Morphology of the Frog, Belongs t Phylum Chordata Class Amphibia Genus Rana Species tigrina (in India) Trunk ind has Body ofa frog is divisible into head and trunk. Neck and tail are not present in adults A pair of nostrils is present above the mouth. Eyes are bulged and covered by nietitating membrane. ‘Tympanum represents the ear. The limbs help in walking, leaping, burrowing and swimming ‘The hind limb (having 5 digits) is larger than the fare limb (having 4 digits) Male frog has sound producing voeal sacs and also a copulatory pad on the first digit of the fore limbs (not present in the female). Skin is always moist due to the presence of mucus. Frog never drinks water, but absorbs it through its skin, Anatomy of the Frog Digestive System <—Oesophagus bladder Lungs — Stomach Fat bodiS Kidney Ureter: Intestine Urinary bladder ~Rectum Cloaca Cloacal Aperture The mouth opens into the buccal cavity; food is captured by the bilobed tongue. Leads into the oesophagus, through the pharynx esophagus is short and opens into the stomach. Liver secretes bile, and pancreas secretes pancreatic juice containing digestive enzymes, Digestion starts in the stomach by the action of HCLPartially digested food (chyme) is passed on to the duodenum where itis acted upon by bile juices and panereatic juices, and further broken down into simpler substances. ited food is absorbed by the numerous finger-like folds called villi and microvilli in the wall of the intest The undigested solid waste moves into the rectum, and passes out through the cloaca, Respiratory System Frogs can respire on land as well as in water In wate they respire through the skin by diffusion (cutaneous respiration) On land, the buccal cavity, skin and lungs act as respiratory organs. (pulmonary respiration) ‘The lungs are a pair of pink-coloured, sac-like organs present in the upper part of the trunk, region (thorax), Air enters through the nostrils, passes into the buccal cavity, and then into the lungs, During aestivation and hibernation, respiration is cutaneous. Circulatory System Closed and well developed Ithas a lymphatic system also; consisting of lymph, lymphatic vessels and lymph nodes The heart is three-chambered (2 atria and 1 ventricle). Itis covered by pericardium, Sinus venosus: Triangular structure that joins the right atrium a the major veins called the vena cava \d receives blood through Conus arteriosus: Sac-like structure in which ventricle opens Circulatory system consists of separate arterial system and venous syst m, Special venous connections are also present between different parts of the body: Hepatic portal system ~ connects liver and intestine Renal portal system ~ connects kidney and lower parts of the body The blood is composed of RBCs, platelets, plasma and WBCs. Circulation is achieved by the pumping action of the heart, Exeretory System Consists of A pair of kidneys; compased of uriniferous tubules (nephrons) Ureters arise from the kidneys; in males ureters act as urinogenital ducts, opening the cloaca into Urinary bladder present ventral to the rectum which also opens in the cloaca In females, the ureters and oviduct open separately into the cloaca Frogs are ureotelie since they excrete urea, Nervous System Nervous system is organised into: Central nervous system (brain and spinal cord) Peripheral nervous system (cranial and spinal nerves) Autonomic nervous system (sympathetic and parasympathetic) There are 10 pairs of cranial nerves arising from the brain Brain is enclosed in the brain box (cranium), Brain is divided into: Forebrain - Olfactory lobes, paired cerebral hemispheres and unpaired diencephalon Mid brain ~ A pair of optic lobes Hind brain - Cerebellum and medulla oblongata (continues into the spinal cord; enclosed inthe vertebral column)Sense organs ~ well organized Touch Smell Taste Vision Hearing and balancii (Sensory papillae) (Nasal epithetium) (Taste buds) (Byes) (Tymps Reproductive System Have well-organised male and female reproductive systems Male Reproductive System. Kidney Adrenal —— Urine yenital duct ‘Cloaca Urinary— Cloacal bladder aperture Consists of a pair of yellowish, ovoid testes Testes adhered to the kidneys by mesorchium (double fold of peritoneum) Vasa efferentia (10-12) arise from the testes, enter the kidney on their side, and open. into Bidder’s canal. Bidder’s canal opens into the cloaca; passes out faecal matter, urine and sperms to the exterior Female Reproductive System Includes a pair of ovaries, situated near the kidneys A pair of oviduct arises from the ovaries and opens into the cloaca sepa Amature female produces 2500-3000 ova at a time Fertilisation is external and takes place in water Development is indirect (passes through the larval stage called the tadpole) Oviduet