Digital

Signal
Processing
BKB41403
IR AHMAD SYUKRI BIN MOHAMAD
"Signal processing is the bridge
between the analog world and the
digital realm, translating the
language of nature into the binary
code of understanding."

- THOMAS KAILATH
Chapter 1
INTRODUCTION TO SIGNAL PROCESSING
What is signal?
➢A signal is a function of independent variables such as time, distance, position, temperature and
pressure

What is signal processing?

➢A mathematical representation of the signal and the algorithmic operation carried out on it to
extract the information present

Objective of signal processing?

➢To extract useful information carried by the signal
Characterization and
Classification of Signals
Types of Signals Amplitude
➢Continuous (Analog) ➢The value of the signal at specific value of
➢Discrete (Digital) the independent variable
➢Real-valued functions
Waveform
➢Complex-valued functions
➢The variation of the amplitude as a function
➢Scalar (Single source) of the independent variable
➢Vector (Multiple source)
Characterization and
Classification of Signals
Continuous-time signal Discrete-time signal

➢The independent variable, time 𝑡 is ➢The independent variable, time 𝑡 is

continuous discrete
Signal Dimensions
➢One-dimensional (1-D) signal is a function of a single independent 3-D Signal
variable
➢Two-dimensional (2-D) signal is a function of two independent
variables
➢Multidimensional (M-D) signal is a function with more than one
independent variables
1-D Signal 2-D Signal

R G B

255 255 255 Black

0 0 0 White

Example: Sound Signal Example: B&W Picture Example: B&W Video or

Coloured Picture
Simple Time-Domain Operations
Scaling Addition
➢Multiplication of signal by positive or negative constant ➢ y t = 𝑥1 𝑡 + 𝑥2 𝑡 - 𝑥3 𝑡
❑Amplification - When gain more than one > 1
❑Attenuation - When gain less than one < 1
. y t = α𝑥(𝑡) Product
➢ y t = 𝑥1 𝑡 𝑥2 𝑡
Delay
➢Generate a signal that is a delayed replica of the original signal
Integration
➢ y t = න 𝑥 𝑡 𝑑𝑡
❑Delay - If 𝑡0 is positive
y t = 𝑥 𝑡 − 𝑡0
❑Advance - If 𝑡0 is negative Differentiation
𝑑𝑥(𝑡)
➢ w t =
𝑑𝑡
Why Digital Signal Processing?
➢To filter analog signals from current time and space
➢To extract vital information from complex signal, transform it into useful data and use it to make
decision and prediction
Differences between Analog and
Digital Signal Processing
Analog Advantages Digital Disadvantages
➢Simplicity ➢Complexity
❑Simpler and intuitive, as it directly ❑Requires extensive computation involving
manipulates continuous signal complex algorithms, making it more
complex
➢Real-Time Processing ➢Conversion Overhead
❑No need for conversion to process ❑Need to convert into digital form to
process and vice versa
➢High Resolution ➢Sampling Rate Constraints
❑Infinite resolutions due to continuous ❑Quality affected by sampling rate
signal limitations
Differences between Analog and
Digital Signal Processing
Analog Disadvantages Digital Advantages
➢Susceptible to Noise ➢Noise Immunities
❑Quality can degrade due to noise and ❑Less susceptible to noise
interference ➢Flexibility and Programmability
➢Limited Processing Capabilities ❑Digital systems allow various operations
❑Analog systems have limitations in to be done without changing the hardware
complex signal manipulation and ➢Precision and Accuracy
processing capabilities
❑High precision and accuracy can be
➢Nonlinearities maintained over time
❑Nonlinearities might be introduced which ➢Signal Integrity
can complicate processing
❑Signal can be regenerated over distances