Format for writing the practical while doing from the virtual lab:

Practical Name:
Submitted by:

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(Name, class, role no., mobile, email no.etc)

Submitted to:

Department name

College Name

Title:
The practical which you are going to address.

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Abstract:
It must contain objective, and an informative statement of the work done
highlighting the main finding. Abstract should also include the conclusion drawn
from the result obtained.

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Keywords:
The important term that contain in your experiment.

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Apparatus:
The instruments that need for your work.
Laptop, desktop computer, mobile, etc………

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Introduction:
This is a concise definition of a topic.

Literature review:
It is an important section of the practical that provides evidence that researcher has

adequate knowledge about his field of his practical. Literature review is to collect

facts, organize and analyze them into a coherent pattern, and present in the context

of your practical. A literature review must contain complete and correct citations

for every source.

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Theory:
Explain about the topic and working formula that need for your work.

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Methodology:
This section should give an accurate idea of what was done and how the work was

done in the study.

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Observation:
This section contains table, plotting and best fit and graph and plot.

Table:
Draw the table that you obtained from the observation.

Note: While draw the table never forget to name it. For eg. Table 1: This table shows
the variation between current and magnetic field.

Plotting and Best fit:

A line of best fit is a straight line that is the best approximation of the given set of
data and is used to study the nature of the relation between two variables.

Note: While plotting best fit straight line is obtained, however it may touch all point
or some point.

Graph and plot:

This section is needed only for when you plot the data that we obtained from
observation.

Note: While plotting the graph between x and y axes, some precaution must be

taken. Label the axes well. And start from suitable values as a result your graph is

seen nicely and attractive.

Also, name the plot that you draw.

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Calculation:
Calculated the data that you obtained from observation.

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Error Analysis:
The main purpose of error analysis is to check whether the result of experiment

agree with a theoretical prediction or result from other experiments or not.

Note: Error analysis may be done by statistical error method or probable error

method or weighted error method. For this look the C.L. Arora Book.

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Interpretated your result that you obtained from this experiment.

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Advantages of virtual experiment:

Write down the advantage of virtual lab.

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Advantages of virtual experiment:

Write down the advantage of virtual lab.
Limitations:
Lack of training, lack of interaction, lack of confidence, etc are limitations.

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Precautions:
In this section a measure taken in advance to prevent something dangerous,

unpleasant from happening means what should be done in the laboratory as a result

error is minimize and our result is in good agreement with experimental result.

………….

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Result:
The result section is the most important component of the practical and it contain

an explanation, and description of data, and highlights of finding, patterns, trends,

or relationship observed.

Note: This experiment is carried by virtual lab. So, your result is very close to the

or exactly equal to the standard value but while perform in real lab, Result should

be based on data obtained. Even the result which are not close to expected values

are acceptable. Just provide the reasons for it in discussion/conclusion.

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Conclusion:
Interpretated your result that you obtained from this experiment.

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Recommendation

The they play a vital role in raising students’ interest and creativity

Acknowledgements:
Dedicated those people who support on your work.

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(I would like to express my gratitude to all the people whose efforts contributed to

learn the virtual lab. I would like to express my sincere thanks and utmost gratitude

to Head, Central Department of Physics, Tribhuvan University, Kirtipur for

championing the pursuit of virtual laboratory experiments, amongst all of us. It

has been learning experience. I would like to take this opportunity to extend my

profound appreciation towards Dean, IOST, professors, lecturers, Ph. D. research

scholars administrative and laboratory staffs, seniors and fellow colleagues. Any

form of criticisms, suggestions and pinpointing of mistakes are highly encouraged,

anticipated and grandly welcomed. I will also be indebted to

the anonymous referee.)

References:
Include all information such as, textbooks, papers, web sites, etc
All the documents referred/consultant while preparing the virtual lab should be

listed here. These documents act as references to understand the lab in greater

depth.

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(Examples of references for format)

• V. Birman and L. W. Byrd, Modeling and Analysis of Functionally Graded

Materials and Structures, Applied Mechanics Reviews, vol. 60, pp. 195–216,

2007.

• Y. Tanigawa, Some Basic Thermoelastic Problems for Nonhomogeneous

Structural Materials, Applied Mechanics Reviews, vol. 48, pp. 287–300,

1995.

• A. I. Lur’e, Three-Dimensional Problems of the Theory of Elasticity,

Interscience Publishers, New York, p. 493, 1964.

• A. I. Lurie, Analytical Mechanics, Springer, Berlin—New York, p. 864,

2002.

• J.-Q. Tarn, Yi.-B. Wang, and Yu.-M. Wang, Three-Dimensional Asymptotic

Finite Element Method for Anisotropic Inhomogeneous and Laminated

Plates, International Journal of Solids and Structures, vol. 33, no. 13, pp.

1939–1960, 1996.
• J. N. Reddy and Z.-Q. Cheng, Three-Dimensional Thermomechanical

Deformations of Functionally Graded Rectangular Plates, European Journal

of Mechanics—A/Solids, vol. 20, pp. 841–855, 2001.

• M. Jabbari, A. H. Mohazzab, A. Bahtui, and M. R. Eslami, Analytical

Solution for Three-Dimensional Stresses in a Short Length FGM Hollow

Cylinder, Zeitschrift für Angewandte Mathematik und Mechanik, vol. 87,

no. 6, pp. 413–429, 2007.

• Z. S. Shao and T. J. Wang, Three-Dimensional Solutions for the Stress Felds

in Functionally Graded Cylindrical Panel with Finite Length and Subjected

to Thermal/Mechanical Loads, International Journal of Solids and

Structures, vol. 43, pp. 3856–3874, 2006.

• Y. Tanigawa, H. Morishita, and S. Ogaki, Derivation of Systems of

Fundamental Equations for a Three-Dimensional Thermoelastic Field with

Nonhomogeneous Material Properties and its Application to a Semi-Infinite

Body, Journal of Thermal Stresses, vol. 22, no. 7, pp. 689–711, 1999.

• Z.-Q. Cheng and R. C. Batra, Three-Dimensional Thermoelastic

Deformations of a Functionally Graded Elliptic Plate, Composites: Part B,

vol. 31, pp. 97–106, 2000.

• P. A. Martin, J. D. Richardson, L. J. Gray, and J. R. Berger, On Green’s

Function for a Three-Dimensional Exponentially Graded Elastic Solid,

Proceedings of the Royal Society A, vol. 458, pp. 1931–1947, 2002.

• V. P. Plevako, On the Theory of Elasticity of Inhomogeneous Media,

Journal of Applied Mathematics and Mechanics, vol. 35, no. 5, pp. 806–813,

1971.

• R. B. Hetnarski and M. R. Eslami, Thermal Stresses: Advanced Theory and

Applications, Springer, Amsterdam, p. 559, 2009.

• E. O. Brigham, The Fast Fourier Transform and Its Applications, Prentice-

Hall Inc., Englewood Cliffs, NJ, p. 448, 1988.

• Yu. A. Brychkov and A. P. Prudnikov, Integral Transforms of Generalized

Functions, Gordon & Breach, New York, p. 343, 1989.

• G. P. Tolstov, Fourier Series, Prentice-Hall Inc., Englewood Cliffs, NJ, p.

336, 1962.

• V. Vihak , Yu. Tokovyi, and A. Rychahivskyy, Exact Solution of the Plane

Problem of Elasticity in a Rectangular Region, Journal of Computational and

Applied Mechanics, vol. 3, no. 2, pp. 193–206, 2002.

• C.-C. Ma and Y.-T. Chen, Theoretical Analysis of Heat Conduction

Problems of Nonhomogeneous Functionally Graded Materials for a Layer

 Sandwiched Between Two Half-Planes, Acta Mechanica, vol. 221, nos. 3–4,

pp. 223–237, 2011.

Appendix:
It includes those things which you cannot kept in above place. Provides detailed

information (when necessary).

(please create many short questions as much as possible and answer them)

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Photo:
(Brief description of presenter for further contact….)