Depression

Detection using
EEG
Abstract:

Depression is a widespread mental health disorder with a significant global impact on individuals and
society. Early and accurate diagnosis of depression is essential for effective treatment and
intervention. This abstract presents an overview of research on the utilization of
Electroencephalography (EEG) in the detection of depression.

Electroencephalography is a non-invasive neuroimaging technique that records the electrical activity

of the brain. Over the years, researchers have explored the potential of EEG to provide valuable
insights into the neurophysiological underpinnings of depression. This paper reviews the current
state of EEG-based depression detection and the promise it holds for improving diagnosis and
treatment strategies.

Recent studies have demonstrated that individuals with depression exhibit distinctive EEG patterns
compared to healthy controls. These patterns often involve alterations in brainwave frequencies,
connectivity, and asymmetry, which may serve as biomarkers for depression. By employing
advanced signal processing techniques and machine learning algorithms, researchers have made
significant strides in classifying depressed individuals with high accuracy using EEG data.

Furthermore, EEG-based depression detection has the potential to offer several advantages over
traditional assessment methods. It provides an objective and quantifiable measure of brain activity,
reducing the subjectivity associated with self-reporting and clinical assessments. Additionally, EEG is
cost-effective, non-invasive, and readily accessible, making it a viable option for widespread
screening and monitoring.

This abstract concludes by highlighting the potential of EEG as a valuable tool for depression
detection. While challenges such as data variability and interpretational complexity persist, ongoing
research in this field offers a promising avenue for developing reliable and accessible diagnostic tools
for depression. The integration of EEG with other neuroimaging techniques and clinical data may
further enhance the accuracy and comprehensiveness of depression diagnosis, ultimately
contributing to improved mental health outcomes.
Introduction:

Depression, a pervasive and debilitating mental health disorder, affects millions of people
worldwide, exerting a profound impact on their quality of life and well-being. Early and accurate
diagnosis of depression is essential for timely intervention and effective treatment. However,
diagnosing depression remains a complex challenge, often relying on subjective self-reporting and
clinical assessments. In this context, emerging technologies and neurophysiological approaches have
the potential to revolutionize depression detection.

One such innovative approach is the utilization of Electroencephalography (EEG) for the detection
and characterization of depression. EEG, a non-invasive neuroimaging technique, records the
electrical activity of the brain by measuring the voltage fluctuations resulting from the collective
neural activity of millions of neurons. The EEG method has gained prominence in recent years as a
promising tool for understanding the neurobiological basis of depression and as a means of
developing more objective and reliable diagnostic criteria.

This introduction provides an overview of the current landscape of depression diagnosis, highlighting
the challenges faced by traditional methods, and introduces EEG as an exciting avenue for improving
the accuracy and objectivity of depression detection. We will explore the unique features of EEG, the
neurophysiological markers associated with depression, and the potential benefits that EEG offers in
enhancing our understanding of this complex mental health condition.

As we delve into the evolving field of depression detection using EEG, it becomes evident that this
innovative approach has the potential to transform the way we diagnose and manage depression.
EEG's capacity to capture real-time, neural electrical activity offers a unique window into the
depressed brain, providing insights that extend beyond self-reporting and clinical evaluation. The
objective, quantifiable nature of EEG data, along with its non-invasive and cost-effective
characteristics, makes it an enticing prospect for both researchers and clinicians seeking more
accurate, accessible, and early detection methods for depression.
1. Literature Survey on EEG-Based Depression Detection:

Authors: S. R. Subasi, Y. Kevric, F. Erzin, and S. Asyali

Abstract: This literature survey explores the utilization of Electroencephalography (EEG) as a

promising method for depression detection. It summarizes various studies and methodologies that
have been employed to identify depression-related EEG patterns. The survey discusses the potential
of EEG as a non-invasive and objective tool for improving the accuracy of depression diagnosis and
offers insights into emerging trends and challenges in the field.
2. Machine Learning Approaches for Depression Detection: A Literature Review:

Authors: Amit Nautiyal, Ehtesham Hassan, Abhishek Appaya, and Bharathi H. N.

Abstract: This literature review focuses on machine learning techniques applied to depression
detection. The survey presents an overview of various algorithms, data sources, and features used in
machine learning-based depression diagnosis. It discusses the challenges and opportunities
associated with these methods and highlights their potential for more accurate and early
identification of depressive symptoms.
3. The Role of Neuroimaging in Understanding Depression: A Comprehensive Review:

Authors: L. T. Young, A. P. Kennedy, and H. J. H. Patel

Abstract: This comprehensive review delves into the role of neuroimaging techniques, including
functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) and Positron Emission Tomography (PET), in
understanding depression. It summarizes key findings from neuroimaging studies, highlighting the
neural circuitry and structural abnormalities associated with depression. The review also discusses
the potential for neuroimaging to refine diagnostic criteria and inform treatment strategies.
4. Biomarkers in Depression: An Overview of Current Research and Challenges:

Authors: C. A. Nemeroff and B. L. Dunlop

Abstract: This literature survey provides an overview of biomarkers in depression research. It

examines various potential biomarkers, including neurochemical, neuroendocrine, and
neuroimaging markers. The survey discusses the current state of biomarker research, the challenges
faced in identifying reliable markers, and their implications for personalized treatment approaches in
depression.
5. Digital Mental Health Interventions for Depression: A Systematic Review:

Authors: John Torous, MD, Steven Chan, and Adam Y. Chang

Abstract: This systematic review focuses on digital mental health interventions for depression. It
summarizes research on the effectiveness and accessibility of mobile apps, online platforms, and
telehealth services in supporting individuals with depression. The review highlights the potential of
digital interventions as a scalable approach for early detection, management, and treatment of
depression.
Existing System: Conventional Clinical Diagnosis for Depression

Disadvantages:

1. Subjectivity: Depression diagnosis primarily relies on clinical assessments, self-reporting,

and the observation of behavioral symptoms. These methods are subjective and can vary
among different healthcare providers, leading to potential misdiagnosis or delayed
diagnosis.

2. Limited Objectivity: Clinical assessments may lack objective biological markers for
depression. This can result in a lack of precision in distinguishing depression from other
mood disorders.

3. Resource Intensity: Conventional diagnosis often requires multiple in-person visits to

healthcare professionals, increasing the time and financial resources needed to identify and
manage depression.

4. Stigma: Seeking clinical help for depression can be associated with social stigma, hindering
some individuals from seeking diagnosis and treatment.
Proposed System: Depression Detection Using EEG

Advantages:

1. Objective Biomarkers: EEG-based depression detection leverages the brain's electrical

activity to provide objective biomarkers for depressive states. This improves diagnostic
accuracy and reduces subjectivity.

2. Early Detection: EEG can detect subtle changes in brain activity associated with depression,
allowing for early detection and intervention, potentially preventing the progression of the
condition.

3. Non-Invasive: The use of EEG is non-invasive and does not involve exposure to radiation,
making it a safe and comfortable diagnostic tool for patients.

4. Data-Driven: Advanced signal processing techniques and machine learning algorithms can
analyze EEG data to identify depression with high accuracy, improving the efficiency of
diagnosis.

5. Remote Monitoring: EEG data can be collected remotely, enabling continuous monitoring of
patients' mental health without the need for frequent in-person visits.

6. Reduced Stigma: EEG-based diagnosis may reduce the social stigma associated with
traditional clinical assessments, as it focuses on neurophysiological markers rather than
subjective self-reporting.

7. Personalized Treatment: With more accurate diagnosis, healthcare providers can tailor
treatment plans to individual patients, improving the effectiveness of interventions.

8. Research Potential: EEG data can contribute to a better understanding of the

neurophysiological basis of depression, leading to advancements in treatment and
prevention.
HARDWARE & SOFTWARE REQUIREMENTS:

HARD REQUIRMENTS :

 System : i3 or above
 Ram : 4GB Ram. \
 Hard disk : 40GB

SOFTWARE REQUIRMENTS :

 Operating system : Windows

 Coding Language : python
SYSTEM STUDY FEASIBILITY STUDY
The feasibility of the project is analyzed in this phase and business proposal is put forth with
a very general plan for the project and some cost estimates. During system analysis the
feasibility study of the proposed system is to be carried out. This is to ensure that the
proposed system is not a burden to the company. For feasibility analysis, some understanding
of the major requirements for the system is essential.

Three key considerations involved in the feasibility analysis are

 ECONOMICAL FEASIBILITY
 TECHNICAL FEASIBILITY
 SOCIAL FEASIBILITY

ECONOMICAL FEASIBILITY

This study is carried out to check the economic impact that the system will have on the
organization. The amount of fund that the company can pour into the research and
development of the system is limited. The expenditures must be justified. Thus the developed
system as well within the budget and this was achieved because most of the technologies
used are freely available. Only the customized products had to be purchased.

TECHNICAL FEASIBILI

This study is carried out to check the technical feasibility, that is, the technical requirements
of the system. Any system developed must not have a high demand on the available technical
resources. This will lead to high demands on the available technical resources. This will lead
to high demands being placed on the client. The developed system must have a modest
requirement, as only minimal or null changes are required for implementing this system.

SOCIAL FEASIBILITY

The aspect of study is to check the level of acceptance of the system by the user. This
includes the process of training the user to use the system efficiently. The user must not feel
threatened by the system, instead must accept it as a necessity. The level of acceptance by the
users solely depends on the methods that are employed to educate the user about the system
and to make him familiar with it. His level of confidence must be raised so that he is also able
to make some constructive criticism, which is welcomed, as he is the final user of the system.

4.SYSTEM DESIGN :
4.1 .UML DIAGRAMS :

UML stands for Unified Modeling Language. UML is a standardized

general-purpose modeling language in the field of object-oriented software
engineering. The standard is managed, and was created by, the Object
Management Group.
The goal is for UML to become a common language for creating models
of object oriented computer software. In its current form UML is comprised of
two major components: a Meta-model and a notation. In the future, some form
of method or process may also be added to; or associated with, UML.
The Unified Modeling Language is a standard language for specifying,
Visualization, Constructing and documenting the artifacts of software system,
as well as for business modeling and other non-software systems.
The UML represents a collection of best engineering practices that have
proven successful in the modeling of large and complex systems.
The UML is a very important part of developing objects oriented
software and the software development process. The UML uses mostly
graphical notations to express the design of software projects.

GOALS:

The Primary goals in the design of the UML are as follows:

 1. Provide users a ready-to-use, expressive visual modeling Language so
that they can develop and exchange meaningful models.
2. Provide extendibility and specialization mechanisms to extend the core
concepts.
3. Be independent of particular programming languages and development
process.
4. Provide a formal basis for understanding the modeling language.
5. Encourage the growth of OO tools market.
6. Support higher level development concepts such as collaborations,
frameworks, patterns and components.
7. Integrate best practices.

USE CASE DIAGRAM:

A use case diagram in the Unified Modeling Language (UML) is a type

of behavioral diagram defined by and created from a Use-case analysis. Its
purpose is to present a graphical overview of the functionality provided by a
system in terms of actors, their goals (represented as use cases), and any
dependencies between those use cases. The main purpose of a use case diagram
is to show what system functions are performed for which actor. Roles of the
actors in the system can be depicted.
CLASS DIAGRAM:

In software engineering, a class diagram in the Unified Modeling Language

(UML) is a type of static structure diagram that describes the structure of a
system by showing the system's classes, their attributes, operations (or
methods), and the relationships among the classes. It explains which class
contains information.
SEQUENCE DIAGRAM:

A sequence diagram in Unified Modeling Language (UML) is a kind of

interaction diagram that shows how processes operate with one another and in
what order. It is a construct of a Message Sequence Chart. Sequence diagrams
are sometimes called event diagrams, event scenarios, and timing diagrams.
COLLABRATION DIAGRAM:

Activity diagrams are graphical representations of workflows of stepwise

activities and actions with support for choice, iteration and concurrency. In the
Unified Modeling Language, activity diagrams can be used to describe the
business and operational step-by-step workflows of components in a system. An
activity diagram shows the overall flow of control.
IMPLEMENTATION:

MODULES:

upload MRI images dataset : use this button to get upload images.
Generate images train & test model : use this button to get generate images train & test
model.
Generate deep learning CNN model : use this button to get deep learning CNN model.
Get drive HQ images: using this button to get open drive HQ
Predict tumor :use this button to get predict tumor.
SOFTWARE ENVIRONMENT :

What is Python :

Below are some facts about Python.

Python is currently the most widely used multi-purpose, high-level programming

language.

Python allows programming in Object-Oriented and Procedural paradigms. Python

programs generally are smaller than other programming languages like Java.

Programmers have to type relatively less and indentation requirement of the

language, makes them readable all the time.

Python language is being used by almost all tech-giant companies like – Google,
Amazon, Facebook, Instagram, Dropbox, Uber… etc.

The biggest strength of Python is huge collection of standard library which can be
used for the following –

 Machine Learning
 GUI Applications (like Kivy, Tkinter, PyQt etc. )
 Web frameworks like Django (used by YouTube, Instagram, Dropbox)
 Image processing (like Opencv, Pillow)
 Web scraping (like Scrapy, BeautifulSoup, Selenium)
 Test frameworks
 Multimedia
Advantages of Python :-
Let’s see how Python dominates over other languages.

1. Extensive Libraries
Python downloads with an extensive library and it contain code for various purposes like
regular expressions, documentation-generation, unit-testing, web browsers, threading,
databases, CGI, email, image manipulation, and more. So, we don’t have to write the
complete code for that manually.

2. Extensible
As we have seen earlier, Python can be extended to other languages. You can write
some of your code in languages like C++ or C. This comes in handy, especially in
projects.

3. Embeddable
Complimentary to extensibility, Python is embeddable as well. You can put your Python
code in your source code of a different language, like C++. This lets us add scripting
capabilities to our code in the other language.

4. Improved Productivity
The language’s simplicity and extensive libraries render programmers more
productive than languages like Java and C++ do. Also, the fact that you need to write
less and get more things done.

5. IOT Opportunities
Since Python forms the basis of new platforms like Raspberry Pi, it finds the future bright
for the Internet Of Things. This is a way to connect the language with the real world.

When working with Java, you may have to create a class to print ‘Hello World’. But in
Python, just a print statement will do. It is also quite easy to learn, understand,
and code. This is why when people pick up Python, they have a hard time adjusting to
other more verbose languages like Java.

7. Readable
Because it is not such a verbose language, reading Python is much like reading English.
This is the reason why it is so easy to learn, understand, and code. It also does not need
 curly braces to define blocks, and indentation is mandatory. This further aids the
readability of the code.

8. Object-Oriented
This language supports both the procedural and object-oriented programming
paradigms. While functions help us with code reusability, classes and objects let us
model the real world. A class allows the encapsulation of data and functions into one.

9. Free and Open-Source

Like we said earlier, Python is freely available. But not only can you download
Python for free, but you can also download its source code, make changes to it, and
even distribute it. It downloads with an extensive collection of libraries to help you with
your tasks.

10. Portable
When you code your project in a language like C++, you may need to make some
changes to it if you want to run it on another platform. But it isn’t the same with Python.
Here, you need to code only once, and you can run it anywhere. This is called Write
Once Run Anywhere (WORA). However, you need to be careful enough not to include
any system-dependent features.

11. Interpreted
Lastly, we will say that it is an interpreted language. Since statements are executed one
by one, debugging is easier than in compiled languages.
Any doubts till now in the advantages of Python? Mention in the comment section.

Advantages of Python Over Other Languages :

1. Less Coding
Almost all of the tasks done in Python requires less coding when the same task is done
in other languages. Python also has an awesome standard library support, so you don’t
 have to search for any third-party libraries to get your job done. This is the reason that
many people suggest learning Python to beginners.

2. Affordable
Python is free therefore individuals, small companies or big organizations can leverage
the free available resources to build applications. Python is popular and widely used so it
gives you better community support.

The 2019 Github annual survey showed us that Python has overtaken Java in the
most popular programming language category.

3. Python is for Everyone

Python code can run on any machine whether it is Linux, Mac or Windows. Programmers
need to learn different languages for different jobs but with Python, you can
professionally build web apps, perform data analysis and machine learning, automate
things, do web scraping and also build games and powerful visualizations. It is an all-
rounder programming language.

Disadvantages of Python
So far, we’ve seen why Python is a great choice for your project. But if you choose it,
you should be aware of its consequences as well. Let’s now see the downsides of
choosing Python over another language.

1. Speed Limitations

We have seen that Python code is executed line by line. But since Python is interpreted, it
often results in slow execution. This, however, isn’t a problem unless speed is a focal
point for the project. In other words, unless high speed is a requirement, the benefits
offered by Python are enough to distract us from its speed limitations.

2. Weak in Mobile Computing and Browsers

While it serves as an excellent server-side language, Python is much rarely seen on

the client-side. Besides that, it is rarely ever used to implement smartphone-based
applications. One such application is called Carbonnelle.
The reason it is not so famous despite the existence of Brython is that it isn’t that secure.
 3. Design Restrictions

As you know, Python is dynamically-typed. This means that you don’t need to declare
the type of variable while writing the code. It uses duck-typing. But wait, what’s that?
Well, it just means that if it looks like a duck, it must be a duck. While this is easy on the
programmers during coding, it can raise run-time errors.

4. Underdeveloped Database Access Layers

Compared to more widely used technologies like JDBC (Java DataBase

Connectivity) and ODBC (Open DataBase Connectivity), Python’s database access
layers are a bit underdeveloped. Consequently, it is less often applied in huge enterprises.

5. Simple

No, we’re not kidding. Python’s simplicity can indeed be a problem. Take my example. I
don’t do Java, I’m more of a Python person. To me, its syntax is so simple that the
verbosity of Java code seems unnecessary.

This was all about the Advantages and Disadvantages of Python Programming Language.

History of Python : -

What do the alphabet and the programming language Python have in common? Right,
both start with ABC. If we are talking about ABC in the Python context, it's clear that the
programming language ABC is meant. ABC is a general-purpose programming language
and programming environment, which had been developed in the Netherlands,
Amsterdam, at the CWI (Centrum Wiskunde &Informatica). The greatest achievement of
ABC was to influence the design of Python.Python was conceptualized in the late 1980s.
Guido van Rossum worked that time in a project at the CWI, called Amoeba, a
distributed operating system. In an interview with Bill Venners 1, Guido van Rossum said:
"In the early 1980s, I worked as an implementer on a team building a language called
 ABC at Centrum voor Wiskunde en Informatica (CWI). I don't know how well people
know ABC's influence on Python. I try to mention ABC's influence because I'm indebted
to everything I learned during that project and to the people who worked on it."Later on
in the same Interview, Guido van Rossum continued: "I remembered all my experience
and some of my frustration with ABC. I decided to try to design a simple scripting
language that possessed some of ABC's better properties, but without its problems. So I
started typing. I created a simple virtual machine, a simple parser, and a simple runtime. I
made my own version of the various ABC parts that I liked. I created a basic syntax, used
indentation for statement grouping instead of curly braces or begin-end blocks, and
developed a small number of powerful data types: a hash table (or dictionary, as we call
it), a list, strings, and numbers."

What is Machine Learning : -

Before we take a look at the details of various machine learning methods, let's start by
looking at what machine learning is, and what it isn't. Machine learning is often
categorized as a subfield of artificial intelligence, but I find that categorization can often
be misleading at first brush. The study of machine learning certainly arose from research
in this context, but in the data science application of machine learning methods, it's more
helpful to think of machine learning as a means of building models of data.

Fundamentally, machine learning involves building mathematical models to help

understand data. "Learning" enters the fray when we give these models tunable
parameters that can be adapted to observed data; in this way the program can be
considered to be "learning" from the data. Once these models have been fit to previously
seen data, they can be used to predict and understand aspects of newly observed data. I'll
 leave to the reader the more philosophical digression regarding the extent to which this
type of mathematical, model-based "learning" is similar to the "learning" exhibited by the
human brain.Understanding the problem setting in machine learning is essential to using
these tools effectively, and so we will start with some broad categorizations of the types
of approaches we'll discuss here.

Categories Of Machine Leaning :-

At the most fundamental level, machine learning can be categorized into two main types:
supervised learning and unsupervised learning.

Supervised learning involves somehow modeling the relationship between measured

features of data and some label associated with the data; once this model is determined, it
can be used to apply labels to new, unknown data. This is further subdivided
into classification tasks and regression tasks: in classification, the labels are discrete
categories, while in regression, the labels are continuous quantities. We will see examples
of both types of supervised learning in the following section.

Unsupervised learning involves modeling the features of a dataset without reference to

any label, and is often described as "letting the dataset speak for itself." These models
include tasks such as clustering and dimensionality reduction. Clustering algorithms
identify distinct groups of data, while dimensionality reduction algorithms search for
more succinct representations of the data. We will see examples of both types of
unsupervised learning in the following section.

Need for Machine Learning

Human beings, at this moment, are the most intelligent and advanced species on earth
because they can think, evaluate and solve complex problems. On the other side, AI is
still in its initial stage and haven’t surpassed human intelligence in many aspects. Then
the question is that what is the need to make machine learn? The most suitable reason for
doing this is, “to make decisions, based on data, with efficiency and scale”.

Lately, organizations are investing heavily in newer technologies like Artificial

Intelligence, Machine Learning and Deep Learning to get the key information from data
to perform several real-world tasks and solve problems. We can call it data-driven
decisions taken by machines, particularly to automate the process. These data-driven
 decisions can be used, instead of using programing logic, in the problems that cannot be
programmed inherently. The fact is that we can’t do without human intelligence, but
other aspect is that we all need to solve real-world problems with efficiency at a huge
scale. That is why the need for machine learning arises.

Challenges in Machines Learning :-

While Machine Learning is rapidly evolving, making significant strides with

cybersecurity and autonomous cars, this segment of AI as whole still has a long way to
go. The reason behind is that ML has not been able to overcome number of challenges.
The challenges that ML is facing currently are −

Quality of data − Having good-quality data for ML algorithms is one of the biggest
challenges. Use of low-quality data leads to the problems related to data preprocessing
and feature extraction.

Time-Consuming task − Another challenge faced by ML models is the consumption of

time especially for data acquisition, feature extraction and retrieval.

Lack of specialist persons − As ML technology is still in its infancy stage, availability

of expert resources is a tough job.

No clear objective for formulating business problems − Having no clear objective and
well-defined goal for business problems is another key challenge for ML because this
technology is not that mature yet.

Issue of overfitting & underfitting − If the model is overfitting or underfitting, it cannot

be represented well for the problem.

Curse of dimensionality − Another challenge ML model faces is too many features of

data points. This can be a real hindrance.

Difficulty in deployment − Complexity of the ML model makes it quite difficult to be

deployed in real life.
 Applications of Machines Learning :-

Machine Learning is the most rapidly growing technology and according to researchers
we are in the golden year of AI and ML. It is used to solve many real-world complex
problems which cannot be solved with traditional approach. Following are some real-
world applications of ML −

 Emotion analysis

 Sentiment analysis

 Error detection and prevention

 Weather forecasting and prediction

 Stock market analysis and forecasting

 Speech synthesis

 Speech recognition

 Customer segmentation

 Object recognition

 Fraud detection

 Fraud prevention

 Recommendation of products to customer in online shopping

How to Start Learning Machine Learning?

Arthur Samuel coined the term “Machine Learning” in 1959 and defined it as a “Field of
study that gives computers the capability to learn without being explicitly
programmed”.
And that was the beginning of Machine Learning! In modern times, Machine Learning is
one of the most popular (if not the most!) career choices. According to Indeed, Machine
Learning Engineer Is The Best Job of 2019 with a 344% growth and an average base
salary of $146,085 per year.
But there is still a lot of doubt about what exactly is Machine Learning and how to start
learning it? So this article deals with the Basics of Machine Learning and also the path
you can follow to eventually become a full-fledged Machine Learning Engineer. Now let’s
get started!!!

How to start learning ML?

This is a rough roadmap you can follow on your way to becoming an insanely talented
Machine Learning Engineer. Of course, you can always modify the steps according to
your needs to reach your desired end-goal!
Step 1 – Understand the Prerequisites

In case you are a genius, you could start ML directly but normally, there are some
prerequisites that you need to know which include Linear Algebra, Multivariate Calculus,
Statistics, and Python. And if you don’t know these, never fear! You don’t need a Ph.D.
degree in these topics to get started but you do need a basic understanding.

(a) Learn Linear Algebra and Multivariate Calculus

Both Linear Algebra and Multivariate Calculus are important in Machine Learning.
However, the extent to which you need them depends on your role as a data scientist. If
you are more focused on application heavy machine learning, then you will not be that
heavily focused on maths as there are many common libraries available. But if you want
to focus on R&D in Machine Learning, then mastery of Linear Algebra and Multivariate
Calculus is very important as you will have to implement many ML algorithms from
scratch.

(b) Learn Statistics

Data plays a huge role in Machine Learning. In fact, around 80% of your time as an ML
expert will be spent collecting and cleaning data. And statistics is a field that handles the
collection, analysis, and presentation of data. So it is no surprise that you need to learn
it!!!
Some of the key concepts in statistics that are important are Statistical Significance,
Probability Distributions, Hypothesis Testing, Regression, etc. Also, Bayesian Thinking is
also a very important part of ML which deals with various concepts like Conditional
Probability, Priors, and Posteriors, Maximum Likelihood, etc.

(c) Learn Python

Some people prefer to skip Linear Algebra, Multivariate Calculus and Statistics and learn
them as they go along with trial and error. But the one thing that you absolutely cannot
skip is Python! While there are other languages you can use for Machine Learning like R,
Scala, etc. Python is currently the most popular language for ML. In fact, there are many
 Python libraries that are specifically useful for Artificial Intelligence and Machine
Learning such as Keras, TensorFlow, Scikit-learn, etc.
So if you want to learn ML, it’s best if you learn Python! You can do that using various
online resources and courses such as Fork Python available Free on GeeksforGeeks.

Step 2 – Learn Various ML Concepts

Now that you are done with the prerequisites, you can move on to actually learning ML
(Which is the fun part!!!) It’s best to start with the basics and then move on to the more
complicated stuff. Some of the basic concepts in ML are:

(a) Terminologies of Machine Learning

 Model – A model is a specific representation learned from data by applying some machine
learning algorithm. A model is also called a hypothesis.
 Feature – A feature is an individual measurable property of the data. A set of numeric
features can be conveniently described by a feature vector. Feature vectors are fed as input
to the model. For example, in order to predict a fruit, there may be features like color,
smell, taste, etc.
 Target (Label) – A target variable or label is the value to be predicted by our model. For the
fruit example discussed in the feature section, the label with each set of input would be the
name of the fruit like apple, orange, banana, etc.
 Training – The idea is to give a set of inputs(features) and it’s expected outputs(labels), so
after training, we will have a model (hypothesis) that will then map new data to one of the
categories trained on.
 Prediction – Once our model is ready, it can be fed a set of inputs to which it will provide a
predicted output(label).

(b) Types of Machine Learning

 Supervised Learning – This involves learning from a training dataset with labeled data
using classification and regression models. This learning process continues until the
required level of performance is achieved.
 Unsupervised Learning – This involves using unlabelled data and then finding the
underlying structure in the data in order to learn more and more about the data itself using
factor and cluster analysis models.
 Semi-supervised Learning – This involves using unlabelled data like Unsupervised
Learning with a small amount of labeled data. Using labeled data vastly increases the
learning accuracy and is also more cost-effective than Supervised Learning.
 Reinforcement Learning – This involves learning optimal actions through trial and error.
So the next action is decided by learning behaviors that are based on the current state and
that will maximize the reward in the future.
Advantages of Machine learning :-

1. Easily identifies trends and patterns -

Machine Learning can review large volumes of data and discover specific trends and
patterns that would not be apparent to humans. For instance, for an e-commerce website like
Amazon, it serves to understand the browsing behaviors and purchase histories of its users
to help cater to the right products, deals, and reminders relevant to them. It uses the results
to reveal relevant advertisements to them.

2. No human intervention needed (automation)

With ML, you don’t need to babysit your project every step of the way. Since it means
giving machines the ability to learn, it lets them make predictions and also improve the
algorithms on their own. A common example of this is anti-virus softwares; they learn to
filter new threats as they are recognized. ML is also good at recognizing spam.

3. Continuous Improvement

As ML algorithms gain experience, they keep improving in accuracy and efficiency. This
lets them make better decisions. Say you need to make a weather forecast model. As the
amount of data you have keeps growing, your algorithms learn to make more accurate
predictions faster.

4. Handling multi-dimensional and multi-variety data

Machine Learning algorithms are good at handling data that are multi-dimensional and
multi-variety, and they can do this in dynamic or uncertain environments.
5. Wide Applications

You could be an e-tailer or a healthcare provider and make ML work for you. Where it does
apply, it holds the capability to help deliver a much more personal experience to customers
while also targeting the right customers.

Disadvantages of Machine Learning :-

1. Data Acquisition

Machine Learning requires massive data sets to train on, and these should be
inclusive/unbiased, and of good quality. There can also be times where they must wait for
new data to be generated.

2. Time and Resources

ML needs enough time to let the algorithms learn and develop enough to fulfill their
purpose with a considerable amount of accuracy and relevancy. It also needs massive
resources to function. This can mean additional requirements of computer power for you.

3. Interpretation of Results

Another major challenge is the ability to accurately interpret results generated by the
algorithms. You must also carefully choose the algorithms for your purpose.

4. High error-susceptibility

Machine Learning is autonomous but highly susceptible to errors. Suppose you train an
algorithm with data sets small enough to not be inclusive. You end up with biased
predictions coming from a biased training set. This leads to irrelevant advertisements being
displayed to customers. In the case of ML, such blunders can set off a chain of errors that
can go undetected for long periods of time. And when they do get noticed, it takes quite
some time to recognize the source of the issue, and even longer to correct it.

Python Development Steps : -

Guido Van Rossum published the first version of Python code (version 0.9.0) at alt.sources
in February 1991. This release included already exception handling, functions, and the core
 data types of list, dict, str and others. It was also object oriented and had a module system.
Python version 1.0 was released in January 1994. The major new features included in this
release were the functional programming tools lambda, map, filter and reduce, which
Guido Van Rossum never liked.Six and a half years later in October 2000, Python 2.0 was
introduced. This release included list comprehensions, a full garbage collector and it was
supporting unicode.Python flourished for another 8 years in the versions 2.x before the next
major release as Python 3.0 (also known as "Python 3000" and "Py3K") was released.
Python 3 is not backwards compatible with Python 2.x. The emphasis in Python 3 had been
on the removal of duplicate programming constructs and modules, thus fulfilling or coming
close to fulfilling the 13th law of the Zen of Python: "There should be one -- and preferably
only one -- obvious way to do it."Some changes in Python 7.3:

 Print is now a function

 Views and iterators instead of lists
 The rules for ordering comparisons have been simplified. E.g. a heterogeneous list cannot
be sorted, because all the elements of a list must be comparable to each other.
 There is only one integer type left, i.e. int. long is int as well.
 The division of two integers returns a float instead of an integer. "//" can be used to have
the "old" behaviour.
 Text Vs. Data Instead Of Unicode Vs. 8-bit

Purpose :-

We demonstrated that our approach enables successful segmentation of intra-retinal

layers—even with low-quality images containing speckle noise, low contrast, and
different intensity ranges throughout—with the assistance of the ANIS feature.

Python

Python is an interpreted high-level programming language for general-purpose

programming. Created by Guido van Rossum and first released in 1991, Python has a
design philosophy that emphasizes code readability, notably using significant whitespace.

Python features a dynamic type system and automatic memory management. It supports
multiple programming paradigms, including object-oriented, imperative, functional and
procedural, and has a large and comprehensive standard library.
 Python is Interpreted − Python is processed at runtime by the interpreter. You do not need
to compile your program before executing it. This is similar to PERL and PHP.
 Python is Interactive − you can actually sit at a Python prompt and interact with the
interpreter directly to write your programs.
Python also acknowledges that speed of development is important. Readable and terse
code is part of this, and so is access to powerful constructs that avoid tedious repetition of
code. Maintainability also ties into this may be an all but useless metric, but it does say
something about how much code you have to scan, read and/or understand to
troubleshoot problems or tweak behaviors. This speed of development, the ease with
which a programmer of other languages can pick up basic Python skills and the huge
standard library is key to another area where Python excels. All its tools have been quick
to implement, saved a lot of time, and several of them have later been patched and
updated by people with no Python background - without breaking.

Modules Used in Project :-

Tensorflow

TensorFlow is a free and open-source software library for dataflow and differentiable
programming across a range of tasks. It is a symbolic math library, and is also used
for machine learning applications such as neural networks. It is used for both research
and production at Google.‍

TensorFlow was developed by the Google Brain team for internal Google use. It was
released under the Apache 2.0 open-source license on November 9, 2015.

Numpy

Numpy is a general-purpose array-processing package. It provides a high-performance

multidimensional array object, and tools for working with these arrays.

It is the fundamental package for scientific computing with Python. It contains various
features including these important ones:

 A powerful N-dimensional array object

 Sophisticated (broadcasting) functions
 Tools for integrating C/C++ and Fortran code
 Useful linear algebra, Fourier transform, and random number capabilities
Besides its obvious scientific uses, Numpy can also be used as an efficient multi-
dimensional container of generic data. Arbitrary data-types can be defined using Numpy
which allows Numpy to seamlessly and speedily integrate with a wide variety of
databases.

Pandas

Pandas is an open-source Python Library providing high-performance data manipulation

and analysis tool using its powerful data structures. Python was majorly used for data
munging and preparation. It had very little contribution towards data analysis. Pandas
solved this problem. Using Pandas, we can accomplish five typical steps in the
processing and analysis of data, regardless of the origin of data load, prepare, manipulate,
model, and analyze. Python with Pandas is used in a wide range of fields including
academic and commercial domains including finance, economics, Statistics, analytics,
etc.

Matplotlib

Matplotlib is a Python 2D plotting library which produces publication quality figures in a

variety of hardcopy formats and interactive environments across platforms. Matplotlib
can be used in Python scripts, the Python and IPython shells, the Jupyter Notebook, web
application servers, and four graphical user interface toolkits. Matplotlib tries to make
easy things easy and hard things possible. You can generate plots, histograms, power
spectra, bar charts, error charts, scatter plots, etc., with just a few lines of code. For
examples, see the sample plots and thumbnail gallery.

For simple plotting the pyplot module provides a MATLAB-like interface, particularly
when combined with IPython. For the power user, you have full control of line styles,
font properties, axes properties, etc, via an object oriented interface or via a set of
functions familiar to MATLAB users.

Scikit – learn

Scikit-learn provides a range of supervised and unsupervised learning algorithms via a

consistent interface in Python. It is licensed under a permissive simplified BSD license
and is distributed under many Linux distributions, encouraging academic and commercial
use. Python
 Python is an interpreted high-level programming language for general-purpose
programming. Created by Guido van Rossum and first released in 1991, Python has a
design philosophy that emphasizes code readability, notably using significant whitespace.

Python features a dynamic type system and automatic memory management. It supports
multiple programming paradigms, including object-oriented, imperative, functional and
procedural, and has a large and comprehensive standard library.

 Python is Interpreted − Python is processed at runtime by the interpreter. You do not need
to compile your program before executing it. This is similar to PERL and PHP.
 Python is Interactive − you can actually sit at a Python prompt and interact with the
interpreter directly to write your programs.
Python also acknowledges that speed of development is important. Readable and terse
code is part of this, and so is access to powerful constructs that avoid tedious repetition of
code. Maintainability also ties into this may be an all but useless metric, but it does say
something about how much code you have to scan, read and/or understand to
troubleshoot problems or tweak behaviors. This speed of development, the ease with
which a programmer of other languages can pick up basic Python skills and the huge
standard library is key to another area where Python excels. All its tools have been quick
to implement, saved a lot of time, and several of them have later been patched and
updated by people with no Python background - without breaking.

Install Python Step-by-Step in Windows and Mac :

Python a versatile programming language doesn’t come pre-installed on your computer

devices. Python was first released in the year 1991 and until today it is a very popular
high-level programming language. Its style philosophy emphasizes code readability with
its notable use of great whitespace.
The object-oriented approach and language construct provided by Python enables
programmers to write both clear and logical code for projects. This software does not
come pre-packaged with Windows.
How to Install Python on Windows and Mac :

There have been several updates in the Python version over the years. The question is how
to install Python? It might be confusing for the beginner who is willing to start learning
Python but this tutorial will solve your query. The latest or the newest version of Python is
version 3.7.4 or in other words, it is Python 3.
Note: The python version 3.7.4 cannot be used on Windows XP or earlier devices.

Before you start with the installation process of Python. First, you need to know about
your System Requirements. Based on your system type i.e. operating system and based
processor, you must download the python version. My system type is a Windows 64-bit
operating system. So the steps below are to install python version 3.7.4 on Windows 7
device or to install Python 3. Download the Python Cheatsheet here.The steps on how to
install Python on Windows 10, 8 and 7 are divided into 4 parts to help understand better.

Download the Correct version into the system

Step 1: Go to the official site to download and install python using Google Chrome or any
other web browser. OR Click on the following link: https://www.python.org
Now, check for the latest and the correct version for your operating system.

Step 2: Click on the Download Tab.

Step 3: You can either select the Download Python for windows 3.7.4 button in Yellow
Color or you can scroll further down and click on download with respective to their version.
Here, we are downloading the most recent python version for windows 3.7.4
Step 4: Scroll down the page until you find the Files option.

Step 5: Here you see a different version of python along with the operating system.

• To download Windows 32-bit python, you can select any one from the three options:
Windows x86 embeddable zip file, Windows x86 executable installer or Windows x86
web-based installer.
•To download Windows 64-bit python, you can select any one from the three options:
Windows x86-64 embeddable zip file, Windows x86-64 executable installer or Windows
x86-64 web-based installer.
Here we will install Windows x86-64 web-based installer. Here your first part regarding
which version of python is to be downloaded is completed. Now we move ahead with the
second part in installing python i.e. Installation
Note: To know the changes or updates that are made in the version you can click on the
Release Note Option.
Installation of Python
Step 1: Go to Download and Open the downloaded python version to carry out the
installation process.

Step 2: Before you click on Install Now, Make sure to put a tick on Add Python 3.7 to
PATH.

Step 3: Click on Install NOW After the installation is successful. Click on Close.
With these above three steps on python installation, you have successfully and correctly
installed Python. Now is the time to verify the installation.
Note: The installation process might take a couple of minutes.

Verify the Python Installation

Step 1: Click on Start
Step 2: In the Windows Run Command, type “cmd”.
Step 3: Open the Command prompt option.
Step 4: Let us test whether the python is correctly installed. Type python –V and press
Enter.

Step 5: You will get the answer as 3.7.4

Note: If you have any of the earlier versions of Python already installed. You must first
uninstall the earlier version and then install the new one.

Check how the Python IDLE works

Step 1: Click on Start
Step 2: In the Windows Run command, type “python idle”.
 Step 3: Click on IDLE (Python 3.7 64-bit) and launch the program
Step 4: To go ahead with working in IDLE you must first save the file. Click on File >
Click on Save

Step 5: Name the file and save as type should be Python files. Click on SAVE. Here I have
named the files as Hey World.
Step 6: Now for e.g. enter print

6.SYSTEM TEST
The purpose of testing is to discover errors. Testing is the process of trying to discover every
conceivable fault or weakness in a work product. It provides a way to check the functionality
of components, sub assemblies, assemblies and/or a finished product It is the process of
exercising software with the intent of ensuring that the Software system meets its
requirements and user expectations and does not fail in an unacceptable manner. There are
various types of test. Each test type addresses a specific testing requirement.

TYPES OF TESTS

Unit testing
Unit testing involves the design of test cases that validate that the internal
program logic is functioning properly, and that program inputs produce valid outputs. All
decision branches and internal code flow should be validated. It is the testing of individual
software units of the application .it is done after the completion of an individual unit before
integration. This is a structural testing, that relies on knowledge of its construction and is
invasive. Unit tests perform basic tests at component level and test a specific business
process, application, and/or system configuration. Unit tests ensure that each unique path of a
business process performs accurately to the documented specifications and contains clearly
defined inputs and expected results.

Integration testing
Integration tests are designed to test integrated software components to
determine if they actually run as one program. Testing is event driven and is more concerned
with the basic outcome of screens or fields. Integration tests demonstrate that although the
components were individually satisfaction, as shown by successfully unit testing, the
combination of components is correct and consistent. Integration testing is specifically aimed
at exposing the problems that arise from the combination of components.

Functional test
Functional tests provide systematic demonstrations that functions tested are
available as specified by the business and technical requirements, system documentation, and
user manuals.
Functional testing is centered on the following items:

Valid Input : identified classes of valid input must be accepted.

 Invalid Input : identified classes of invalid input must be rejected.

Functions : identified functions must be exercised.

Output : identified classes of application outputs must be exercised.

Systems/Procedures : interfacing systems or procedures must be invoked.

Organization and preparation of functional tests is focused on requirements,

key functions, or special test cases. In addition, systematic coverage pertaining to identify
Business process flows; data fields, predefined processes, and successive processes must be
considered for testing. Before functional testing is complete, additional tests are identified
and the effective value of current tests is determined.

System Test
System testing ensures that the entire integrated software system meets
requirements. It tests a configuration to ensure known and predictable results. An example of
system testing is the configuration oriented system integration test. System testing is based on
process descriptions and flows, emphasizing pre-driven process links and integration points.

White Box Testing

White Box Testing is a testing in which in which the software tester has
knowledge of the inner workings, structure and language of the software, or at least its
purpose. It is purpose. It is used to test areas that cannot be reached from a black box level.

Black Box Testing

Black Box Testing is testing the software without any knowledge of the inner
workings, structure or language of the module being tested. Black box tests, as most other
kinds of tests, must be written from a definitive source document, such as specification or
requirements document, such as specification or requirements document. It is a testing in
which the software under test is treated, as a black box .you cannot “see” into it. The test
provides inputs and responds to outputs without considering how the software works.

Unit Testing
 Unit testing is usually conducted as part of a combined code and unit test
phase of the software lifecycle, although it is not uncommon for coding and unit testing to be
conducted as two distinct phases.

Test strategy and approach

Field testing will be performed manually and functional tests will be written
in detail.
Test objectives
 All field entries must work properly.
 Pages must be activated from the identified link.
 The entry screen, messages and responses must not be delayed.

Features to be tested
 Verify that the entries are of the correct format
 No duplicate entries should be allowed
 All links should take the user to the correct page.

Integration Testing
Software integration testing is the incremental integration testing of two or
more integrated software components on a single platform to produce failures caused by
interface defects.

The task of the integration test is to check that components or software applications, e.g.
components in a software system or – one step up – software applications at the company
level – interact without error.

Test Results: All the test cases mentioned above passed successfully. No defects
encountered.

Acceptance Testing
User Acceptance Testing is a critical phase of any project and requires significant
participation by the end user. It also ensures that the system meets the functional
requirements.

Test Results: All the test cases mentioned above passed successfully. No defects
encountered.
Depression Detection using EEG
In this project we are using deep learning CNN algorithm to predict depression
from EEG signals dataset. Now-a-days humans are more prone to depression
due to competitive environment in all fields and timely detection of depression
can help humans in recovering faster. All existing techniques were dependent
on manual counselling or traditional machine learning algorithms such as SVM
are not accurate. To predict depression accurately we are applying CNN
algorithm which will filtered trained data at multiple layers to get optimized
features which result into increase prediction accuracy.
To train CNN algorithm we have downloaded Depression EEG signals dataset
from KAGGLE and below screen showing some dataset details

In above dataset screen first row represents dataset column names and
remaining rows represents dataset values and this values are extracted from
EEG signals and each rows contains 989 columns.
To implement this project we have designed following modules
1) Upload EEG-Signal Dataset: using this module we will upload dataset to
application and then extract normal and depressed records from dataset
2) Features Extraction: using this module we will replace all missing values
and then extract features from dataset and then split dataset into train and
test where application used 80% dataset for training and 20% for testing
3) Run Existing SVM Algorithm: using this module we will train SVM
algorithm on 80% training dataset and then evaluate its performance on
20% dataset in terms of accuracy and precision
 4) Run Propose CNN Algorithm: using this module we will train propose
CNN algorithm on 80% training dataset and then evaluate its
performance on 20% dataset in terms of accuracy and precision
5) Predict Depression from Test Signals: using this module we will upload
test dataset and then CNN will predict weather test data is normal or
DEPRESSED
6) Comparison Graph: using this module we will plot comparison graph
between SVM and CNN
SCREENSHOTS
To run project double click on ‘run.bat’ file to get below screen

In above screen click on ‘Upload EEG-Signal Dataset’ button to upload dataset

and get below output
In above screen selecting and uploading EEG-Signal dataset and then click on
‘Open’ button to load dataset and get below output

In above screen dataset loaded and in graph x-axis represents labels as 0 or 1

where 0 means Normal and 1 means Depressed and y-axis represents counts of
records and now close above graph and then click on ‘Features Extraction’
button to extract features from the dataset and get below output
In above screen we can see extracted features and then each records contains
988 columns or features and dataset contains total records as 2479 and we can
see train and test data details and now train and test data is ready for training.
Now click on ‘Run Existing SVM Algorithm’ button to train SVM and get
below output

In above screen with SVM we got 63% accuracy and in confusion matrix graph
x-axis represents Predicted classes and y-axis contains TRUE classes and we
can see SVM predicted all records as Depressed and its performance is not good
and now close above graph and then click on ‘Run Propose CNN Algorithm’
button to train CNN and get below output
In above screen with CNN we got 93% accuracy and in confusion matrix graph
different colour boxes represents CORRECT prediction count and same colour
boxes represents INCORRECT prediction count and CNN predicted only 23
and 11 as wrong prediction and 173 and 289 as correct prediction. Now close
above graph and then click on ‘Predict Depression from Test Signals’ button to
upload test data and get prediction output

In above screen selecting and uploading ‘test_signal.csv’ file and then press
Open button to load test data and get below prediction output
In above screen in square bracket we can see TEST data values and after =
symbol we can see prediction as Depressed or Normal and you can scroll above
output screen to view all prediction output like below screen

Now click on ‘Comparison Graph’ button to get below graph

In above graph x-axis represents algorithm names and y-axis represents
accuracy, precision, recall and FSCORE in different colour bars and in above
graph we can see CNN got high values compare to SVM