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Lect 1

This lecture introduces functions of several variables and their limits and continuity. It defines functions of several variables as rules that assign real numbers to n-tuples of real numbers. Limits of functions are defined as values a function approaches as the input variables approach a point. A function is continuous if its limit exists and equals the function value at every point in its domain. Examples and exercises are provided to illustrate these concepts.

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6 views

Lect 1

This lecture introduces functions of several variables and their limits and continuity. It defines functions of several variables as rules that assign real numbers to n-tuples of real numbers. Limits of functions are defined as values a function approaches as the input variables approach a point. A function is continuous if its limit exists and equals the function value at every point in its domain. Examples and exercises are provided to illustrate these concepts.

Uploaded by

itsprime747
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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english

LECTURE ONE

MT 261: SEVERAL
VARIABLES CALCULUS
FOR NON-MAJORS

November 3, 2021
Overview

english

Functions of several variables


Definition

Limits and continuity


Definition

Real-valued function of several


independent real variables are
defined much the way you
define the single variable case
Definition cont. . .

The domains are set of ordered


pairs (tuples, quadruples, e.tc)
of real numbers, and the range
sets of real numbers
Definition cont. . .

Definition

Suppose D is a set of n−tuples


of real numbers
(x1, x2, . . . , xn ). A real
valued function f on D is a
rule that assigns a real number
ω = f (x1, x2, . . . , xn ) (1)
Definition cont. . .

The set D is the function’s


domain. The set of values
taken on by f is the range of
the function
Definition cont. . .

The symbol ω is the dependent


variable of f and f is ithe
function of n independent
variables x1 to xn . Also we
call the x 0s the function’s
input variables and ω is the
function’s output variables
Examples

Find the valuepof


f (x, y , z) = x 2 + y 2 + z 2 at
the point (3,0,4)
Interior point

A point (x0, y0) in a region set


R in the xy −plane is an
interior point of R if it is the
center of a disk of a disk that
lies entirely in R
Interior point cont. . .

Figure: Interior point


Boundary point

A point (x0, y0) is a boundary


point of R if every disk
centered at (x0, y0) contains
point that lie outside of R as
well as points that lie in R.
The boundary point itself need
not belong to R.
Boundary point cont. . .

Figure: Boundary point


Open and unbounded region

A region is open if it consists


entirely of interior points. Also
the region is closed if it
contains its boundary points. A
region is unbounded if it is
not bounded.
Limits

If the values of f (x, y ) lie


arbitrarily close to a fixed real
number L for all points (x, y )
sufficiently close to a point
(x0, y0), we say f approaches
the limit L as (x, y ) approaches
(x0, y0)
Limits cont. . .

We say that a function f (x, y )


approaches the limit L as
(x, y ) approaches (x0, y0), and
write
lim =L (2)
(x,y )→(x0,y0)
Limits cont. . .

if, for every number  > 0,


there exists a corresponding
number δ > 0 such that for all
(x, y ) in the domain of f
p
0 < (x − x0)2 + (y − y0)2 < δ
(3)
Limits cont. . .

implies
|f (x, y ) − L| < 
Thus in calculating limits we
can think either in terms of
distance or differences in
coordinates
Limits cont. . .

The definition of limit applies


to boundary points (x0, y0) as
well as interior points of the
domain of f . The only
requirement is that the point
(x, y ) remains in the domain at
all times
Limits cont. . .

Example 1
x − xy + 3y
lim = 2
(x,y )→(0,1) x y + 5xy − y 3
Limits cont. . .

Example 2
p
lim = x2 + y2
(x,y )→(3,−4)
Limits cont. . .

Exercise
x 2 − xy
lim = √ √
(x,y )→(0,0) x− y
Try!!!!!!!
Continuity

A function f (x, y ) is
continuous at the point
x0, y0 if
Continuity cont. . .

1. f is defined at (x0, y0)


2. lim(x,y )→(x0,y0) f (x, y )
exists
3. lim(x,y )→(x0,y0) f (x, y ) =
f (x0, y0)
Continuity cont. . .

A function is continuous if it
is continuous at every point of
its domain. Continuity applies
at boundary and interior points
of the domain of f . The only
requirement is that the point
(x, y ) remain in the domain at
all times
Continuity cont. . .

The sums, differences,


products, constants, multiples,
quotients and power of
continuous functions are
continuous where defined.
Continuity cont. . .

If z = f (x, y ) is continuous
functions of x and y , and
ω = g (z) is a continuous
function of z, then the
composite ω = g (f (x, y )) is
continuous. Thus
Continuity cont. . .

e x−y , cos x 2xy+1 , ln(1 + x 2y 2) are


continuous at every point
(x, y )
Continuity cont. . .

Show that

is continuous at every point


except the origin

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