Vv Aspect FIADESEN,! ~EVRING,, “Grammar Dimension 1° (2600) . Heinle & Heinle rous 1 The English Verb System: Overview Verbs in English express how events take place in time. The two main kinds of information: verb tenses give Time Frame When the event takes place: now, at soine tinie in the past, or at Some time in the future The way we look at an a mn or state: whether it occurs at a certain point in time (for exemple, study) or lasts for period of time (for example, speai). (See Unit 2 for more detail.) ‘Time fratne and aspect combine in twelve different ways in English. Siriapile ‘stuudylstudies stuctiod will study B-aspect (at that | ‘speak/speaks Spoke will speak i point in tine) ‘(sitaple present) (simple past) (simple futuro) : Progressive | amifistare stidying | wiasfvere studying | will be studying (in progress at'that “|-avniSlare speaking | washpere speaking | will be speaking point in time) (present progressive) | (past progressive) | (future progressive) Perfect hasthave studied ‘had studied will have studied (before that time) | Aas/have spoken ‘had spoken will have spoken, : korestut perfect) | (past perfect) (future perfect) Perfect} hasthave boon hhad beer studying | will.have been Progressive: Lp studying hail been speaking ‘studying (in progfess during: |-hashhave beeri (pastiparfect will have been and bere that speaking’ - ‘propreaiive) speaking tire) (orsient perfect (future perfect ‘progressive) progressive) *Pleate siote that there! afé:xnany ways to express the futute-tiine frame in English. The chart above gives examples of the future ising will only. See Focus 7 in Unit 2 for other waye, ERE ETE CREE ET SE RES STRATES, i allEXERCISE 1 In hig dutobiography, The Hunger of Mernoiy, Richard’ Rodriguez. describes Inis struggles growing up in twe-differeint; worlds: Mexican culture and fhe Artericanr educational system. The following passages are from his book. Underline the verbs of tain clauses in each sentence. Then identify the’ time frame for each ‘passage: present, past, or future. Circle words and phrases that help to signal the time frame. The first one has been done.as an example. > EXAMPLE: +t, (a)Grom an carly age)I knew that my mother and father could read and write both Spanish and English. (b) I had ob- served my father making his way through what, I now suppose, must have been income tax forms. (cXOn othe? otcasions)I waited apprehensively while my mother read onion-paper let- ters ainmailed from Mexico with news of a relative's illness or death, (d) For both my parents, however, reading was somé- thing done out of necessity and as quickly as possible, ‘Time frame: past 2 (a) Lately, I have begun to wonder how the family will gather even three times a year when [my mother] is not there with her phone to ‘unite us, (b) For the time being, however, she presides at the table, (c) She—not my fathes, who sits opposite her—says the grace before meals. (d) She busies herself throughout the meal. 3. (a) Someday . .. you wil! all grow up and all be very rich. (b) You have lots of money to buy me presents. (c} But I'll be a little old lady. (d) I won't have any teeth or hair. (e) So you'll have to buy me soft food and put a blue wig on my head. (f) And you'll buy me a big fur coat, (g) But you'll only be able to see my eyes. 4. (a) The third of four children, I had been preceded to a neighborhood Roman Catholic school by an older brother and sister, (b) But neither of them had revéaled very much about their classroom experiences. (c) Each afternoon they returned, as they left in the morning, always together, speaking in Spanish, as they climbed the five steps of the porch. . 5, (a) Visiting the East Coast or the gray capitals of Europe during the Jong months of winter, I often meet people at deluxe hotels who comment on my complexion. (b) (in such hotels it appears nowadays a mark of leisure and wealth to have a complexion like mine.) (c) Have I been skiing? In the Swiss Alps? (d) Have T just returned from a Caribbean vacation? (2) No. I say ng softly but in a firm voice that intends to explain: My complexion is dark. 6 (a) [My nephew] smiles, (b)I wonder: Am I watching myself in this boy? (0) In this face where I can scarcely trace a family resemblance? (d) Have I Verb eesnVitien and spoken Communion [i Sg MM‘The time focus may be sted explitiuly or it may be impliedin the context? - ae : Present | (g) I can't talk now; I'm trying to (h) Her son goes to.a private study, school. ©! (implied: now) Past (i) Until the end of the (j) Dinosaurs evolved into two Cretaceous period, dine-nurs distinct groups. (Implied: During a period of time in the past) Future (i) After you finish that ch ay () The weather will continue to Til give you a rice to se be warm and sunny. (Cimmplied! for a future period of roamed the earth. | a) | ) ‘gstioacreumater naan ane ea sea caret In written and spoken communication, the moment of focus may be the f from sentence to sentence: 2) aschcoonenouet ae, | (a) Kay met Phil the summer after she (m) When Kay first moved to Chicago from Bangkok, she had a hard time adjusting to her new life. She didn’t like the food at school. Other children seldom talked to her and she had no graduat: from college. They dated for two years. When they got mar- ried, it was on the same date, July 15th, that they had first met, This year one to play. with, celebrated their fifteenth anniver- sary, esterase te Ne ee AN EXERCISE 3 The following oral interview passages are from Studs Terkel’s book Tie Great Divide, in which Americans talk about their lives and thoughts on changes in America, In small groups, take turns identifying the moment or moments of fo- cus for each passage. (1) Determine whether each moment of focus is (a) a point of time or (b) a period of time, (2) State whether moment of focus is (a) past or (©) present, (3) State whether the moment of focus is (2) explicitly stated or (b) implied, vetoes sepia 4. (a) Right now, he’s working the night shift at a twenty-four hour ser- vice station, with ten or twelve pumps. (b) He pumps the cash regis- ter. (C) His goals are very short-term, Lo get through the day ‘er Tents In Witten ane Speken Communication dus| COSCCOHOOOOSOSEOEOSEH OOOOH OOOSOOOOSOS OO HESOOOODOE foreseen his pa’st? (¢) He lives in a world of Little League and Pop Warner. (f He has spoken English all his life. (g) His father is of German descent, a fourth-generation American, ~ . (a) Thatkkiown"a writer's loneliness before, »working on my dissertation in the British Muséum. (b) But that experience did not ‘prepare the for the task. of writing these pages where my ow life is the subject, (c) Mafiy'days I feafed I had stopped, living by committing myself to remeinber the past." (d) I feared that my absorption with events in my past emouinted to.an imma- ture refusal to live in the present. EXERCISE 2 : = 7 Exchange the paragraplis you wrote for the Opénitig Task with 4 classmate, Afi read- ing the patagraphs, write one or two questions that you have about your classmate's in-groups and ask him or her to respond to them. Then decide whether there is a con- sistent tims frame used for each paragraphy If so, identify the time frames and un. derline any time indicators, Check with yout classmate to see if he or she agrees with your analysis. Discuss any changes you think should be made. roaus & Moment of Focus Verbs can describe events that happen at a point in time (for example, last night, weeks ago) or an event that lasts a period of time (for example, all night long, three weeks), We can call this the moment of foc Here are examples of moment of focus for e past, and future. th of the three thine frames: pr Moment of Focus Che noteat atime: - Past 4 2a “Duetg the early: ‘alsiatéenth elt -centa nilllows: Atallans Future") “Onisiiirday momiing hey | ary ee ji léavelfor thelr tip. * [plitertechriology Will continue eh Gpovlsilee tobe] sc 32 Po eBange our lives: unr2, (a) Back in the early eighties when the draft-iesistance mavement be- = gan, many of us who were resisters first appeared in-public. (b) We de- ~ baved representatives of the Selective Service. (c) Frankly, we'd usu- ally make them look pretty silly. 3. (a) In the last five years, there’s been much more discussion of ethics on the campuses. (b) Remember, many of the Young people of the ° =. sixties are the professors of today and the haven't changed their ba- sic beliefs! : : : 4, {a) A frlend of mine, who is-forty, had been a stock ahalyst on Wall Street fifteen years ago. (b) Shg married, had babies, raised her chil- = . dren, and now wahited to go back, (c} They said, “It, doesn't matter : what you did before,” z : i 5. (a) I would like to be chief of police. (8) I'l probably apply for jobs. (©) If nothing happens, I'll go to Cape Cod, build a house, and look at the waves. : 6. (a) [My students] have learned how to take college tests. (b) They score high, éspecially in math. (c) They are quite verbal. (d) They give the impression of being bright. (d) Encouraged by their families, they come with the conviction that education is something they want, something they need. (e) But their definition of education is some. ' thing else. rocus B > Consistency in Tense Usage Being consistent in tense means keeping verbs in the same time frame. Present Time Frame‘ ‘The tense may change within a time frame, (a) Self-help groups have become For example, the tense may change from-pres- very cdmution all over America. ent perfect to simple present, as in sentences () ‘These gtotigs assist people with | («and (b), but the time frame remains in the everything from weight problems | Present to developing cohBdence. femmes). un 34Sm ky Past, Timé Frame soimetimes, KoWe¥tt, is ecessafyae change (e) Vera.praduated from colege last |" om aie time frame to another, for example from past to present. A time-frame shift is usu- ally signaled bya time marker (for exaraple, last week, currently, next year.) In example (d) now signals a shift from past to Present Time Frame jund f (@) She now works for a law firm, | (e) She has worked there for a present tims, Example (e) shifts to the present month, perfect, but remains in the present thne frame, Past Time Frame IF (@) bad & past-time reference, as in (f), the verb would be ungrammatical because there is (©) NOT She had worked there lor |, explicit time marker to signal a time-frame manent shift, Nor is there any reason to depart from the present time frame, which bas been esteb- lished in (@) imams ba cca Ne EXERCISE 4 Each of the following passages has one sentence with an inappropriate verb tense. (1) Tdentify the time frame of the passage. (2) Identify the sentence that has the error and cor- rect it. You may want lo consult the time frame chart in Focus 1 for reference. Correction may involve changing the verb (ense or using an explicit time marker to signal the shift in time frame. More than one verb tense can be correct in some cases. EXAMPLE: (a) Iam taking this coat back fo the store. (b) Someone had burned a hole in it. (c) One button is missing loo. ‘Time Frame: Present Error: (b) Possible Corrections: S01 OR Someone had bur ve has burned a hole in it. id « wole wt it before E bought it, 4. (@) My music class is really interesting, (b) We have been studying the history of American jazz and blues. (c) | will have been taking this course for six weeks. 2 (a) Sula’s in-groups include her soitball team. (b) She had belonged to this team for three years. (c) Last year she played second base, but this year she is playing first base. 3. (a) Japanese researchers had demonstrated that a human virus can cause rheumatoid arthritis in mice. (b) The virus, HTLV-1, is capable of inserting its ‘own genetic information into the genes of its host. (c) It causes leukemia and two rare nerve disorders. 4. (a) Although Elvis Presley has been dead for decades, his legacy lives on, (b) For example, there was a computer game “In Search of the King.” (c) And the Jockey Club registry lists the following thoroughtaréd horses: Elvis Pelvis, Triple Elvis, Elvis’ Double, Jailhouse Rock, Blue Suede Shoes, and Love Me Tenderrocus > Time-Frame Shifts in Written . and Spoken Communication In written and spoken communication, time-frame shifts sometimes occur, such as from present to past. These shifts will often be necessary when you move from ‘statements that introduce a topic to ones that provide further information about the topic. There‘May or thay not be explicit niarkers to signal time shifts. . © ~ Below are'some reattinis'whiy you might chinge from one time frame to an: other, with examples give for each. . (a) The city of Wichita Fells has an inter- | Present —> Past ‘To explain or support a e esting history. It became a town over a general statement with hundred years ago when the railroad ast description or e Ps started a route through that area. The elaboration on a topic. opi e Jand that was to become Wichita | e Falls was a prize in ‘a poker game.” IE (b) Our school is helping to conserve Present —> Past | To support a claim eo natural resources, We recycled tons of || about the present with e aluminum last year: We started using | examples from the eo. paper cups instead of styrofoam ones. | past, (c) The social connections of Americans | Present —> Past | To support a general e have changed during the last cen- | stat about e tury. In the past, individuals depended | change by comparing on their extended families and neigh- | present and past situa- e {2 B borhoods for social activities. Today i e many Americans live far from their | extended families and often do not | e | know many of their neighbors. } e (@) Last year our city'witnessed an in- | Past —> Present | To express a comment e crease in the number of people who or an opinion about e volunteered time for organizations a topic. helping those in need, Donations to | e these organizations also increased We need to continue this assistance e to others less fortunate than we are. e NOTE: The simple present and present perfect tenses often “frame” topics, We frequently use them e to introduce toples, to make topic shift, and to end discussion | a topie, These tenses afien express e general statements that the speaker believes to be true at the present time. a . Rr SRE RE ESD USD °.: 4 moa s unt O89 COCO COOE 3bEXERCISE 5 “Heére-hre mote passages from Studs Terkel’s-interiews'in The Great Biuide: 3 : Discuss the reasons for the verb tense shifts in each passage. Which jffssages cltange tenses within a time frame? Which passages thange-fime frames? Which verb tenses are ited to introduce topics in these passages? > > EXAMPLES: (a) Nothing is forever: (b) You always have to stay flexible, so you can change. (c) Five years ego, we were in the commodity busi- w= ness. (4) You bought and sold. (e) the customer was a farmer in Towa. (f) Today he is a major New York Bank. Reason for verb tense shifi: The verb tense shifts from present to past io support a general statement about change by comparing present and past situatiotis. This passage changes time frames. ‘The present tense is used io introduce the to} 4. (@) This kitchen is part of the old house. (b) My great-grandpare bought the place around 1895 01 s-mewhere in there. (c) Tim fourth generation, 2 (@) think the American drea.n fi “ost people today is just sux- vival. (b) When people came here “: om the old country, it was for a better life, not just survival. (c) } sce that people that come over to- day seem to prosper faster than ihe ones who were born here. (d) Maybe it’s because they know what it is to do without. 3. (2) The marketplace has changed in another way. (b) We have major class shifts in America. (c) The middle class, as traditicnally known, is disappearing—being split. (d) You have a growing upper class. 4, (a) The role of the radio personality has)changed greatly in the las! decade. (5) Back then, we were given a pile of records and a few fl ‘catds to read. (c) Keep the conversation! toa minimum. (@) I once worked for a guy who had a stops sich.'(e) If you talleed over eight — seconds, you'd get in trouble. (f) Today, people want to hear what the individual has to say. (g) In the old days, we could squeeze in - eight, ten records an hour, (i) Now I'm lucky if I get in two. 5, (a) I've been arrested five times. (b) I'm considered somewhat of a freak because I'm the police chief’s wife. (c) I would march with my placard, hoping that tle police would't see me. (d) IE T saw a po- iceman, I would hide behind my sign. (e) But they always saw me and they said, Aha, there she goes, the crazy wife of the police chief. (B The police all hate my husband, so they think I'm exactly what he deserves. : Vert Tenses ln Witten and Spoken Communie ° @ @ roous I > Review of Simple Tenses nineteenth century included large asso Chinese. Simple tenses include the simple present, simple past, and sitaple future, They hhave,the pba uses: ‘xpress general: ideas; Penodhipn due are too fo describe habitial actions - ‘To éxpress possession or per sonal relationships SOSH HSCHHOCHHOHCHCHCHCHSCOOS eeeetoooce unt 2 ©08000 000% To‘ establish the time frame :thé moment of focus 38EXERCISE . vi te Pg The’ following statements are from dn ‘Intcetfite called. "Frequently Asked Questions" (FAQ). Bach state-nenl describe mporaly myth or strange . story. The news group that nis!:tais (ue FAC site tries to determine whether the statement is true or false. - For each statement: (1) identify the tense « the.verbs in italies; (2) then state what use or uses each verb expresses; (3) discuss whether you think the state- menls are true or nét. (Answers are given on page A-16.) b> EXAMPLE: The bubbles in plastic wrap contairt a cheap but toxic gas. ‘Tense: preseitt Use: To describe a general truth : To expyess possession (Not trac) 1. Ibis acceptable to send cocor wrapping them: 2, A mime had a heart attack during his perlormance. People thought it was part of his act. He died. 3, A ponny falling from the top of the Empire Stale Building will embed itself in the pavement, hrough the mail without 4, Fast-food shakes that aren't marked “dairy” have no milk in them. 5. Albert Einstein did poorly in school 6 Green M & M candies are an aphrodisiac.* 1. Contact lenses will stick ww your eyeballs if you weld something while wearing them 8. If mold grows on @ Twinkie," the Twinbie digests it. cecpted from EXERCISE 2 Go back to Exercises 1 and 3 on pp. 3 and 5 in Unit 1. Find an example of a verb with each of the following uses. Write down your choices and prepare to discuss them in class. » EXAMPLEr ~Waited:(from the Examples, Exercise 1) past habitual action. 1e Interne!’ Believe It 9" Fit” Harper's Magazine, October 1994 4. past habitual action 4. future possession 2. present habitual action 3, past moment of focus 3. past perception. An aphrodisiac is a drug or food which increases sexual desire. **A Twinkie is a very sweet pastry; it is olten referred lo as “junk food.” Verbs: Aspect and Tne Freres(2) The man in front of me, a shoriish, plump guy in a blue shirt and Jeans, was muttering to himself as he yanked at his "head.” Finally he gave in and straightened up. (8) He turned out to be Robin Williams,** but no one paid much attention in this crowd — the machines were the celebrities. EXERCISE 5 . : : Decide whether a simple terise or progressive tense is appropriate for cach blank and give the correct form of the verb in parentheses, The first one has been done for you. : 1, Andre (aj (come)comes__from Brazi! and (b) (be) a native speaker of Portuguese, Currently he () (stidy) English at the University of Colorado. He (d).(take) + ‘two courses: composition and American culture. 2 One of my most important in-groups (a) (be) __-_ my church group. Right now we (b) (provide)__ lunches for homeless people in the city park. Also, some of us-(c) (tutor) ~~ junior high studentsin math and English for the summer. Others in my group (4) (spend) part of the summer doing volunteer work at senior citizen centers. We all (©) (feel) that we (£) (gain) a great deal ourselves by participating in these act ' 3. Next summer our family (a) (have) a reunion during the July 4th holiday weekend, My uncle from Finland (b) (try) 16 come, but he (c) (start) anew business this year so it (d) (be) __ __ difficult for him to get away, Another uncle (e) (spend) __ the whole summer with us. He (f) (work) from June through August. 4, For many immigrants to the United States, their ethnic associations (a) (remain) important in-groups long after they have left their home countries. Even while they (b) (learn) a new language, many (c) (look to) speakers of their na- tive language as an in-group that (d) ( (understand) their struggles to adapt to a new way of life at my mother’s travel agency *+A well-known American comedian snd actor eoccecceerouus 3 Review of Perfective Verbs Perfect verbs are formed by have (has, have, had, wilf have} + a past participle (verb -ed or irregular form). To date, Mack has taken five days.off from work for.» vacation. a (®) Wher I last spoke to my mother, she had sent ma eletter, | so she didn't want to repeat her news over the pone. | The time phrases and 4 (©) By this time tomorrow, even more acres of the ruin forest | clauses in italics sigmel will have been destroyed. the moment of focus. Continuing to present Completed To describe events thai Present Perfect Shuple Past started in the past and (d) My parents have Lived in (e) My grandparents lived in | Continue to be true in their house for forty years; their house «. Tower the present, in contrast this year they are remodeling Avenue uniii | =56. with completed events the kitchen. (which are related to the simple past): (6) Uhave finished thet chapter, ibe events that so can help you answer the the speaker believes are questions. (My Binishing the relevant to.the moment chapter is relevant to my ability of focus. in (D, the mo- to help now.) ment of focus is the Contrast-w present; in (g), it is the Simple Past past. (F) and (g) contrast (g)_ [had finished the chapter before the soccer match started, so I was able to waich the whole match. (My finishing the chapter is relevant to having watched the match.) (h) Lfinished tiv: chapter Then I playe:' video games, (ibisking the chapter and avis games aye °° sequentially (Twill have taken my last exam on the day you arrive here. (My completion of exams is relevant to your arrival date.) eoescerne eases. unr. with (h), which has = simple past verb. OR CRESTLINE EOE A ET TTT TLR,~~ “(7y The Hotter'n Hell Hundred (tart) EXERCISE 8 Decide whether a simple form (present, past) or present perfect should be used for each verb in parentheses. The first has been done for you. ‘The Hotter'n Hell Hundred (1) Near the Texas-Oklahoma border, where the wind never (seem) seems to stop, where the sun (broil) ” the blacktop and (sap) the strength, the cyclists (come) each year, (2) They (come) to Wichita Falls, Texas, by the thousands to tide in what (become)__ the largest one-hundred-mile bicycle race in the world—the Hotter’n Hell Hundred. (3) The race (take) place on Labor Day weekend at the beginning of September, when temperatures regularly (soar) past 100 degrees, (4) The oddity of this race is that, with each passing year, it (become) more and more a symbol of Wichita Falls, a city-that, un- til recently, (be, hardly) a cycling bastion, (5) In days past, the sight of a bicyclist (cause) ___ heads to turn in the pickup truck, (6) Tornadoes (be) lists in Wichita Falls. once more numerous than bicy- 1982 when a postal worker (suggest). _a one-hundred-mile bike ride in 100-degree heat to celebrate Wichita Falls’ one-hundredth birthday. (8) Today, the race (command) the attention of almost the whole city as race weekend (approach) Adapted with permission from J. Michael Kennedy, “I's the Hottest Little OY Race in Texas,” Los Angeles Times, September 2, 1991, EXERCISE 9 Decide whether a simple future or future perfect verb should be used for each verb in parentheses. The first one has been done for you, (2) Our class has béén discussing which in-groups we think (be) —will___or (be, not)___ important to us ten years 1m note, (2) Hua says she knows her farnily (remain) an uNT?.i | | important in-group forever: (3) However, she thinks her associations with some campus groups, such as the French Club, (end) __by the time she graduates. (4) Kazuhike thinks that he (be) married for several years by that time. (5) He hopes he (have) a few children of his own. (6) He believes his family (represent) his most important in-group in the future. (7) Jose predicts that he (become) a famous physicist by that time and that oni of his impor- tant in-groups (be) EXERCISE 10 With a partner, take the roles of Person A and Person B below. Each person should writ five questions to ask the other person in an interview, based on the biodata informatior given. In your questions, use present, past, and future perfect verb forms, Use them in you responses when appropriate. Here are some patterns that may be useful for your questions Have you ever (done X)? Had you (doné X) before (¥)? Do you think you will have (done X) before (¥)? other Nobel Prize winners. b EXAMPLE: Person A: So you've taken piano lessons. Have you ever studied any other musical instruments? Person B: Actually, yes. Before I took piano lessons, I had studied the violin for a year, but my playing was terrible! Person B: I see you've lived ix two other cotuntries besides the United States. Which one did you live in first, and how long did you live in each one? Person A: Well, J had lived in Peru for fifteen years before I moved to Madrid. I lived in Madrid for « little over three years. PERSON A ‘was on the track team in high school lived in Peru lived in Madrid traveled in Egypt and Aftica parents live in New Mexico enrolled at the University of Texas belongs to a health club loves old movies is a sophomore will graduate from college in three years plans to do a bicycle tour of Vietnam PERSON B took piano lessons as a child grew up in Korea moved to the United States in 1992 attended the University of Florida attended Penn State currently lives in New York likes to watch basketball loves to go to music concerts. works at a television station plans to move to Tokyo will get a degree in broadcast journalism Verbs: Aspect and Time FramesFOCUS 4 > Review of Perfect Progressive Verbs Perfect progressive verbs include present perfect progressive, past perfect pro- szessive; and future perfect progressive, They are formed by have (igh had, ‘will have) + been + a past participle (verb + -ing), (2) The jurors have been ‘The jirors have dis-' | “76 express ations that have discussing the ovi- cussed the'evidence fer | not been completed at the dence. They still haven't moment of focus, in contrast reported their verdict. to report their verdict. to actions that have’been. (© Tamhad been listen- | (d) ‘Tam had listened to completed. ing to the news when jews before she the explosion occurred. for work. (©) Jochen will have been | (f) Jochen will have ‘working on his Master's worked-at the bank for degree fortwo years st | ive years when he the end ofthis month. | leaves for his new job in He expects to finish in | ” Quebec. ‘six months. | ese TE EST TT EXERCISE 11 For each blank below, choose a simple past, present perfect, or present perfect progressive verb. The first one has been dane for you. (1) Alfredo (join) joined che Friends of the Theater in his commu- nity five years ago and (be) group ever since, (2) It (remain) time activities even though h an active participant if this __ one of his favorite spare (stop) _____ trying out for roles in the plays last yeai because he (be) 100 busy. (3) Asa member, he (help) ‘omote the plays. (4) At times, he (look for)___ costumes for the actors. (5) For last month's play, he (work) with the props crew to get furniture and other props SPOSSHCHSSHHSSHOSOHHOSSHSHSHSHHHSHHSHHHHHOHHHOHOS unre ) ©e00068 00 Ae| for the stage sets.(6) He (find). ___an antique desk to use for cine of the sets, and he also (mnake)_____._ a fireplace facade (7) Most recently, he (try) afl ‘: .to get moré businesses to adver- tise in the playbills. - ; ~ EXERCISE 12 have ended or not? Explain. THE FAR SIDE By GARY LARSON i | * From Ms. H's choice of verb tense below, would you say that her “vowel affairs” { i 1 1 { | | | t | I | | “All right! All right! if you want the truth, off and on I've been seeing ail the vowels—a, @, |, 0, U. .. Oh, yes! And sometimes yi” Verbs: Aspect and Tine Frames OO OHOSOOSHOOHHOHEOESH HOHE HOH OTEHHOOH CEO OOD