromagnetic induction :
(1) First law : Whenever there is a change in the magnetic flux associated with a circuit, an emf is induced
in the circuit.
(2) Second law : The magnitude of the induced emf is directly proportional to the time rate of change of
magnetic flux through the circuit.
Q. 9. For an LR circuit, the impedance,
  ZLRghR2X 2L
where XL is the reactance of the inductor.

SOLUTION TO BOARD’S QUESTION PAPER – SEPTEMBER 2021 7

 When a capacitor of capacitance C is added in series with L and R, the impedance,
  ZLCRghR2(XLXC)2
where XC is the reactance of the capacitor. In the case of an inductor the current lags behind the voltage by a
phase angle of /2 rad while in the case of a capacitor the current leads the voltage by a phase angle of
/2 rad. The decrease in net reactance decreases the total impedance (ZLCR  ZLR).
Q. 10. Data : r4 m, s 0.2, g 9.8 m / s2

vmin   ij
rg

   
s

 ef4  49  14 m/s
4  9.8
ij
0.2
2r
T  
    
vmin
2  3.142  4 12.568
   1.795 s
14 7
r1 4
Q. 11. Data : 
r2 5
  Work done, W  2TdA

 W1  2T (4r 21 ),    W2  2T (4r 22 ) 

W 2T (4r21 ) r 2

 1
W2 2T (4r  2
2)
     1
r2 
2
4


5
16
 
25
Q. 12. Data : n  32 Hz, v  48 m/s
v
   
n
48 m/s
  1.5 m
32 Hz

 Distance between successive antinodes 
2

 0.75 m
Q. 13. Data : R  50  , l1  320 cm, l2  l1  20  320  20  300 cm
 l1  l2 = 20 cm
The internal resistance of the cell is

rR ( )
l1  l2
  
l2

 50 ( )  3.333 
20 10
300 3

8 NAVNEET PRACTICE PAPERS : STD. XII

Q. 14. Data : 0  5 eV, 1 eV  1.6  10  19 J

  0  hv0

0
 v0  log 8   0.9031
h
log 6.63  0.8215
(5 eV) (1.6  10  19 J/eV)
   0.0816
6.63  10  34 J·s
Antilog 0.0816  1.207
8  1015
  1.207  1015 Hz
6.63
Q. 15. Apparatus : A photoelectric cell G consists of the emitting electrode E (emitter) of the material being studied
and the collecting electrode C (collector). The electrodes are sealed in an evacuated glass envelope provided
with quartz window W that allows the passage of UV radiation and visible light. Monochromatic light of
variable frequency from a suitable source S (such as a carbon arc) passes through a pair of polarizers P
(permitting a change in the intensity of radiation) and falls on the emitter.
   The electric circuit, as shown in the figure, allows the collector potential to be varied from positive
through zero to negative with respect to the emitter, and permits the measurement of potential difference and
current between the electrodes. When the collector is made negative, the voltmeter is connected in reverse.

Apparatus to study the characteristics of

photoelectric effect

SOLUTION TO BOARD’S QUESTION PAPER – SEPTEMBER 2021 9

Q. 16. A light-emitting diode ( LED ) is a forward-biased pn-junction diode formed from compound semiconductor
materials such as gallium arsenide (GaAs) in which light emission can take place from direct radiative
recombination of excess electron-hole pairs. A photon is emitted when an electron in the conduction band
recombines with a hole in the valence band.
   In infrared emitting LEDs, the encapsulating plastic lens may be impregnated or coated with phosphorus.
Then, phosphorescence of the phosphorus gives off visible light.

Working of an LED

Working : An LED is forward-biased with about 1.2 V to 3.6 V at 12 mA to 20 mA. Majority carriers
electrons from n-type layer and holes from p-type layer are injected into the active layer. Electrons
cross the junction into the p-layer. In the active p-layer, some of these excess minority carriers, electrons,
recombine radiatively with majority carriers, holes, thereby emitting photons. The resulting photon has an
energy approximately equal to the bandgap of the active layer material. Modifying the bandgap of the active
layer creates photons of different energies.
  In the energy band diagram this recombination is equivalent to a transition of the electron from a higher
energy state in the conduction band to a lower energy state in the valence band. The energy difference is
emitted as a photon of energy h.
Q. 17. In the series arrangement of capacitors, the capacitors are connected end to end and a cell is connected across
the combination of the capacitors as shown in the figure.

Capacitors in series

  Let C1, C2, C3 be the capacitances of the three capacitors connected in series and Q, the charge on each
capacitor. Let V1, V2, V3 be the potential differences across the capacitors.
Now, charge  capacitance  potential difference
 Q  C1V1  C2V2  C3V3
Q Q Q
 V1  , V2  and V3  
C1 C2 C3
10 NAVNEET PRACTICE PAPERS : STD. XII
   If V is the potential difference across the combination and Cs is the equivalent or effective capacitance of
the combination, we have,
Q Q
  Cs      V 
V Cs

But, V  V1  V2  V3

Q Q Q Q
    
Cs C1 C2 C3

1 1 1 1
   
Cs C1 C2 C3

Q. 18. The phenomenon of surface tension arises due to the cohesive forces between the molecules of a liquid. The
net cohesive force on the liquid molecules within the surface film differs from that on molecules deep in the
interior of the liquid.

   Consider three molecules of a liquid : A molecule A well inside the liquid, and molecules B and C lying
within the surface film. The figure also shows their spheres of influence of radius R.

Three molecules of a liquid with their

spheres of influence

(1) The sphere of influence of molecule A is entirely inside the liquid and the molecule is surrounded by its
nearest neighbours on all sides. Hence, molecule A is equally attracted from all sides, so that the resultant
cohesive force acting on it is zero. Hence, it is free to move anywhere within the liquid.

(2) For molecule B, a part of its sphere of influence is outside the liquid surface. This part contains air
molecules whose number is negligible compared to the number of molecules in an equal volume of the
liquid. Therefore, molecule B experiences a net cohesive force downward.

(3) For molecule C, the upper half of its sphere of influence is outside the liquid surface. Therefore, the
resultant cohesive force on molecule C in the downward direction is maximum.

(4) Thus, all molecules lying within a surface film of thickness equal to R experience a net cohesive force
directed into the liquid.

(5) The surface area is proportional to the number of molecules on the surface. To increase the surface area,
molecules must be brought to the surface from within the liquid. For this, work must be done against the
cohesive forces. This work is stored in the liquid surface in the form of potential energy. With a tendency
to have minimum potential energy, the liquid tries to reduce the number of molecules on the surface so as
to have minimum surface area. This is why the surface of a liquid behaves like a stressed elastic membrane.

SOLUTION TO BOARD’S QUESTION PAPER – SEPTEMBER 2021 11

Q. 19.    Consider a simple pendulum of length L , suspended from a rigid support O. When displaced from its
initial position of rest through a small angle  in a vertical plane and released, it performs oscillations between
two extremes, B and C, as shown in the figure. At B, the forces on the bob are its weight mlg and the tension
lF1 in the string. Resolve mlg into two components : mg cos  in the direction opposite to that of the tension
and mg sin  perpendicular to the string.

Motion of a simple pendulum

mg cos  is balanced by the tension in the string. mg sin  restores the bob to the equilibrium position.
  Restoring force, F   mg sin 
If  is small and expressed in radian,
arc AB x
  sin       
radius OB L
x
 F   mg   mg  ... (1)  
L
Since m, g and L are constant,
F  (  x)
   ... (2)  
Thus, the net force on the bob is in the direction opposite to that of displacement x of the bob from its mean
position as indicated by the minus sign, and the magnitude of the force is proportional to the magnitude of the
displacement. Hence, it follows that the motion of a simple pendulum is linear SHM.
F g
  Acceleration, a    x ... (3)  
m L

| 
a g
Therefore, acceleration per unit displacement   | ... (4)  
x L
Period of SHM,
2
  T  
efacceleration per unit displacement

   T  2 ij 
2 L
  ... (5)  
efg / L

g

This gives the expression for the period of a simple pendulum.

12 NAVNEET PRACTICE PAPERS : STD. XII

Q. 20. Huygens’ principle : Every point on a wavefront acts as a secondary source of light and sends out secondary
wavelets in all directions. The secondary wavelets travel with the speed of light in the medium. These wavelets
are effective only in the forward direction and not in the backward direction. At any instant, the forward-going
envelope or the surface of tangency to these wavelets gives the position of the new wavefront at that instant.
Huygens’ construction of a plane wavefront : A plane wavefront may be treated as a part of a spherical or
cylindrical wave at a very great distance from a point source or an extended source, such that the wavefront
has a negligible curvature. Let A, B, C, D, ... , be points on a plane wavefront in a homogeneous isotropic
medium in which the speed of light, taken to be monochromatic, is v.
   In a time, t  T, secondary wavelets with points A, B, C, D, ... as secondary sources travel a distance vT.
To find the position of the wavefront after a time t  T, we draw spheres of radii vT with A, B, C, ... as centres.
The envelope or the surface of tangency to these spheres is a plane ABC. This plane, the new wavefront, is
at a perpendicular distance vT from the original wavefront in the direction of propagation of the wave. Thus,
in an isotropic medium, plane wavefronts are propagated as planes.

Huygens’ construction of a plane wavefront

Q. 21. In the Bohr model of a hydrogen atom, the electron of charge e performs a uniform circular motion around
the positively charged nucleus. Let r, v and T be the orbital radius, speed and period of motion of the electron.
Then,
2r
T
    ... (1)  
v
The orbital magnetic moment associated with this orbital current loop has a magnitude,
e ev
  I  ... (2)  
T 2r
Therefore, the magnetic dipole moment associated with this electronic current loop has a magnitude

  Mo  currentarea of the loop

ev 1
 I(r2)  r2  evr ... (3)  
2r 2
Multiplying and dividing the right hand side of the above expression by the electron mass me ,
e e
  Mo  (mevr)  L ... (4)  
2me 2me o

SOLUTION TO BOARD’S QUESTION PAPER – SEPTEMBER 2021 13

    According to Bohr’s second postulate of stationary orbits in his theory of hydrogen atom, the angular
h
momentum of the electron in the nth stationary orbit is equal to n , where h is the Planck constant and n
2
is a positive integer. Thus, for an orbital electron,
nh
  Lo  mevr   ... (5)  
2
Substituting for Lo in Eq. (4),
enh
  Mo 
4me
eh
For n  1, Mo 
4me
eh
The quantity is a fundamental constant called the Bohr magneton, B .
4me
B  9.2741024 J/T (or A·m2)  5.788105 eV/T .
82 82
Q. 22. Data : 1  m, 2  m
173 171

Let n1 and n2 be the corresponding frequencies.

 v  n11 n22
where v is the speed of sound in air.
  But 1< 2
 n1 > n2
 n1  n2  9

 v (  )  9
1 1
1 2

v( )  9
173 171

82 82
9  82
 v  9  41  369 m/s
2
Q. 23. Data : R  z  9.2  10  2 m, l  2.3 A, N  1
The magnitude of the magnetic induction,
 NI
B 0 
 
2R
(4  10  7) (1) (2.3)
 
2 (9.2  10  2)
(9.2  10  5) 3.142
   10  5  1.571  10  5 T
2  9.2 2

Q. 24. Data : n  0.5 mol, T  450 K, Vi  3 L, Vf  9 L, R  8.319 J/mol·K

(a) The work done by a gas in an isothermal expansion is

W  nRT ln ( f)  nRT [2.303  log ( f)]

V V
  
Vi Vi

14 NAVNEET PRACTICE PAPERS : STD. XII

  W (0.5) (8.319) (450) (2.303)  log ( )
9

3
 (8.319) (225) (2.303)  log 3
 (8.319) (225) (2.303) (0.4771)
 2057 J  2.057 kJ
(b) At constant temperature, change in internal energy,  U  0. log 8.319 0.9201

 The heat supplied to the gas, log 225 2.3522
  Q   U  W  0  2.057  2.057 kJ log 2.303  0.3623
log 0.4771  1.6786
f  3.3132

Antilog 3.3132  2057

Q. 25. Data : e 200 sin 314.2 t V, R  100 

Comparing the given equation with e  e0 sin  t, we get
  the peak value of the applied emf, e0  200 V
and   314.2 rad/s
 The peak current is
e
   i0 0
R
200
 2 A
100
 The rms current is
i 2
   irms  0  mn2 A
mn2 mn2
The frequency of the applied emf,

  f 
2
314.2

2  3.142
100
  50 Hz
2
The period of the applied emf,
1 1
  T    0.02 s
f 50
Q. 26. Data : q1 5 n C  5  10  9 C, q2   2 n C   2  10  9 C,
1
r  (20  2) cm  18 cm  18  10  2 m,  9  109 N·m2/C2
4  e0
  The electrostatic potential energy of the system,
1 q1 q2
  U 
4  e0 r
(5  10  9) (  2  10  9)
 (9  109)
18  10  2
  5  10  7   0.5  10  6 J   0.5  J

SOLUTION TO BOARD’S QUESTION PAPER – SEPTEMBER 2021 15

Q. 27.    Consider a particle of mass m attached to a string and revolved in a vertical circle of radius r. At every
 
instant of its motion, the particle is acted upon by its weight mg and the tension T in the string. The particle
may not complete the circle if the string slackens before the particle reaches the top. This requires that the
particle must have some minimum speed.

Vertical circular motion (schematic)

(i) At the top (point A) : Let v1 be the speed of the particle and T1 the tension in the string at the top. Here,
 
both T1 and weight mg are vertically downward. Hence, the net force on the particle towards the centre
O is T1mg, which is the necessary centripetal force.
mv21
 T1mg
 ... (1)  
r
  To find the minimum value of v1 that the particle must have at the top, we consider the limiting case
when the tension T1 just becomes zero.
mv21

  mg
r
that is, the particle’s weight alone is the necessary centripetal force at the point A.

 v21 gr     v1 efgr

... (2)  
(ii) At the bottom (point B) : Let v2 be the speed at the bottom. Taking the reference level for zero potential
1
energy to be the bottom of the circle, the particle has only kinetic energy mv22 at the lowest point.
2
  Total energy at the bottom  KEPE
1 1
 mv22  0  mv22 ... (3)  
2 2
As the particle goes from the bottom to the top of the circle, it rises through a height h 2r. Therefore,
its potential energy at the top is
  mgh mg (2r)

and, from Eq. (2), its minimum kinetic energy there is
1 1
  mv21  mgr
... (4)  
2 2
1

  Minimum total energy at the top  KEPE    mgr2mgr
2
5
 mgr ... (5)  
2
16 NAVNEET PRACTICE PAPERS : STD. XII
 Assuming that the total energy of the particle is conserved, total energy at the bottom total energy at the
top. Then, from Eqs. (4) and (5),
1 5
  mv22  mgr
2 2
  
The minimum speed the particle must have at the lowest position is
  v2   ef5 gr ... (6)  
1
(iii) At the midway (point C) : Let v3 be the speed at point C, so that its kinetic energy is mv23.
2

At C, the particle is at a height r from the bottom of the circle. Therefore, its potential energy at C is mgr.
1
Total energy at C  mv23mgr  ... (7)  
2

From the law of conservation of energy,

  total energy at C total energy at B

1 5
 mv23  mgr  mgr
2 2

 v23  5gr 2gr 3gr

 The minimum speed the particle must have midway up is

  v3 ef3 gr  ... (8)  

Q. 28. A moving-coil galvanometer is converted into an ammeter by reducing its effective resistance by connecting
a low resistance S across the coil. Such a parallel low resistance is called a shunt since it shunts a part of the
current around the coil. That makes it possible to increase the range of currents over which the meter is useful.

An ammeter is a modified galvanometer

  Let I be the maximum line current to be measured and Ig the current for which the galvanometer of
resistance G shows a full-scale deflection. Then, the shunt resistance S should be such that the remaining
current I  Ig  Is is shunted through it.

   In the parallel combination,

  the p.d. across the galvanometer the p.d. across the shunt

 Ig G  Is S  ( I  Ig ) S

 S( ) G
Ig
... (1)  
I  Ig
This is the required resistance of the shunt. The scale of the galvanometer is then calibrated so as to read the
current in ampere or its submultiples (mA or A) directly.

SOLUTION TO BOARD’S QUESTION PAPER – SEPTEMBER 2021 17

 Advantages of a potentiometer over a voltmeter :
(1) The cell, whose emf is being measured, draws no current from the circuit at the null point. Thus, the
potentiometer measures the open-circuit potential difference across its terminals, or the emf E. A voltmeter
will measure the terminal potential difference, V, of the cell in a closed circuit. This is because the
resistance of a voltmeter is high but not infinite and hence the voltmeter is not ideal.
(2) By setting up a suitably small potential gradient along a long potentiometer wire, any small voltage can
be measured. Increasing the length of the wire effectively decreases the potential gradient, and increases
both the precision and accuracy of measurement.
(3) The adjustment of a potentiometer is a ‘null’ method which does not, in any way, depend on the calibration
of the galvanometer. The galvanometer is used only to detect the current, not to measure it. The accuracy
of a voltmeter is limited by its calibration.
(4) Since a potentiometer can measure both the emf and terminal potential difference of a cell, the internal
resistance of the cell can be found.
Q. 29. The Stefan-Boltzmann law : The rate of emission of radiant energy per unit area, i.e., the power radiated per
unit area of a perfect blackbody, is directly proportional to the fourth power of its absolute temperature. OR
   The quantity of radiant energy emitted by a perfect blackbody per unit time per unit surface area of the
body is directly proportional to the fourth power of its absolute temperature.
Wien’s displacement law : The wavelength for which the emissive power of a blackbody is maximum, is
inversely proportional to the absolute temperature of the blackbody. OR
For a blackbody at an absolute temperature T, the product of T and the wavelength m corresponding to the
maximum radiation of energy is a constant.
mT  b, a constant.
 
Data : SP  SV  6000 J/kg·K, SP /SV  1.4
The unit J/kg·K and the magnitude of the difference indicate that the quantities are the principal specific heat
capacities SP and SV , and not molar specific heats.
  SP /SV  1.4      SP  1.4 SV
  SP  SV  6000
 1.4 SV  SV  6000
6000 60
 SV    103  15 kJ/kg·K
0.4 4
Q. 30. Definition : The self inductance or the coefficient of self induction of a coil is defined as the emf induced
in the coil per unit time rate of change of current in the same coil. OR the self inductance of a coil is the ratio
of magnetic flux linked with the coil to the current in it.
Definition : The mutual inductance or the coefficient of mutual induction of two magnetically linked coils is
equal to the flux linkage of one coil per unit current in the neighbouring coil.  OR
The mutual inductance or the coefficient of mutual induction of two magnetically linked coils is numerically
equal to the emf induced in one coil (secondary) per unit time rate of change of current in the neighbouring
coil (primary).

18 NAVNEET PRACTICE PAPERS : STD. XII

 Data : v  3 m/s, B  4.5  10  5 T, e  1.35  10  4 V
e  Blv

 The length of the conductor,
e
  l 
Bv
1.35  10  4
 
(4.5  10  5) (3)
1.35  10  4
 1 m
13.5  10  5
Q. 31. Limitations of Bohr’s atomic model :
(1) The model cannot explain the relative intensities of spectral lines even in the hydrogen spectrum.
(2) The model cannot explain the atomic spectra of many electron atoms of higher elements.
(3) The model cannot account for the Zeeman effect and Stark effect (fine structure of spectral lines as
revealed in the presence of strong magnetic field and electric field, respectively).
Data : T1/2  3.2 d
   The half-life period of the radioactive substance,
0.693
  T1/2 

 The decay constant of the radioactive substance,
0.693
   log 0.693 1.8407
T1/2
0.693 log 3.2  0.5051
f 1.3356

3.2
f
Antilog 1.3356  0.2166
 0.2165 day  1

________

SOLUTION TO BOARD’S QUESTION PAPER – SEPTEMBER 2021 19