Organizational Behavior

Ans 1.

Introduction

According to O'Donnell and Koontz, leadership is the process of making others feel better to
help achieve an goals of the organization. A manager must be adept at motivating and motivating
subordinates. In the end, we could say that leadership is an approach that encourages people to
strive for the fulfillment of a certain purpose to guarantee successful outcomes. To influence the
behavior of people who follow a leader, he must constantly influence the actions of those who
are following him.

Leaders are responsible for motivating employees and performing various tasks. Leaders play an
important role in creating a safe atmosphere for employees to ensure that they can reach their full
potential. It is his duty to act as an ambassador for the group To represent the interests of
members of the group Leaders also serve as counselors. They listen and help to employees,
resolve conflict, and make sure they're in good spirits at work. A leader makes the followers
follow his orders.

Discussion

Ajay adopts an autocratic leadership fashion in this instance. The most strict rules are those that
autocratic leaders adhere to. He follows orders and relies on negative influences. He gives
instructions that must be followed by subordinates. He is the one who decides the group's policy
without consulting them. He issues directives to the group, and doesn't discuss the group's future
plans. The leader can be distant from his group. He is able to give praise and criticize in an
individual manner. The leader has all the authority and his subordinates do not have any
influence on his decision-making. This means that it's a one-way process.

We can comprehend leadership by understanding certain characteristics:

  Leadership is dependent on the circumstance. The ability of leaders to manage an
environment in a way that allows subordinates to be autonomous and free is the primary
factor that determines the leadership skills of a leader.
 The role of leadership is stimulating. Leaders must be able to establish achievable goals
and motivate people in a way so that their goals for themselves and the organization do
not conflict with one another.
 Influencing others is the goal of leadership.
 Leaders can assist individuals in reaching their goals. People feel valued and respected.
 Following is a connection that is two-way that could involve psychological or economic
exchange.

This style has its own set of advantages and disadvantages.

Advantages:

 This style of leadership facilitates quick decision-making.

 In any situation or crisis In any crisis or problem, the leader may have direct control over
the group.
 It can be directly applied to group activity.
 A decision-making authority exists which allows consistency to be maintained within
procedures.
 It is ideal for managing incompetent and inexperienced subordinates.

Disadvantages:

 This type of leadership demotivates subordinates as the leader is the one who makes all
the decisions.
 Inconsistencies can result from one-way communication
 This type of leadership can limit the abilities of individuals.

Leadership Pitfalls

There are three types of the leadership challenges: organizational, personal and environmental.
This case shows how Ross's personal behaviour could affect his leadership. Leaders may face
many obstacles to adopting the decision he would like to take. For example, individuals discord
can create obstructions for a leader. Leaders in challenging situations have to be persuading and
motivating. These are some of the personal challenges that leaders may confront or be involved
in:

Criticism: It is one of the most common personal errors the leaders confront. Leaders can take
on multiple initiatives to lead an company. The previous initiatives are often forgotten as the
company takes on new initiatives. This could result in people associated with previous initiatives
feeling a loss and attempting to take it personally. Leaders must be ready to handle such
situations. Leaders should be able to accept criticism, but not to take it personally. Ross should
be cognizant of his employees their behavior and how they are enjoying themselves. A team that
is happy is hard-working and appreciates your leadership.

Dictatorship: It is easy to fall into a rut in personal leadership if leaders are too controllable and
do not work together. Leaders who are dictatorial may keep their personal objectives above the
interests of followers and lay unrealistic targets for their followers. A leader must work with all
team members to accomplish the goals. To ensure that team members feel valued, important
organisation decisions must be taken.

Role Confusing: Leaders are accountable to serve others and work for their well-being.
However, in their passion to achieve a goal that they are able to accomplish, leaders tend to
overlook other individuals associated with him/her. If a manager is unable to see the capabilities
of his workers because they are enthralled by being the best, then it could be someone who has a
problem with motivation with motive.

To guide and achieve the objectives of an organization, a leader is necessary. Leaders should
support and guide others, take part in making decisions and recognize their contributions. Ross
must change.

Conclusion

Thinking outside the box and taking risks is a crucial part of being a leader. Ajay faces numerous
threats every day. A few of them could be overcome or prevented by making innovative and
different ideas. Leaders may face challenges in their personal lives, as well as organisational
challenges. Leaders resolve problems and bring people together to achieve their values and
objectives, even when faced with threats. These stories and methods will enable readers to
comprehend the issues they face. A leader can prevent many other pitfalls. Leaders should be
open to new ideas and willing to take lessons from them. If you want to stop leading, you must
stop expanding and taking risks.

The discussion above shows that leadership is an essential function in any organization. If
leaders do not follow certain rules the employees might not be happy working for them. Their
performance and productivity would decline. Leaders need to recognize and avoid leadership
pitfalls.

Ans 2.

Introduction

As a team leader at an enterprise of a significant size, Sameer is responsible for managing a

variety of teams. Sameer will encourage positive behavior and avoids or handles situations that
could lead to negative behaviors. Its effectiveness was the highest within the office because of
this strategy. Reinforcement is essential in the discovery process. According to the law on
effectiveness, reinforcement is defined as any action that is capable of causing others to behave
in the same manner. Another way to define reinforcement is that it is only strengthening if it
makes the action before it stronger , and also motivates reps of the response.

Although the expressions rewards and reinforcement are commonly employed in the same way,
there is an important distinction in technology between the two. The advantage, in contrast to
motivation, is not an internal explanation of behavior. It is an external explanation. An incentive
is just something the recipient finds attractive It doesn't need to be stimulating.

Discussion
Within an organization, employees are required to achieve a goal. Employees will perform better
when they work as a team and have a decent. To increase employee behaviour there are a variety
of methods and theories.

Learning and its significance

Ability is the ability to perform the task well and to be able to perform the task with ease, which
indicates the ability to acquire knowledge. Ability refers to the knowledge and skills a person
possess currently and their ability to acquire new knowledge or skills. Motivation occurs when
we feel motivated to reach the goals that we set for ourselves. If we're not motivated then we put
off working towards it. We are taught how to conquer any obstacles that come up.

The ability to fulfill job-related responsibilities, and the aptitude to study are crucial elements of
learning. The ability is the capacity to be able to take on new challenges and have the skills and
knowledge you already have. Some think learning is something that only a few need. It's not true
that learning is only for children. Learning is normal just like eating, oxygen or exercising. We
must also learn beyond the schooling system.

Elements of reinforcement theory

Positive reinforcement: The practice of rewarding positive employee behavior to reinforce that
behavior.

Negative Reinforcement: This is a strategy to encourage good behavior among employees, by

taking away any stimulus or situation that could trigger undesirable behavior.

Punishment: A punishment for an employee's poor behavior. If an employee loses their job
because of his bad conduct, he'll behave properly when he re-appears.

Extinction: This is an extreme form of punishment that sees employees being fired or given
other harsh punishments. This kind of behavior modification should only be used for the most
dangerous behaviors.

Changes in behavior through reinforcement theory

Motivation through modification of behavior Employee behavior can be changed through reward
or reinforcement. Praise, admiration, etc. are positive reinforcements. You can employ
punishment or negative reinforcements to deter undesirable behavior.

One of the oldest techniques companies employ to change employee behaviour is through
reinforcement. Learning is environment-dependent, says behaviour modification. The
environment can help a person enhance positive effects and reduce negative consequences.
Being able to identify the negative consequences associated with our actions could help us
change our behaviour. You can change the behavior of your child or help employees to do their
best.

Examples

 The top manager of my company manages my day to day work. Employees are motivated
to finish and submit their tasks every day so they do not have to worry about an awkward
conversation with their supervisor.
 Despite numerous warnings from the company, many employees are still tardy despite
being informed. The situation was so out of control that the manager at the top was
forced to bar some employees from going to gatherings or receiving rewards. The reason
was that they had violated the guidelines.

Sameer employed elements of reinforcement in the given scenario

Positive reinforcement: Positive reinforcement refers to the practice of rewarding employees

who have good behavior. It's employed to enhance employee performance. When you praise
your employee for doing their job well, you can increase his/her likelihood of doing similar work
again. Positive reinforcement can influence the employee's behavior and increases his self-
image. Recognizing and rewarding positive employees' behavior is the key to motivating
employees to work more productively. This strategy will bring many advantages.

 It communicates expected behaviours and links high-performance to rewards.

 It facilitates fast, efficient learning by reiterating employee's behavior after learning new
skills.
  It encourages good workers to do more. Employees who are unhappy are deficient in
motivation.
 It rewards those who are able to save time or use less material.

Negative Reinforcement: This encourages good conduct among employees by taking away any
situation or stimuli which could cause unfavorable behaviours or results. This can increase the
probability of a specific behavior because it eliminates the stimulus. Employees may perform
better if managers stop shaming employees for their poor performance. Effective communication
is the key to efficient management. A variety of codes and policies of conduct for companies set
out acceptable behaviour standards.

Conclusion

Sameer's reinforcement method reaffirms the fundamental idea that actions have consequences.
When a particular behavior causes benefits, it's advertised while when it is a cause of charges, it's
deemed unjustified. The repercussions that stop an action without rewarding or punishing it are
the last however, not the very least, and are equally important. Supervisors have the option of
choosing the most effective worker reward strategy using Sameer's reinforcement. This
motivational idea is focused on what happens next to action. It is easy to forget about inner
feelings and emotions. External influences must be inspiring for employees. This will help
employees keep their behaviour under control.

Additionally, the behavior of employees is a crucial factor in any workplace, and that should be
controlled by seniors. By implementing operant conditioning, employees can be encouraged to
enhance their performance. Managers can reward or punish employees who have met their
standards.
Ans 3a.

Introduction

Motivating people means taking into consideration their motivation and energy to accomplish a
task. Intensity is the measure of how hard an individual works to achieve a goal. This is what
motivation is all about. It is the direction that benefits the organisation. Persistence measures
how long an individual can keep trying. Motivated individuals stay with the task for long enough
to achieve their goal.

Discussion

This is the case for the motivational content

McClelland's (1961), theory is based on three factors the three pillars of power, accomplishment,
and an affiliation. This actually describes the predominance of disposition of various types of
people. Every person has these requirements, but only the most essential one drives them. This is
discussed below:

The need for achievement (nAch): Those who dominate in this area gain satisfaction from
achieving their objectives. They are more likely to take tasks that are moderately difficult than
they are very difficult or extremely easy. They are more comfortable working independently So
their performance (or failure) in the course of a task could be directly related to the effort they
put into it. If these traits are common within a work environment, the employees are highly
motivated.

Power (nPow): These people are most pleased with their ability to control others. Achievement
of goals isn't the primary concern. They are satisfied when they have control and influence.
Organisations that foster the power motive are likely to attract people with an intense need for
power e.g., police. They are not good managers, especially in large organizations. They are more
interested in being effective than in the ability to influence others.

The necessity of affiliation (nAff): Affiliation-oriented people have a deep desire and need to
feel part of. They care about others and work to improve relationships. They are also great team
players. People who are the most successful in this area find satisfaction with social and
interpersonal activities. This is a risky area that can affect the personal relationships of those
involved and also their task-oriented. This can make it difficult for them to be effective as a
manager.

McClelland Theory has significant implications for managers. Companies can enhance their
selection and placement process by assessing the needs of employees. People who have a desire
to succeed could be assigned to difficult, demanding jobs. The most demanding employees may
be taught to be leaders. If the organization can create an appropriate balance between the need
intensity and the job requirements, improvement in performance is likely to be noticed.

According to the need theory according to the need theory, higher wages aren't enough to satisfy
all employees' requirements. Despite her considerable pay, Renita remained dissatisfied at her
job. McClelland's need theory showed that Renita could not achieve her power and achievement
goals. She hopes to be more effective at her job and help more people.

Conclusion

Renita suggested to Mark the supervisor of the store that she be a trainer for the store's floor
workers and aid in their education. Renita felt comfortable since she was only dealing with
magnates. However, as the result improved, many began to apply for management positions.

Ans 3b.

Introduction

Teachers bear a great responsibility for their children. Teachers bear a huge burden of obligation
to students. They also increase pupils confidence in themselves and lead them to make the right
choices. McFarland defines motivation as the result of an individual's efforts to decrease,
eliminate or disperse tension. Understanding our needs and motivations and the tensions that
result helps us understand and predict the human behaviour. This is the foundation for
managerial taking decisions and actions.
Discussion

Motivation is present in every life function. Motivation is present throughout the day. Even basic
actions such as eating can be motivated by the desire to eat. Motivation to learn is based on the
desire to be educated. Motivators can be anything from coercion to reward.

The differences between people are not only in their capability to perform a specific task but also
in their will to do so. People who have less capability and a higher level of will have the potential
to perform better than those with more capabilities and less will. It is crucial to work hard and
achieve the success you desire. Albert Einstein said this when he stated that "genius is 10%
inspiration and 90 sweat". The "willingness" to do something is known as motivation.
Motivation is an energetic force that drives people. Motivation comes from a need, desire, or a
need. Motivations of all kinds are focussed on goals. Needs and desires change goals-oriented
behavior.

Example: If you are not inclined to work overtime If you are not inclined to work overtime, it is
possible that you're in need of additional cash (desire). You could alter your behaviour, do
overtime (goal-oriented behavior) and meet your demands.

The effort level reflects the person's work-related behavior. Hard work shows motivation.
Humans are continuously driven. Second, it's persistent. Renita enjoys educating and training
others. He's seeking non-monetary motivation and not just money. These are two of the most
crucial factors to consider when choosing the right career path:

 You enjoy your job and you are satisfied.

 It's an enjoyable job that produces positive results.

Both these conditions are met in the situation of Renita. We can observe Renita's motivations
and desires. She is also content with her work, and we can keep doing this as the results are very
good. It is essential to be satisfied to any job. If you are satisfied with your work then you ought
to think about having it as your full-time job.

Conclusion
The abilities and commitment of a teacher identify the fate of a student. Teachers inspire pupils
to achieve their goals, to grow and overcome. Teachers appreciate pupils who carry forth an
honest effort regardless of their success. Students also need to respect their teachers.