THE LEVEL OF FACTORS INFLUENCING JUVENILE DELINQUENCY

IN TAGUM CITY

A Thesis Paper
Presented to:
Criminology Department

In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirement for:

Criminological Research 1
Bachelor of Science in Criminology

Presented by:

John Steven Navarro

Abdul Nasser Edress
Jovanni James Torno
Jeff Japer Bagnaan
Genesi Degamon
Angelyn Veras
Christian Ang

October 2023
 Chapter 1

BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

Even if they commit the same offense, the punishment for an adult differs from

that of a child. Juvenile delinquency is defined as any unlawful act or omission

performed by a kid or young person. In addition, juvenile delinquency, often known as

juvenile offending, refers to illegal activities committed by young people under the age

of 18, whether criminal or status crimes. Delinquent behavior is a problem for the family,

public safety, young people's lives, and law enforcement agencies in general, and as a

result, a country must incur large costs related to delinquent behavior (Cicourel, 2017).

Globally, specifically in the UN, from 2009 to 2019, the problem of adolescent

delinquency has expanded dramatically. The United Nations Office on Drugs and

Criminality (UNODC) global survey on adolescent criminality in cities, performed by

UNHABITAT in 2019, gathered a wealth of information about the dynamics of the

problem (Feld, 2019). According to the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime

(2019), juvenile crime climbed by 2.6% in Europe, compared to a 1.7% increase the

previous year. South East Asia, Latin America, and North America were reported to

have juvenile crime growth rates of 0.7%, 3.9%, and 1.8%, respectively. The drug trade

in nations like Mexico and Colombia has been blamed for Latin America's comparatively

high rate of youth crime. Juvenile delinquency in Africa has continued to rise, owing

mostly to chronic adolescent unemployment. Juvenile criminality grew from 3.2% to

5.7% between 2007 and 2019 (Walker & Maddan, 2019).

 In the Philippines, specifically in Iloilo City, theft, unlawful use of rugby, bodily

injury, illegal possession of firearms, and illegal possession of a dangerous weapon

were the most common offenses perpetrated by young delinquents. Crime rates rose

from 2006 to 2009 before declining from 2010 to 2013. Those aged 10 to 15 years old

committed the most crimes, followed by those aged 16 to 17, and those aged 9 and

under. A theft was the most common offense committed by adolescent delinquents

aged 10 to 15 years old, followed by illicit rugby usage. The majority of adolescent

offenders were male, and their most common crimes were theft and illicit rugby use. A

considerable number of adolescent offenders were males who lived in cities and

committed stealing, unlawful rugby use, physical injuries, and illegal possession of

dangerous weapons. Almost all juvenile delinquents were released to their parents, with

almost 15% referred to youth homes, diversion programs, and intervention programs

(Pugon-Perez, 2016).

Maqui (2023) is a first-year high school in one of the local schools of Tagum City.

He said he experienced being involved in a gang that led him to commit illegal acts,

vandalism on the school premises, substance abuse, and even robbery at the young

age of thirteen. He added that it made him confident in doing these unlawful acts

because he might have been excused at his age (Interviewed: October 6, 2023).

The aim of the study is to know what factors will greatly influence juvenile

delinquency. We all know that youth is considered to be the greatest national asset and

reserve. Also formulating strategies or solutions to address the problem of juvenile

delinquents or the youth.

 REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

This section includes a discussion of the independent variable and the indicators

respectively. The independent variable is the factors influencing Juvenile Delinquency

while the attributed indicators are Peer pressure, Family, Poverty, and the influence of

social media.

Juvenile Delinquency

In this context, a 'juvenile' is someone who is legally capable of committing a

crime due to being over the minimum age of criminal responsibility but under the age of

criminal majority, when a person is legally regarded as an adult. Internationally, the

minimum age of criminal responsibility varies between 6 and 18 years, but the age of

the criminal majority is usually 18 years. Individuals older than 18 years may be heard in

a juvenile court and thus will still be considered juveniles; indeed, the United Nations

(UN) defines 'youth' as between 15 and 24 years of age. The phrase 'child delinquents'

has been used to refer to minors under the age of 13 who have committed delinquent

conduct, despite the fact that 'children' are frequently regarded as being under the age

of 18. The phrase 'young offenders' is broad and can refer to criminals under the age of

18 as well as young people in their mid-20s (Young et al., 2017).

In recent years, we have been able to quickly identify offenses committed by

adolescents in high-profile criminal cases. This is a current and hurtful problem in

Georgia. That is why it is interesting to examine what can lead to juvenile delinquency,

how it can be prevented, what is required for juvenile rehabilitation, and what programs
are being done in this respect. It consists of psychological and social variables that

interact with one another to generate certain behaviors. According to a survey

performed in Kutaisi, the majority of respondents believe that family bonds induce a

crime committed by a minor. According to them, the majority of juvenile delinquents lack

parental care (Gogua, 2020).

Despite the fact that the number of juvenile delinquents in the Philippines is

staggering, rules shield them from being tried as adults. The state and regulations in

place prioritize their welfare, rehabilitation, and reintegration into society, allowing CICLs

to improve their life after committing crimes in the past. While the laws of the land aim to

protect these children, rehabilitation programs fall short, with some reformative aspects

of the Philippine Juvenile Justice Law not being implemented well due to a lack of

government financial support or the absence of housing programs that should be

designed for their welfare during their supposed trials. Unfortunately, this not only

jeopardizes rehabilitation success but also exposes children to the possibility of

systemic abuse (Businessmirror, 2022).

Cases of Juvenile Delinquency are criminal cases in which the perpetrator is

under the age of seventeen. Juveniles face the same consequences as adults; the

system simply calls some of those sanctions by different names. Juveniles who are

judged "delinquent" (guilty) may be punished, placed on probation, given suspended

sentences, or committed. When a juvenile is committed, he or she is placed in a "secure

facility" run by the Department of Youth Services. A “secure facility” is, without a doubt,

a jail with barred doors and bars on the windows. Juveniles who commit major offenses

involving substantial harm or the danger of serious harm to others can be charged as
"youthful offenders." When a Juvenile Court judges that a juvenile is a young offender,

the court proceedings are made public, and the juvenile can be sentenced as if he or

she were an adult. This can involve a full state jail sentence for an adult (Lewin, 2022).

Peer Pressure

It's unavoidable, that your children will want to spend less time with you and more

time with their pals, even if it is through social media. That is the strength of peer

influence. Teen peer pressure is a tricky subject. Teens may believe they have "grown

up," yet their brains are still developing. Judgment is one of the immature functions.

Peer pressure comes in two flavors for this age group: negative and good. Positive peer

pressure can assist teenagers in developing the coping skills required for maturity. It

may motivate youth to participate in sports or avoid harmful behaviors, which can be

especially beneficial during difficult times (Dabhia, 2021).

People care about what others think across all age groups—and that influences

how much they value different ideas and behaviors," explains Dr. Emily Falk of the

University of Pennsylvania. She investigates how social networks influence decision-

making. This is known as social or peer influence. Teens are especially susceptible to

peer pressure. This is due to brain alterations that make individuals very sensitive to

social interactions. At the same time, the teen brain's reward system becomes

hypersensitive. Teens are still figuring out how to navigate the social environment.

Understanding and being impacted by other people's values are crucial aspects of

socializing. Influencing teens' wardrobe and musical tastes might help them learn to fit

in and make friends. However, engaging in dangerous habits, such as drinking alcohol

or smoking, might have negative health or legal consequences (Wein, 2021).

 Everyone has a peer group. Peers might be friends your age who share

comparable interests and experiences. Peers might also be other kids your age who

participate in the same activities as you or are members of the same community or club.

Peer pressure can be positive or harmful. You may not consider all of your classmates

to be friends, yet they can all impact you. When peer pressure is constructive, it

motivates you to do your best. Negative peer pressure occurs when a friend or member

of a group you belong to makes you feel as if you must do something in order to be

accepted. When we hear the term "peer pressure," we usually think of negative peer

pressure. When you succumb to negative peer pressure, you frequently feel guilty or

unhappy in yourself for acting against your ideas or principles ([Link], 2023).

Peer pressure is generally thought of negatively, however, it is not always a

terrible thing. Peer pressure can be used to constructively affect others, such as when

teenagers work toward similar goals like achieving well in school or volunteering in their

community. Learning about accepted group norms will help you understand how to live

with and socialize with others. The way your child (or you) responds to peer pressure

can reveal a lot about who they are as a person. Natural leaders are less sensitive to

negative kinds of peer pressure, whereas followers may have a more difficult time

avoiding it (Morin, 2022).

Peer pressure, or influence, can take many forms, and each type of peer

pressure can have a significant impact on a young person's conduct. According to

research, the most receptive age for peer impact appears to be middle school. This is

the stage during which a youngster is making new acquaintances and creating an

identity among those friends. It is also the most prevalent age at which children begin
experimenting with alcohol, drugs, sexual activity, and other dangerous behaviors.

Negative peer pressure is frequently the driving force behind this type of behavior.

Adolescents with broader networks of friends appear to be less influenced by their

classmates' comments or actions, yet conformity pressure is quite significant at this age

(Raleigh, 2019).

Although parents are concerned about the influence of peers, parents can have a

significant impact on whether their children succumb to negative peer pressure. Rather

than being concerned about the effects of their children's friendships, parents would be

wise to focus on creating a positive, supportive home environment. That way, even if

your child is peer pressured to do something they don't want to do, they'll feel

comfortable approaching you first to discuss it. Role modeling strong emotional self-

regulation may also help your child stick to their own beliefs when it comes to peer

pressure. Self-regulation is the ability to control one's thoughts, emotions, and behaviors

in order to manage one's current behavior and attain one's long-term goals (Hartney,

2022).

Family

There are multiple definitions of family in the dictionary. One definition is "a

fundamental social group in society typically consisting of one or two parents and their

children." While this definition is a good starting point, it excludes many modern family

structures, such as childless couples, friends as family, and many other variations of the

family unit. Another description is "two or more people who share goals and values,

have long-term commitments to one another, and commonly reside in the same
dwelling." Today, numerous definitions of family exist, and they are as valued and

celebrated (McCarthy, 2021).

Family is the primary source of connection, affection, and reassurance for

children. The quality of a child's relationship with his or her parents influences whether

or not he or she becomes a delinquent. Because a positive family environment leads to

healthy personality development, households that are affectionate, supportive, and

understanding are more likely to foster conformist and constructive social conduct. A

lack of parental attention and support, on the other hand, causes children to feel

emotionally insecure and leads to poor personality development, fostering antisocial or

delinquent behavior. Scolding and a lack of love are common characteristics of negative

parenting attitudes (Akinyi, 2015).

Parental divorce has been identified as a persistent predictor of juvenile

delinquency and a major risk factor for criminal development in childhood and

adolescence, resulting in higher criminal convictions and antisocial behavior. Many

theoretical perspectives have been used to study disciplinary and behavioral difficulties,

including the emotional anguish caused by parental divorce. Children from one-parent

households appear to be more likely than children from two-parent families to be

unemployed, drop out of school, have lower psychological well-being, and participate in

sexual assault. Because there is only one breadwinner in the home, the move from a

two-parent to a single-parent household frequently leads to a loss of economic

resources and a drop in kid supervision. Separated fathers also have less contact with

their children, which undermines commitment and trust (Van de Weijer, S.G.A., et al,

2015).
 Hearne defines "uninvolved parenting" as situations in which parents are

emotionally distant from their children and show little warmth and love towards them,

provide little supervision, purposefully avoid them, have few expectations or demands

for their behavior, never attend school events, and are generally too overwhelmed by

their own problems to deal with their children. Sarantakos contends that juvenile

offenders are more likely to originate from uninvolved parents than from involved

parents. He discovered that around two-thirds of offenders came from households

where the children believed their parents to be uninterested in them, while just one-third

of offenders came from families where their parents were interested in them. Similarly,

86% of non-offenders were from households with "interested" parents in their children

(Hearne, 2015).

Families play an important influence in the development of children and

adolescents. According to research on juvenile delinquency, the family environment can

be either a risk or a protective factor. A risk factor is a trait that, when present,

encourages the adoption of dangerous behavior (for example, delinquency). According

to research, the number of risk variables to which kids are exposed increases the

likelihood that he or she will participate in delinquent behavior. Furthermore, the

presence of one risk factor may encourage the presence of another risk factor,

increasing the chance of hazardous behavior. Families exposed to many risk factors are

referred to as "vulnerable families" or "at-risk families." A protective factor, on the other

hand, is a quality that mitigates the negative impacts of risk factors and lessens the

likelihood of delinquency. It is critical to be able to identify and comprehend the effects

of these family-based risk and protective factors in order to keep children and teens

from engaging in illegal, harmful, and/or inappropriate behavior (Léonard, 2022).

Poverty

Poverty is defined as a lack of financial means and needs for a specific standard

of living. When evaluating poverty in statistics or economics, there are two main

measures: absolute poverty compares income to the amount needed to meet basic

personal needs, such as food, clothing, and shelter; relative poverty measures when a

person cannot meet a minimum level of living standards, compared to others in the

same time and place. The meaning of relative poverty differs from country to country or

society to society (Legg, 2018).

Low socioeconomic position is not the most important determinant in adolescent

criminality. However, it is one of several underlying variables that contribute to

delinquency. Children in underprivileged neighborhoods, for example, encounter more

adverse settings such as gangs, slums, cliques, and a criminal community as a whole.

As a result, they are more vulnerable to criminal involvement. These considerations

point to the disadvantages that a low economic standing has on a young adult. When an

adolescent commits a crime, society only sees the consequences of poverty. The

adolescent is subsequently classified as a criminal, which aggravates the situation.

Later, the adolescent finds it pleasurable to commit a robbery or other illegal conduct.

Indulging in criminal activities gives the adolescent a kind of satisfaction. Society, the

judicial system, family, and school needs a lot of effort to make sure that adolescent

gets out of the negative impacts of poverty (Hearne, 2015).

 Poverty is a recurring component of juvenile criminality in the United States, and

it is getting worse. Youth in poverty are under pressure to survive in poor

socioeconomic communities that lack resources such as work chances, financial

assistance, mental health services, medical care, education, and so on. The absence of

resources in these places prevents these young people from achieving success in a

culture that rewards those with money. Those who lack financial resources are more

prone to become involved in criminal activity. The lack of family resources in these

communities has had a significant impact on the well-being of the youth. Families

enduring challenges are compelled to bear the load alone, and some of that weight is

occasionally placed on these teenagers (Cuentas, 2018).

Poverty causes children to grow up in situations that foster criminality. Violence

and antisocial conduct are prevalent in the neighborhoods and communities where

many poor families dwell. Children are exposed to violence and dangerous conduct

from an early age, which is sometimes done by individuals they know. This is an

important consideration since the characteristics of the society from which a child

originates might limit or enhance the socialization process. Furthermore, in low-income

neighborhoods, children are more likely to encounter classmates who participate in anti-

social behavior. Such experiences may encourage young people to engage in

delinquency (LawBirdie, 2023).

Most research defines poverty as the inability to achieve basic human needs

such as food, shelter, and clothing. Today, many parts of the world have experienced

substantial economic progress. Nonetheless, the vast majority of the world's population

is impoverished and lives in abject poverty. Economic dualism is growing in tandem with
global economic progress. According to studies, the fundamental cause of global

melancholy is a dread of poverty. Poor people feel abandoned by governments because

they lack access to basic necessities such as clean water and sewage systems, good

road networks, health care, electricity, and security. Rich people, on the other hand,

have access to basic necessities independent of the country's economic growth and

progress (Shildrick & MacDonald, 2013).

Unemployed teenagers lose hope for a better life and turn to various means of

collecting money that would allow them to live a better life. They regard delinquency as

the only quick option to obtain funds. In most situations, youths engage in criminal

activity through gangs. They frequently engage in illicit activities such as drug trafficking,

which is currently common among adolescents. Young adults lure minors into crime by

giving them large sums of money (Fuller, 2016).

Social Media

Through virtual networks, social media encourages the exchange of ideas and

information. Social media encompasses a wide variety of programs and platforms that

allow users to share content, communicate online, and develop communities, ranging

from Facebook and Instagram to Twitter and YouTube. More than 4.7 billion people, or

nearly 60% of the world's population, utilize social media. Today, social media

messaging apps and platforms are the most regularly used sites worldwide. In early

2023, 94.8% of consumers used chat and messaging applications and websites, with

social platforms coming in second at 94.6%. Search engine sites were the next most

popular, with 81.8% of visitors visiting them (Dollarhide, 2023).

 Social media may be either a curse or a blessing for society and individuals.

However, its costs can sometimes outweigh its benefits, particularly for juveniles. Long-

term access to electronic devices has created a flood of chances for adolescents to be

inspired by social media content and express themselves in ways that may constitute

crimes on social networking sites or in the real world. The aggressive conduct of

juveniles can be described by observational learning or modeling, which essentially

means that an individual can learn how to do something by watching others. Children

are more susceptible to media violence because they are more open to learning, and

exposure can have long-term consequences, such as having a positive attitude toward

violent behavior (Gupta & Mangal, 2021).

While youths can see the benefits of social networking, they can also see the

drawbacks, such as the use of social media for drama, bullying, and peer pressure to

present themselves in a certain way. When young people are asked to identify what

they usually post about on social media. The type of posts differs markedly depending

on the age of the youth. The majority of youth admit to posting about their successful

accomplishments and family; some youths post about their emotions and feelings.

Youth in general believe that social networking helps deepen friendships and are more

likely to associate their use of social networking with positive emotions, but this

optimism is far from universal (Anderson & Jiang, 2018).

Youths are using social media to brag about their brazen lifestyles by posting

videos of themselves committing crimes and taunting police. A Brisbane 'youth gang'

was allegedly charged for a series of Instagram posts showing teenage boys joyriding in

stolen cars, endangering community lives by exceeding 200km/h. Illegal drug use,
weapons, large sums of money, and gangster boasting were all shared on social media

platforms. The youth were also bragging online about their fast stolen cars, jewelry, and

designer brands like Versace, as well as their use of emojis to hide their identity on

social media. The description of an Instagram account run by a young person read,

"The account does not endorse crime and is run for entertainment purposes only."

These young people thrive on the attention and online adoration they receive for their

minor offenses (Barron, 2020).

In risk-averse societies (Livingstone & Stoilova, 2019), young people's strong

involvement in social media (e.g., Facebook, WhatsApp, Instagram, Snapchat, Twitter,

Telegram, WeChat, YouTube, and TikTok, among others) raises concerns about

potential risk multiplier effects and opportunities for delinquent practices. Sexting,

cyberbullying, sextortion, flaming, happy slapping, and cyberstalking have become

commonplace terms1, and they describe illegal actions in digital environments involving

young people as perpetrators and victims. The media coverage of these cases has

gone viral on a global scale, and social concern about this issue is growing (Baldry et

al., 2018).

Theoretical and Conceptual Framework

This study is based Cesare Beccaria's Rational Choice Theory (1789), were

among the earliest theories of adolescent delinquency. People have the ability to make

meaningful, rational decisions because they have free will, according to this belief.

Juvenile delinquents, according to rational choice theory, weigh the incentives and

consequences before behaving. Delinquency is thus a conscious decision because

offenders choose where the act will occur, who will be affected, and how the crime will

be carried out.

Strain theory (1938), is most closely identified with the work of Robert K. Merton,

who believed in institutionalized paths to success in society. According to strain theory,

crime is caused by the difficulty that those in poverty have in achieving socially valued

goals through legitimate means. Because those with low educational attainment, for

example, have difficulty achieving wealth and status through well-paid employment,

they are more likely to use criminal means to achieve those goals.

This study seeks to find out the influence of the factors influencing juvenile

delinquency in terms of peer pressure, family, poverty, and the influence of social

media. The independent variable of this study is factors influencing juvenile delinquency

which are attributed to the indicators: peer pressure, family, poverty, and influence of

social media. Juvenile delinquency also known as juvenile offending refers to illegal acts

whether criminal or status offenses, which are committed by young people under the

age of 18 years. Delinquency is a problem to the family, public safety, the lives of young

people themselves and law enforcement agencies at large and as a result a country has

to bear a lot of costs associated with delinquency cases. (Cicourel, 2017)

The indicators on this variable are peer pressure, family, poverty, and the

influence of social media. Peer pressure is the process by which members of the same

social group influence other members to do things that they may be resistant to, or

might not otherwise choose to do (Hartney, 2022). A family is a group of two or more

individuals who are related by marriage, birth, or adoption and usually live together in

the same household. According to social scientists, family is the most basic social unit
in human society (Langford, 2022). The term poverty refers to the state or condition in

which people or communities lack the financial resources and essentials for a minimum

standard of living. As such, their basic human needs cannot be met (Chen, 2023).

Social media are web-based communication tools that enable people to interact with

each other by sharing and consuming information (Nations, 2021).\

Independent Variable

FACTORS INFLUENCING

JUVENILE DELINQUENCY
Basi
s for
Peer pressure Stra
tegi
Family es/
Sol
Poverty utio
n
Influence of social

media

Figure 1. Conceptual Framework of the Study.

Subject and Participants

We have chosen different subjects and participants coming from different

Barangays within Tagum City. This participant will help us build a foundation in

understanding more about the reasons/factors that influence juvenile in committing

crime within the city. These participants will answer questions pertaining to the causes

of crime committed by juvenile, which will help us getting the answer we wanted to

create the levels of factors that affect juvenile to commit crime. Therefore, these

participants are chosen as our respondents since they are part of the community where

juvenile lives. We are certain and confident that the chosen respondents will give light to

the questions we will be raising.

Statement of the Problem

This study aims to ascertain the level of factors that influence Juveniles to

commit such delinquency. Additionally, this study seeks to find strategies or solutions

to address the problem of juvenile delinquency and to prevent such acts.

Specifically, this sought to answer the following questions:

1. To determine the level of factors influencing juvenile delinquency in terms of:

1.1. Peer Pressure;

1.2. Family;
 1.3. Poverty; and

1.4 Influence of social media.

2. To determine the strategies or solutions based on the level of the factors

influencing the juvenile delinquency.

Hypothesis

The objective of this study is to identify what are the causes of crime that most

juvenile commits within Tagum. Juveniles who live in poverty and not guided well within

the family are most likely to be influenced by peers to commit crime. Especially, those

who grew up in an environment where violence are common. The effects of this study

will not just help us in understanding these problems but also, will help future

researchers in gathering data about the juvenile delinquency.

Significance of the study

This study is deemed significant to the following:

Juveniles/teens. This study will be most beneficial to them since this study focus in

juvenile delinquency.

Family. it can help them know and understand the reasons why their children do such

behavior, in order for them to support and avoid their children being delinquent.

PNP. This study will help them in dealing juvenile delinquency, since they are the

arresting officer and they will know how to address it.

Community. This study will give them insights on why the juveniles do such delinquent

acts and also give awareness and solutions on how to deal with since juvenile

delinquency is a problem in the community.

Future Researchers. This study will give them assistance in their future research which

involve juveniles’ delinquency.

Definition of Terms

At this stage in the research, the following terms are herein defined:

Juvenile. As used in this study, it refers toa young person: youth. often, specifically: an

individual who is under an age fixed by law (such as 18 years) at which he or she would

be charged as an adult for a criminal act.

Delinquent. As used in this study, it refers to the criminal behavior committed by

juveniles under the legal age of adulthood.

Juvenile delinquency. As used in this study, it refers to is an act or omission by a child

or young fantasy, which is punishable by law.

Level. As used in this study, it refers to measurement of variable quantitatively.

Factors. As used in this study, it refers to the reasons why juveniles do such delinquent

acts.

Influence. As used in this study, it refers to the capacity to have an effect on the

character, development, or behavior of someone or something, or the effect itself.

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